This document provides an overview of the evolution of banking in Pakistan from 1947 to 1972. It discusses: - The establishment of the State Bank of Pakistan in 1948 and its role in developing the national banking system through institutions like the National Bank of Pakistan. - The growth of commercial banking facilities between 1948-1970, with an increasing number of bank branches and credit expansion. - Banking reforms introduced in 1972 that aimed to make banks more responsive to economic growth and social justice by distributing credit more equitably and ensuring social accountability.

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION OF STUDY
1.1
Background of Studies
As part of the academic requirement for completing MBA (Banking and Finance) Master
Business Administration of the students are required to under go six months of internship
with an organization. The internship is to serve the purpose of acquainting the students
with the practice of knowledge of the discipline of banking administration.
This report is about National Bank Pakistan. NBP was established in 1949 and since
then, it has expended its network, becoming the largest commercial Bank of the country.
It offers different products of services to its customers.
1.2
Purpose of the Studies
The main of the study in hand is together relevant information to compile internship
report on National Bank of Pakistan.
To observe, analyze and interpret the relevant data competently and in a useful manner.
•
•
1.3
To work practically in an organization.
To develop interpersonal communication.
Scope of Studies
As an internee in National Bank of Pakistan the main focus of my study research was on
general banking procedures in one of the branches of NBP. These operations include
remittances, deposits, advances and foreign exchange.
Similarly different aspects of overall of NBP are also covered in this report.
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Research Methodology
The report is based on my two months internship program in National Bank of Pakistan.
The methodology reported for collection of data is primary as well as secondary data.
The biggest source of information is my personal observation while working with staff
and having discussion with them. Formally arranged interviews and discussions also
helped me in this regards.
•
Primary data:
Personal observation
Interviews of staff
•
Secondary data:
Manuals
Journals
Magazine
Annual reports
Internet
1.5 Scheme of Study
SECTION 1
Chapter 1:
An introductory chapter that discuss the introduction of study of report, its Background,
Purpose, Scope, Methodology, limitations and Scheme of the report.
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SECTION 2
Chapter2
This chapter concludes brief history of banking in general, evolution of banking, banking
in Pakistan..
Chapter3:
This chapter consist Nationalization of banking in Pakistan, History of NBP, mission
statement, its objectives and functions of National Bank of Pakistan.
Chapter4: In this chapter the services of NBP were discussed.
SECTION III
Chapoter5: In this chapter the in this section the departmentation of NBP is explained,
and also NBP Hayatabad township branch.
SECTION IV
Chapter6:
It tells about Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of i.e. SWOT analysis of
NBP.
Chapter 7:
It consists of comprehensive performance of NBP through past several years. Ratio
analysis and those parties, which are interested in financial performance of Bank.
Chapter 8:
It covers the critical analysis of the bank. This chapter has been divided into four parts
i.e. Problems at the Branch, Functional analysis, Administrative analysis, and Personal
Management Analysis.
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SECTION V
Chapter 9:
In this chapter recommendation for improvement on all aspects of the Bank are given.
Chapter 10:
Two implementation plans are given in this chapter. “Mare Gare Car Financing Scheme”
and Need for Telephone Operator.
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CHAPTER # 2
EVOLUTION OF BANKS IN PAKISTAN
There are different opinions that how the word ‘Bank’ originated. Some of the author’s
opinion that this word is derived from the word ‘Bancus’ or Banque’, which means a
bench. The explanation of this origin is attributed to the fact that the Jews in Lombard
transacted the business of money exchange on benches in the market place; and when the
business failed, the people destroyed the ‘bench’. Incidentally the word ‘Bankrupt’s said
to have evolved from this practice.
Some of the authors are of opinion that the word ‘Bank’ is derived from the German
word back, which means ‘joint stock fund’. Later on when the German occupied major
part of the Italy the word ‘Back’ was italicized into ‘Back’.
In fact human left the need of bank when it begins to realize the importance of money as
a medium of exchange. Perhaps it where the Babylonian who developed banking system
as early as 2000 BC. At that time temples were used as banks because of their prevalent
respect. During the rule of king Hamurabi (1788 – 1686 BC) the founder of Babylonians
Empire, loans were started being granted for interest. The borrower has to provide
guarantee or he had to pledge his goods or valuables. King Hamurabi drew up a code
wherein he laid down standards rules for procedures for banking operations by temples
and great landowners. Also in Greece, the temples were used as banks, where the people
deposited their money and other valuables for safe custody and security. In Europe with
the ‘revival of civilization’ (Renaissance) in the middle of twelve century, trade and
commerce started expanding and this development compelled the business community to
borrow the money from the Hebrew money lenders on high rates of interest and usury.
Seeing the great demand, these moneylenders started organizing themselves and bank
started up at the principle seaports of southern Europe. Soon Venice and Geneva became
the most important money markets of the time and banking though different from its
present form, flourished. What we know as ‘modern banking’ originated in the 14 th
century in Barcelona.1
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2.1 Definitions of Bank
“Bank”
"A financial institution, which deals with money and credit. It accepts
Deposits from individuals, firms and companies at a lower rate of
Interest and gives at higher rate of interest to those who need them.”2
A financial establishment which uses money deposited by customers for investment, pays
it out when required, makes loan at interest, exchanges currency, etc.
J.W Gilbert in his principles and practice banking defines a banker in these words:
“A banker is dealer in capital or more properly, a dealer in money. He is intermediate
party between the borrower and the lender. He borrows of one and lends to another”.3
Sir John Paget defines banker in these terms:
“That no person or body, corporate or otherwise, can be a banker who does not
 Take deposits accounts.
 Take current accounts,
 Issue and pay Cheques and
 Collect Cheques crossed and uncrossed for his customers” 4 (The law of
Banking by Sir John Paged, page 51).
The American defined the term banker in a very broad sense as under:
“By banking, we mean the business of dealing in credits and by a ‘Bank’ we
include every person, firm or company having a place of business where credits are
opened by deposits of collection of money or currency. Subjects to be paid or remitted on
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Cheques or order, money is advanced or loaned on stocks, bonds, bullion, bill of
exchange, promissory notes are received for discount or sale”.5
2.2 Evolution of Banking in Pakistan
The first phase in evolution of banking in Pakistan sees very hard days for the whole
banking sector. Starting virtually from scratch in 1947, the country today possesses a full
range of banking and financial institutions to cope with various needs of the economy.
The area now constituting Pakistan was, relatively speaking, fairly well provided with
banking facilities in undivided India, in March 1947 there were 3496 offices of Indian
scheduled banks out of which as many as 487 were situated in territories now constituting
Pakistan.
The Reserve bank of India was the central banking authority in India. At the time of
partition it was decided that in the interest of smooth transition it should continue to
function in newly emerging state of Pakistan, until 30th Sep.1948.
In 1947 due to uncertainty and unsuitability the banking sector suffer heavy losses.
This resulted in a negative effect on baking service in Pakistan. The banks, which had
their registered offices in Pakistan, transferred them to India. In an effort to bring about
the collapse of the new state by pushing a deliberate policy of withdrawals the Indian
bank offices closed quickly. Those banks, which stayed, operated only in name pending
the winding up of their business. The number of scheduled banks thus declined form 487
branches before independence to only 195 branches by 30th June1948.5
2.3 Banking Growth during (1948-1970)
In this tense situation, a committee was immediately setup to formulate a scheme of
central banking legislation for Pakistan. Many specialists were of the opinion that in view
of the acute shortage of trained staff, any idea of establishing a central bank was I
impractical and the best that could be attempted was the setting up of a currency board
until such times as sufficient staff could be organize to operate a central bank.
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The questions as to whether the institution should be only a currency board or a fullfledged central bank had exercised the mind of the Pakistan government since
independence. Through, it was realized that the shortage of trained personal to run the
central bank would present serious difficulty in view of the tangible advantages that a
central bank enjoyed over currency board, the government ultimately decided to take the
bold step of setting up a full fledged central banking authority. Among other factors,
which led to this decision, there was the fact the banking facilities in the country had
been totally disrupted and there was an urgent need for their rehabilitation, which a
central ban alone could meet. As there was hardly any time to pass as Act, an order was
drafted, known as the state bank of Pakistan order, which was promulgated by the
government of Pakistan on 12th may 1948. The state bank declared open on July 1 , 1948
by the father of the nation.
One of the first tasks of the state bank was to arrange for the replacement of the Reserve
bank of India notes, which had continued to circulate in Pakistan during the transitional
period, by Pakistan currency.
The first Pakistan notes were issued in October 1948 in the denominations of Rs. 5, 10 &
100.
An equally urgent task, which the new central bank had to address itself, was the creation
of a national banking system. To this end, while extending every help and encouragement
to Habib Bank to expand its organization, the state bank recommended the setting up of a
new banking institution to serve both as an agent to the state bank recommended the
setting up of a new banking institution to serve both as an agent of the state bank as well
as the spearhead of its credit polices.
Accordingly the NATIONAL BANK OF PAKITSN was setup under an ordinance in
November 1949. It started with six offices in the former East Pakistan. In view of the
special role assigned to the new institution, contrary to traditional practices the Governor
of the state bank was appointed to head its board of Director in 1950. Under the fostering
care of the state bank and the support of the government, the new institution developed
rapidly. By using its special powers, the state bank made liberal advances to the new
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bank to help it expand credit facilities in the country. By 1952, the National bank of
India. Shortly, afterwards, in November 1952, the governor of the state bank ceased to
function as the president of National bank of Pakistan.
With a view to broadening the institutional framework of the financial system, the state
bank also sponsored the establishment of specialized credit institutions in the filed of
agriculture and industry. Banking companies (control) act was passed in December 1948
specifically empowering the state bank to control the operations of banking companies in
Pakistan.
Moreover realizing that the most serious limitation on the expansion of banking services
in Pakistan was the lack of trained personal, the state bank sponsored a banking training
scheme, which was repeated after year and turned out a large number of bankers.
As the Commercial Banking facilities continued to expand, a new Pakistani bank, the
National Commercial Bank was established and registered as a scheduled bank. In the
filed of industrial finance a new institution known as the industrial credit and investment
cooperation was set up.
The year 1958 marked the completion of the first decade of the working of the State Bank
of Pakistan. When it was established there were only 195 bank offices in existence. At
the end of June 1958 their number had increased to 307, of which Pakistani banks
accounted for 232 against 25 in mid 1948. Moreover at the end of June 1958. Pakistani
banks held 60% of the total banks deposits, and were responsible for 65 of total bank
credit.
When the Ayub Government took over in 1958, the banking and monetary scene was
significantly affected by Developments such as the liberalization of imports, transfer of
business in food grains to the private sector, and the firming up of commodity markets.
The demand of funds picked up and there was a substantial expansion of bank credit to
the private sector. The pace of expansion in the institutional frame work of the country’s
banking system quickened and a new Pakistani, bank, namely the United Bank Limited
was established.
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Owning the five years 1960-65, the credit structure in Pakistan made rapid progress. The
bank extended its network by opening six new offices located at Chitagong, Peshawar,
Quetta, Khulna, Layallpur and Rawalpindi. The number of scheduled bank offices rose
from 430 at the end of June 1960 to 1591 in June 1965. Several new banks were added to
the list of scheduled banks.
Two principal additions were the commerce bank, and the standard bank. The number of
scheduled banks, which stood at 29 in June 1960 rose to 36 by June 1965.
Under the impact of economic growth and dear scope of private enterprises, bank credit
to the private sector rose from Rs. 1,458 millions to Rs. 5759 million. Thus the total
expansion in bank credit to the private sector during this period amounted to Rs. 4300
million, which gave a annual expansion of Rs. 860 million compared to the annual
average increase of Rs. 144 million over the preceding five years. Banks deposits
increased from Rs. 2,493 million to Rs. 6883 million during the five years period ended
June 1965 compared to Rs. 231 million in the proceeding five years. Time deposits
during this period increased from Rs. 946 million to Rs. 3228 million, where demand
deposits rose from Rs. 1997 million to Rs 3655 million. The increase in time deposits
was particularly rapid. The ratio of time deposits to total deposits in June 1965 stood at
49.6 percent age as against 32.01 percent age five years earlier. Another salient feature of
banking development during this period was that since the rate of increase in bank
deposits lagged behind the rate of expansion in bank credit, the banked has to depend
increasingly on central bank finance. They borrowing from the state bank rose from Rs.
11 million in June 1960 to Rs. 1688 million in June 1965. Owing keen demand for bank
credit, bank’s investments could not increase as rapidly as their advances. Their
investments totaled to Rs. 1,874 million at the end of June 1965 compared to Rs. 1,231
million in June 1960. Investments which were almost equal to their advances in June
1960 were only about one third of the advances in June 1965.
The third plane period witnessed a further expansion of banking facilities in the country
the total number of scheduled banked offices increased from 1,591 at the end of June
1965 to 3133 at the close of June 1970. During the same bank credit to the private sector
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rose from Rs. 5,789 million to Rs. 9492 million. There was also a substantial growth in
the bank deposits, which increased from Rs. 6883 million June 1965 to Rs. 13147 million
at the end of June 1970. A remarkable change occurred during this period related to the
composition of deposits. Time deposit becomes greater than demand deposits forming
about 54 percent age of the total deposits. As oppose to what happened in the previous
period, banks were able to finance a mush higher level of credit expansion without
having to increase their borrowings from the central bank.7
2.4 Banking Reforms 1972
After the assumption of office by a new government in 1971, may 1972 different reforms
were introduced to make the banks more responsive to the requirements of economics
growth with social justice. The reforms aimed at bringing about a more purposeful and
equitable distribution of bank credit, improving the soundness and efficiency of the
banks, and securing greater social accountability of the banking system as a whole.
The role of the banking system had been truly spectacular in mobilizing savings of the
community and meeting the credit needs of the economy. But at the same time, the banks
had generally neglected their role in promoting social justice and had failed to play an
effective role in ensuring a wider and more equitable dispersal of the benefits of
economic growth. In particular the inter locking of ownership with commercial and
industrial interests had led to the misuse of bank resources. There was a heavy
concentration of credit in big accounts and in urban area. Credit facilities for agriculture,
small business, newly emerging exports and housing had remained obviously inadequate
while the banks indulged in capital financing in few selected business sectors and issued
guarantees on behalf of favored clients, term clients, term financing facilities for industry
were wholly absent.
Under the banking reforms introduced in May 1972 the state bank of Pakistan was
accorded wider powers. It was authorized to remove directors or managerial personnel, if
necessary and supersede the board of directors of a banking company and appoint
administrators during the period of such super session. It was also empowered to
nominate directors on the board of every bank. As regard bank directors, it was provided
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that anyone defaulting in meeting his obligations to bank would forfeit his directorship.
Moreover, it was laid down that no person could serve as director of a bank for more than
six years continuously. Each bank was required to have a paid up capital of not less than
5 percent age of its deposits to be progressively build up to 10 percent age over a period
of time. The banks were also required to transfer 10 percentage of their profit their
reserves every years after the reserve became equal to the paid up capital. With a view to
diversity the ownership of the banks, the banks were required to raise new capital from
the market. Unsecured loans to directors, their families or firms and companies, were
totally prohibited.
The bank reforms also brought about the establishment of new institutions to achieve new
objectives.
A national credit consultative was setup under the supervise of the state bank with
representation form the government and the private sector. It was assigned the task of
determining of economy’s annual credit needs within the safe limits of monetary and
credit expansion with reference to the annual development plan. Such a credit plan was to
cover the public and private sectors. Alongside the National credit council and
Agricultural Advisory Committee was formed to allocate agriculture credit for various
purposes, to coordinate the operation or the agriculture credit agencies and to oversee the
flow of credit to the designated targets. A standing committee on exports in general and
the new emerging exports in particular, was also established. With a view to encourage
the banks to extend credit to small borrowers, a credit guarantee scheme was introduced
under which the state bank under took to share any bonfire losses incurred by the
commercial banks in case of small loans of advances to agriculture.
At the same time two financing institutions were established. The people’s Finance
Corporation was designed to provide finance to people of small means while the National
Development Finance Corporation was setup of finance public sector owned and
managed industries and enterprises.8
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REFRENCES
1
Siddiqi H Israr Law and practice banking in Pakistan.
2
Gilbert J.W principles and practice.
3
Sir Paged John The law of Banking, page 51.
4
Sir Paged John The law of Banking, page 51.
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CAHAPTER # 3
NATIONALIZATION OF BANKS (1974)
The banking reforms turned to be transitional and interim step and when they were hardly
eighteen months old the government nationalized the banking systems, with the following
main objectives.
To enable the government to use the capital concentrated in the hands of a few rich
bankers for the rapid economic development of the country and the more urgent social
welfare objectives.
To distribute equitably credit too different classes sectors and regions.
To coordinate the banking policies in various area of feasible joint activity without
eliminating healthy competition among banks.
The act passed for the nationalization of banks is known as the banks Nationalization Act
1974.
Thus under this act the state bank of Pakistan and all the commercial banks incorporated
in Pakistan and carrying business in or outside the country were brought under
government ownership with effect from Jan 1, 1974. The ownership, management and
control of all Pakistani banks stood transferred to and vested in the Federal government.
The shareholders were provided compensation in the form of federal government bonds
redeemable at par anytime within the period of fifteen years. Under the Nationalization
act, the Chairman, Directors and Executives of various banks, other than those appointed
by federal government were removed from their offices and the central boards of the
banks and all local bodies were dissolved. Pakistan banking council was established to
coordinate the activities of the Nationalized Commercial banks. At the time of
Nationalization on December31, 1973 there were following 14 Pakistani commercial
banks with 3323 offices allover Pakistan and 74 offices in foreign countries:
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National banks of Pakistan
Habib bank limited
Habib bank (overseas) limited
United bank limited
Muslim commercial bank limited
Commerce bank limited
Standard bank limited
Australia bank limited
Bank of Bahawalpur limited
Premium bank limited
Pak Bank limited
Sarhad bank limited
Lahore commercial limited
Punjab provincial co-operative bank limited
The Pakistan banking council prepared a scheme for the recognition of banks. The bank
(amalgamation) scheme 1974 was notified in April, providing for the amalgamation of
the smaller banks with bigger ones and following the five units in there phases:
National bank limited
Habib bank limited
United bank limited
Muslim commercial bank limited
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Allied bank of Pakistan limited
The first phase was completed on 30 th June. 1974. When the bank Bahawalpur was
merged with the National Bank of Pakistan. The premier Bank Limited with Muslim
Commercial Bank limited and Sarhad Bank Limited and Pak bank limited and renamed
as Allied Bank of Pakistan limited.
The second phase was completed on 31st Dec.1974, when the commerce bank limited
merged with the United Bank limited.
The third and the final phase were completed on 30 th June, 1975 when the standard bank
limited was merged with Habib Bank limited.
The nationalization was very smooth and gave very positive results.
The number of branches, which stood at 3397 on Dec31, 1973, reached on 7661 by end
June 1992. The bank deposits which stood at Rs. 1925 corers at the end 1973 reached the
highest mark about 323 corers.1
3.1 Islamization of Banking
Another major development in the history of Pakistan Banking System was the
introduced of interest free banking in selected Commercial Banks with effect form Jan1,
1981. This followed the effort to eliminated interest from the operation of Nation
investment trust, the House Building Finance Corporation of Pakistan. Certain
amendments were made in banking and other laws with the object of ushering in a new
system of banking, which would confirm of Sharia. A new law Modaraba Companies
Ordinance 1980 was promulgated. Separate interest free counters began to operate in all
the nationalized commercial banks free counters began to operate in all the nationalized
commercial banks. The state bank provides finance against participation term certificate
and also against promissory notes supported by Modaraba certificate.
In order to cover interest free transactions certain banking definitions such as creditors,
debtor, and advances credits and deposits were revised. Stipulations concerning form of
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business in which banking companies may engage may also have been modified schemes
were introduced to provide interest free loans to formers and deserving students.
A private Limited Company named as Bankers Equity limited was incorporated in 1979
to provide financial assistance to the industrial sector primarily on interest free basis.
A scheme to extend interest free productive loans to farmers and fisherman has also been
introduced. Instead of interest, a system based on mark-up in price, exchange rate
differential, and profit and loss sharing accounts were introduced.
Different financial schemes introduced in the Islamization process are: 2
♦ Musharika Financing.
♦ Hire Purchase Financing.
♦ Modaraba Financing.
♦ Specific Purpose Modaraba.
3.2 Dis-Investment and Deregulation of Banking – 1991
When it was realized that the role of public sector in the economy is over extended and
the banking sector has more earning potential in the private sector the process of
privatization banking sector restarted in 1991 by the Muslim League Government.
Muslim Commercial Bank was Dis-invested in to two phases while ABL was sold to its
employees. Since then allot of investment is being made in the banking sector and several
new banks were established and still the process is going on. Now only NBP is
government bank other than SBP. The performance of this bank will be analyzed and
judged in the following chapters.
3.3 INTEREST FREE BANKING
A new concept of interest free banking was introduced in 1981 and by now it has been
established on sound footing and new trends and techniques are being implemented to
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make this system result oriented. New products and their systematic consumption are
making Pakistani banking comparable to their several modern counterparts anywhere in
the developed world.
3.4
HISTORY OF NBP:
The NBP was established vide NBP Ordinance No. XIX of November 9. 1949.
British Govt. devalued its currency in September 1949, India devalued its rupees but
Pakistan did not. It led to a crisis in trading between the two countries and India refused
to lift the Pakistan Jute. To solve this problem i.e. to export jute NBP was established
through an Ordinance of GOP. National Bank of Pakistan maintains its position as
Pakistan's premier bank determined to set higher standards of achievements. It is the
major business partner for the Government of Pakistan with special emphasis on fostering
Pakistan's economic growth through aggressive and balanced lending policies,
technologically oriented products and services offered through its large network of
branches locally, internationally and representative offices.
The Bank in 1950 had one subsidiary ‘The Bank of Bahawalpur’ on December4, 1947 by
the former Bahawalpur State.
NBP was undertaking Treasury Operations and Managing Currency Chests or Sub Chests
at 57 of its offices where the turnover of the business under the head amounted to
Rs.2460 million.
i)
Deposits held by NBP constituted about 3.1% of total deposits of all
Pakistani Banks in 1949, which rose to 38% in 1952.
ii)
Growth in Deposits was accompanied by increase in Bank portfolio in advances.
NBP lent out to Textile, Yarn, Iron and Steel and played a pioneer role in support of
agriculture and commerce.
iii) NBP advances reached Rs.554.4 million by December 1959, which was one third
of the total schedule bank credit.3
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3.4.1 MISSION STATEMENT
make
the
Bank
complete
and
“To
competitive
with
all
international
Standard in performing, quality of, operations, staff, financial strength .
And
products and services To develop a culture of excellence in every spare of activity of the
bank4”.
3.4.2 GOALS AND OBJICTIVES
“An organizational objective is the intended goal that prescribes definite scope and
suggests direction to the panning efforts of a organization.”6
3.4.3 GOALS AND OBJICTIVES NBP
“To be the pre-eminent financial institution in Pakistan and achieve market recognition
both in the quality and delivery of service as well as the range of product offerings.”7
3.4.4 BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Table 1
NAME
DISIGNATION
Ali Raza
Chairman & President
Dr Waqar Masood
Director
Ifthikhar Ali Malik
Director
Syed Shafqat Ali Shah Jamoti
Director
M Zubair Motiwala
Director
Sikandar Hayat Jamali
Director
M. Khalid Malik
Director
S.M. Rafique
SEVP & Sectorary to BD
(Source Annual report 2003)
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3.5 MANAGEMENT
Management is a distinct process consisting of activities of planning, organizing,
actuating and controlling performed to determine and accomplish stated objectives with
the use of human being and other resources.8
The management has two types.
1 Centralized.
2 Decentralized.
Centralized Management tends to concentrate decision making at the top of the
Organization .
Decentralized disperses decision making and authority throughout and further down the
organizational hierarchy.9
NBP have a centralized type of management because all the decisions are taken by the
top management.
3.5.1 SENIOR MANAGEMENT OF NBP.
Table 2
SEVP & Group Chief, Corporate &
Masood Karim Sheikh
Investment Banking Group and Chief
Financial Officer
S. M. Rafique
Derick Cyprian
Imam Bakhsh Baloch
SEVP & Secretary Board of Directors
SEVP & Group Chief, Special Assets &
Remedial Management Group
SEVP & Group Chief, Compliance
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Group
Shahid Anwar Khan
Nadeem A. Dogar
Muhammad Sardar Khawaja
Dr. Asif A. Brohi
Javed Mehmood
Muhammad Nusrat Vohra
Amim Akhtar
Dr. Mirza Abrar Baig
Uzma Bashir
EVP & Group Chief, Commercial &
Retail Banking Group
EVP & Group Chief, Information
Technology Group
EVP
&
Group
Chief,
Audit
&
Inspection Group
EVP & Group Chief, Operations Group
EVP & Group Chief, Risk Management
Group
EVP
&
Group
Chief,
Treasury
Management Group
EVP & PSO to the President
Group
Chief,
Human
Resources
Management & Administration Group
Group
Chief,
Organization
D&T
Group
(Source www.nbp.com.pk)
3.6 Net Work of Branches:
NBP have wide range of branches inside the country and outside the country.
In Pakistan it has 29 regional offices, 1189 Branches and 4 Subsidiaries.
In overseas it has 16 overseas branches, 6 other branches.10
.3.7
Objectives of NBP
National bank of Pakistan is also a commercial organization and its main objective is
profit maximization. This is achieved in two ways:
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1. By increasing deposits.
2. By charging interest on loans provided to the private sector and business
community.
These are explained as:
3.7.1 Increase in deposits:
Competition in banking is intense and every bank whether it is Pakistani, foreign, private
or nationalized tries to increase its deposits by providing better facilities to its customers.
By increasing its deposits a bank can extend greater amount of loan and hence achieves
higher profit. NBP is also improving its facilities and services to attract customers with
higher volume of deposits. There are two main factors involved in increasing the
deposits. These factors are improving the services and courtesy. NBP is continuously
working on these two factors to increase its deposits.
3.7.2
Extension of loans:
The profitability of a bank largely depends on the amount given to people as loan and the
type of people to whom credit is given i.e. the credit worthiness of the borrowers. This
strategy has worked quite well for NBP. Deposits are collected from the people and
invested in different projects. NBP prefers to give loans to financially sound and reliable
parties, after securing the collators. NBP has an extremely well organized section. The
staff is adequately trained, and educated and competent. They carry out extensive
financial analysis before deciding on the loan. Interest charged on the loans potentially
contributes to higher profits.
Some of the other objectives of NBP are:
i. Improve customer services.
ii. Quick disposal of credit cases.
iii. Efficient operation of the branches.
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iv. Better Public Relations.
v. Operational and advisory services for foreign exchange accounts activities
3.8
Functions of NBP
Since NBP is a commercial bank, it performs a variety of functions.
Like other commercial banks, NBP is engaged in financing international trade. Its other
major functions include receiving deposits, advancing loans and discounting of exchange.
The functions performed by NBP are:
3.8.1
Accepting Deposits
This function is important because banks largely depend on the funds deposited with
them by its customers. Deposits are of many types:
i.
Current deposits
Current deposits are also called demand liability on current deposits. NBP pays
practically no interest on current deposits. Businessmen usually open current accounts. In
NBP current account can be opened with a minimum amount of Rs.500/-.
ii.
PLS saving deposit
Profit and loss sharing deposits (PLS) are also called checking accounts. One can deposit
and draw money easily. Profit on PLS is calculated every month but paid after six
months. PLS account can be opened with a minimum amount of Rs.500/-
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PLS term deposits
Fixed term deposits are deposits with the bank for certain fixed period before the expiry
of which they cannot be withdrawn unless giving due notice. In this case the rates of
profit will be different depending upon the time period.
3.8.2. Discounting bills of exchange
Discounting of bill is practically speaking lending for exchange at their market rate i.e. it
pays to holder of the bill an amount equal to the face value after deducting interest at the
current market rate for the period. This bill has to be mature. This is the common way
used for keeping a part of assets of the bank in a liquid form.
3.8.3. Agency service
NBP also provides best and unique service to its valued customers. NBP provide the
following agency services to the customers:
i.
Collection of dividends
As NBP deals with the purchase and sale of various types of securities, therefore NBP
also provide dividend or interest earned on share or bonds or invested money.
ii.
Collection of Cheques
In the collection and payment of Cheques, bills and promissory notes etc. National bank
of Pakistan acts as an agent for its customers.
iii. Acting as an agent
NBP also acts as an agent correspondent or representative for its customer at home or
abroad.
iv. General utility services:
Utilities provided by NBP are as follows:
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25. Chapter – 10
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a. Clearance of utility bills
NBP provides the service of clearing the utility bills i.e. electricity, gas and telephone
bills of its customers. For this purpose it also provides evening banking services.
b. Lockers facility
National bank of Pakistan also provides locker facilities to its customers to keep their
valuable assets in it. The charges of different size of lockers are different.
c. Acts as a referee
NBP provides useful services to its customers by acting as a referee to their credit
worthiness.
d. Supply of information
NBP provides operational and advisory service for foreign exchange accounts/activities.
3.9
Unmatched Banking Facilities
 Deposit security, Guaranteed by Government of Pakistan.
 Highest rates of return to attract the savings.
 Lowest rates on exports and other borrowings.
 Largest
contribution
towards
Government
and
Semi-Government
requirements.
 Agents of the SBP handling Treasury Functions, receipts of Taxes & other
Revenues.
 Handling of salaries & pensions of federal/provincial/defense personnel.
 Utility Bills collections.
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26. Chapter – 10
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 Hajj arrangements.
 Sale and encashment of prize Bonds.
 Sale and encashment of Defense Savings and Special Savings Certificates.
 Safe Deposit Lockers for customers.
 Rational Human Resource Management.
The prestigious periodical “The Banker” UK recognized NBP as the best bank for 20012002 and NBP is the bank of the year for 2003-2004 of Pakistan.
i. AAA rating awarded JCR-VIS Credit co. Ltd and affiliated of Japan Credit Rating
Agency for 2001.
ii. AAA+1 rating awarded JCR-VIS Credit Co.Ltd and affiliated of Japan Credit
Rating Agency for 2002
3.10
NBP at the forefront of Pak-Afghan trade
i. Booth at dry port Peshawar
ii. Booth at Pak Afghan border (Torkham) NWFP
iii. Booth at Pak Afghan border (Chamman).Baluchistan.
iv. Establishing branch at Kabul in near Future.11
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27. Chapter – 10
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REFRENCES
1
Bank Nationalization act 1974.
2
Islamic Banking.
3
www.nbp.com.pk
4
Annual report 1998.
5
www.nbp.com.pk
6
Terry and Franklin Principles of Management.
7
www.nbp.com.pk
8
Terry and Franklin Principles of Management.
9
Terry and Franklin Principles of Management.
10 Annual report 2003.
11 www.nbp.com.pk
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CHAPTER # 4
SERVICES OF NBP
SERVICES
Services are he outputs of the firm which are in intangible form.
NBP offers the following services to the people.
4.1 DEMAND DRAFTS
If you are looking for a safe, speedy and reliable way to transfer money, you can now
purchase NBP’s Demand Drafts at very reasonable rates. Any person whether an account
holder of the bank or not, can purchase a Demand Draft from a bank branch.
4.2 SWIFT SYSTEM
The SWIFT system (Society for Worldwide Inter bank Financial Telecommunication)
has been introduced for speedy services in the area of home remittances. The system has
built-in features of computerized test keys, which eliminates the manual application of
tests that often cause delay in the payment of home remittances. The SWIFT Center is
operational at National Bank of Pakistan with a universal access number NBP-APKKA.
All NBP overseas branches and overseas correspondents (over 450) are drawing
remittances through SWIFT.
Using the NBP network of branches, you can safely and speedily transfer money for our
business and personal needs.
4.3 LETTERS OF CREDIT *
NBP is committed to offering its business customers the widest range of options in the
area of money transfer. If you are a commercial enterprise then our Letter of Credit
service is just what you are looking for. With competitive rates, security, and ease of
transaction, NBP Letters of Credit are the best way to do your business transactions.
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4.4 TRAVELER'S CHEQUES
Traveler’s cheques are negotiable instruments, and there is no restriction on the period of
validity of the cheques. Rupee traveler’s cheque is available at all 700 branches of NBP.
This can be encashed in all 400 branches of NBP. There is no limit on purchase of this
cheque. It is one of the safest ways for carrying money.
4.5 PAY ORDER
NBP provides another reason to transfer your money using our facilities. NBP pay orders
are a secure and easy way to move your money from one place to another. And, as usual,
NBP charges for this service are extremely competitive. The charges of NBP are very
low all over the Pakistan. It charges Rs 50/- for NBP account holders on issuing one
payment order. And charges Rs 100/- for NBP non-account holders on issuing one
payment order. It charges Rs 25/- for students on payment of fees of educational
institutions. If some one want a duplicate of payment order they charges Rs 100/- for
NBP account holders and Rs 150/- for non account holders.
4.6 MAIL TRANSFERS
Move your money safely and quickly using NBP Mail Transfer service. And NBP also
offer the most competitive rates in the market. They charges Rs 50/- exchange rate and
RS 75/- postage charges on issuing mail transfer.
4.7 FOREIGN REMITTANCES:
To facilitate its customers in the area of Home Remittances, National Bank of Pakistan
has taken a number of measures to:
•
Increase home remittances through the banking system
•
Meet the SBP directives/instructions for timely and prompt delivery of
remittances to the beneficiaries
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4.7.1 New Features:
The existing system of home remittances has been revised/significantly improved and
well-trained field functionaries are posted to provide efficient and reliable home
remittance services to nonresident Pakistanis at 15 overseas branches of the Bank besides
Pakistan International Bank (UK) Ltd., and Bank Al-Jazira, Saudi Arabia.
•
Zero Tariffs: NBP is providing home remittance services without any charges.
•
Strict monitoring of the system is done to ensure the highest possible security.
•
Special courier services are hired for expeditious delivery of home remittances to
the beneficiaries.
4.8 SHORT TERM INVESTMENTS
NBP now offers excellent rates of profit on all its short term investment accounts.
Whether you are looking to invest for 3 months or 1 year, NBP’s rates of profit are
extremely attractive, along with the security and service only NBP can provide.
4.9 National Income Daily Account (NIDA)
The scheme was launched in December 1995 to attract corporate customers. It is a
current account scheme and is part of the profit and loss system of accounts in operation
throughout the country.
4.9.1 Salient Features:
•
Rs 2-million is required to open an account and there is no maximum limit.
•
Profit is paid on half yearly basis on monthly balances.
•
The rates of profit vary according to the slabs of deposit. On Deposits of Rs.2
million to 2,000 million, the rate fluctuates from 1.4 to 1.75
•
It is a checking account and there is no limit of withdrawals.
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4.9.2 Rates on NIDA
•
From Rs 2/- million to Rs 50/- the rate is 1.4%.
•
From Rs50/- million but less than Rs 500/-million, the rate is 1.5%.
•
From Rs 500/- million but below Rs 1000/- the rate is 1.6%.
•
From Rs 1000/- and above the rate is 1.75%.
4.10
QUITY INVESTMENTS
NBP has accelerated its activities in the stock market to improve its economic base and
restore investor confidence. The bank is now regarded as the most active and dominant
player in the development of the stock market.
4.10.1 NBP is involved in the following:
•
Investment into the capital market
•
Introduction of capital market accounts (under process)
NBP’s involvement in capital markets is expected to increase its earnings, which would
result in better returns offered to account holders
4.11
COMMERCIAL FINANCE
NBP dedicated team of professionals truly understands the needs of professionals,
agriculturists, large and small business and other segments of the economy. They are the
customer’s best resource in making NBP’s products and services work for them.
4.12
RADE FINANCE OTHER BUSINESS LOANS
There are two types of trade finance.
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4.12.1 AGRICULTURAL FINANCE
NBP provides Agricultural Finance to solidify faith, commitment and pride of farmers
who produce some of the best agricultural products in the World.
4.12.1.1 Agricultural Finance Services:
“I Feed the World” program, a new product, is introduced by NBP with the aim to help
farmers maximize the per acre production with minimum of required input. Select farms
will be made role models for other farms and farmers to follow, thus helping farmers
across Pakistan to increase production.
4.12.1.2 Agricultural Credit:
The agricultural financing strategy of NBP is aimed at three main objectives:•
Providing reliable infrastructure for agricultural customers
•
Help farmers utilize funds efficiently to further develop and achieve better
production
•
Provide farmers an integrated package of credit with supplies of essential inputs,
technical knowledge, and supervision of farming.
4.12.1.3 Agricultural Credit (Medium Term):
•
Production and development
•
Watercourse improvement
•
Wells
•
Farm power
•
Development loans for tea plantation
•
Fencing
•
Solar energy
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Equipment for sprinklers
4.12.1.4 Farm Credit:
NBP also provides the following subsidized with ranges of 3 months to 1 year on a
renewal basis.
•
Operating loans
•
Land improvement loans
•
Equipment loans for purchase of tractors, farm implements or any other
equipment
Livestock loans for the purchase, care, and feeding of livestock.
4.12.1.5 Production Loans:
Production loans are meant for basic inputs of the farm and are short term in nature.
Seeds, fertilizers, sprayers, etc are all covered under this scheme.
If you require any further information, please do not hesitate to e-mail us.
4.12.2 CORPORATE FINANCE
4.12.2.1 Working Capital and Short Term Loans:
NBP specializes in providing Project Finance – Export Refinance to exporters – Preshipment and Post-shipment financing to exporters – Running finance – Cash Finance –
Small Finance – Discounting & Bills Purchased – Export Bills Purchased / Preshipment / Post Shipment Agricultural Production Loans
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4.12.2.2 Medium term loans and Capital Expenditure Financing:
NBP provides financing for its clients’ capital expenditure and other long-term
investment needs. By sharing the risk associated with such long-term investments, NBP
expedites clients’ attempt to upgrade and expand their operation thereby making possible
the fulfillment of our clients’ vision. This type of long term financing proves the bank’s
belief in its client's capabilities, and its commitment to the country.
4.12.2.3 Loan Structuring and Syndication:
National Bank’s leadership in loan syndicating stems from ability to forge strong
relationships not only with borrowers but also with bank investors. Because we
understand our syndicate partners’ asset criteria, we help borrowers meet substantial
financing needs by enabling them to reach the banks most interested in lending to their
particular industry, geographic location and structure through syndicated debt offerings.
Our syndication capabilities are complemented by our own capital strength and by
industry teams, who bring specialized knowledge to the structure of a transaction.
4.12.3.4 Cash Management Services:
With National Bank’s Cash Management Services (in process of being set up), the
customer’s sales collection will be channeled through vast network of NBP branched
spread across the country. This will enable the customer to manage their company’s total
financial position right from your desktop computer. They will also be able to take
advantage of our outstanding range of payment, ejection, liquidity and investment
services. In fact, with NBP, you’ll be provided everything, which takes to manage your
cash flow more accurately
4.13 INTERNATIONAL BANKING
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National Bank of Pakistan is at the forefront of international banking in Pakistan which is
proven by the fact that NBP has its branches in all of the major financial capitals of the
world. Additionally, we have recently set up the Financial Institution Wing, which is
placed under the Risk Management Group. The role of the Financial Institution Wing is:•
To effectively manage NBP’s exposure to foreign and domestic correspondence
•
Manage the monetary aspect of NBP’s relationship with the correspondents to
support trade, treasury and other key business areas, thereby contributing to the
bank’s profitability
•
Generation of incremental trade-finance business and revenues
4.13.1 NBP offers:
•
The lowest rates on exports and other international banking products
•
Access to different local commercial banks in international banking
4.14 Cash and Gold Finance.
Cash and Gold finance means that loan is given against the gold. The gold is
mortgaged with the bank and loan is taken. It is the area of consumer finance. And
borrower can take loan for common use.
4.15 Advance salary loan:
This loan is given to those people who are govt servants. They can get a loan up to the
salary of fifteen months.
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REFRENCES
1. http/www.nbp.com.pk .services
2. Annual reports 2001, 2002, 2003.
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CHAPTER # 5
DEPARTMENTALIZATION
Dividing an organization into different parts according to the functions is called
departmentation. So NBP Hayatabad township branch is divided into two main parts.
A) DEPARTMENTATION
5.1 CASH DEPARTMENT
Cash department performs the following functions
5.1.1) Receipt
The money, which either comes or goes out from the bank, its record should be kept.
Cash department performs this function. The deposits of all customers of the bank are
controlled by means of ledger accounts. Every customer has its own ledger account and
has separate ledger cards.
5.1.2) Payments
It is a banker’s primary contract to repay money received for this customer’s account
usually by honoring his cheques.
5.1.3) Cheques and their Payment
The Negotiable Instruments. Act, 1881,
“Cheque is a bill of exchange drawn on a specified banker and not expressed to be
payable otherwise than on demand”2.
Since a Cheque has been declared to be a bill of exchange, it must have all its
characteristics as mentioned in Section 5 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881.
Therefore, one can say that a Cheque can be defined as an:
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“An unconditional order in writing drawn on a specified banker, signed by the drawer,
requiring the banker to pay on demand a sum certain in money to, or to the order of, a
specified person or to the bearer, and which does not order any act to be done in
addition to the payment of money”3. (Law of Banking by Dr. Hart, p.327).
5.1.4) the Requisites of Cheque
There is no prescribed form of words or design of a Cheque, but in order to fulfill the
requirements mentioned in Section 6 above the Cheque must have the following.
a)
It should be in writing
b)
The unconditional order
c)
Drawn on specific banker only
d)
Payment on Demand
e)
Sum Certain in money
f)
Payable to a specific person
g)
Signed by the drawer
5.1.5) Parties to Cheque
The normal Cheque is one in which there is a drawer, a drawee banker and a payee, or no
payee but bearer.
a)
The Drawer
b)
The Drawee
c)
The Payee
5.1.6) Types of Cheques
Bankers in Pakistan deal with three types of cheques
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a) Bearer Cheques
Bearer cheques are cashable at the counter of the bank. These can also be collected
through clearing.4
b) Order cheque
These types of cheques are also cashable on the counter but its holder must satisfy the
banker that he is the proper man to collect the payment of the cheque and he has to show
his identification. It can also be collected through clearing.
c) Crossed Cheque
These cheques are not payable in cash at the counters of a banker. It can only be credited
to the payee’s account. If there are two persons having accounts at the same bank, one of
the account holder issues a cross-cheque in favour of the other account holder. Then the
cheque will be credited to the account of the person to whom the cheque was issued and
debited from the account of the person who has actually issued the cheque.
5.1.7) Payment of Cheques
It is a banker’s primary contract to repay money received for his customer’s account
usually by honouring his cheques. Payment of money deposited by the customer is one of
the root functions of banking. The acid test of banking is the receipt of money etc. from
the depositors, and repayment to them. This paying function is one, which is the
distinguishing mark of a banker and differentiates him from other institutions, which
receive money from the public. However the bankers’ legal protection is only when
payment is in ‘Due Course’. The payment in due course means payment in accordance
with the apparent tenor of the instrument, in good faith and without negligence to any
person in possession thereof under circumstances, which do not afford a reasonable
ground of believing that he is not entitled to receive payment of the amount therein
mentioned. It is a contractual obligation of a banker to honor his customer’s cheques if
the following essentials are fulfilled.
a)
Cheques should be in a proper form:
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b)
Cheque should not be crossed:
c)
Cheque should be drawn on the particular bank:
d)
Cheque should not mutilated:
e)
Funds must be sufficient and available:
f)
The Cheque should not be post dated or stale:
g)
Cheque should be presented during banking hours:
5.2 CLEARANCE DEPARTMENT
A clearinghouse is an association of commercial banks set up in given locality for the
purpose of interchange and settlement of credit claims. The function of clearinghouse is
performed by the central bank of a country by tradition or by law. In Pakistan, the
clearing system is operated by the SBP. If SBP has no office at a place, then NBP, as a
representative of SBP act as a clearinghouse.
After the World War II, a rapid growth in banking institutions has taken place. The use of
cheques in making payments has also widely increased. The collection as settlement of
mutual obligations in the form of cheques is now a big task for all the commercial bank.
When Cheque is drawn on one bank and the holder (payee) deposits the same in his
account at the bank of the drawer, the mutual obligation are settled by the internal bank
administration and there arises no inter bank debits from the use of cheques. The total
assets and total liabilities of the bank remain unchanged.
In practice, the person receiving a Cheque as rarely a depositor of the cheque at the same
bank as the drawer. He deposits the cheque with his bank other than of payer for the
collection of the amount. Now the bank in which the cheque has been deposited becomes
a creditor of the drawer’s bank. The depositor bank will pay his amount of the cheque by
transferring it from cash reserves if there are no offsetting transactions. The banks on
which the cheques are drawn become in debt to the bank in which the cheques are
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deposited. At the same time, the creditors’ banks receive large amounts of cheques drawn
on other banks giving claims of payment by them.
The easy, safe and most efficient way is to offset the reciprocal claims against the other
and receive only the net amount owned by them. This facility of net inter bank payment
is provided by the clearinghouse.
The representatives of the local commercial banks meet at a fixed time on all the business
days of the week. The meeting is held in the office of the bank that officially performs the
duties of clearinghouse. The representatives of the commercial banks deliver the cheques
payable at other local banks and receive the cheques drawn on their bank. The cheques
are then sorted according to the bank on which they are drawn. A summary sheet is
prepared which shows the names of the banks, the total number of cheques delivered and
received by them. Totals are also made of all the cheques presented by or to each bank.
The difference between the total represents the amount to be paid by a particular bank
and the amount to be received by it. Each bank then receives the net amount due to it or
pays the net amount owed by it.
5.2.1) In-Word Clearing Books
The bank uses this book for the purpose of recording all the cheques that are being
received by the bank in the first clearing. All details of the cheques are recorded in this
book.
5.2.2) Out-Word Clearing Book:
The bank uses outward clearing register for the purpose of recording all the details of the
cheques that the bank has delivered to other banks.
5.3 ADVANCES DEPARTMENT
Advances department is one of the most sensitive and important departments of the bank.
The major portion of the profit is earned through this department. The job of this
department is to make proposals about the loans. The Credit Management Division of
Head Office directly controls all the advances. As we known bank is a profit seeking
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institution. It attracts surplus balances from the customers at low rate of interest and
makes advances at a higher rate of interest to the individuals and business firms. Credit
extensions are the most important activity of all financial institutions, because it is the
main source of earning. However, at the same time, it is a very risky task and the risk
cannot be completely eliminated but could be minimized largely with certain techniques.
Any individual or company, who wants loan from NBP, first of all has to undergo the
filling of a prescribed form, which provides the following information to the banker.
5.3.1) Name and address of the borrower.
a)
Existing financial position of a borrower at a particular branch.
b)
Accounts details of other banks (if any).
c)
Security against loan.
d)
Exiting financial position of the company. (Balance Sheet & Income Statement).
e)
Signing a promissory note is also a requirement of lending, through this note
borrower promise that he will be responsible to pay the certain amount of money
with interest.
5.3.2) Principles of Advances
There are five principles, which must be duly observed while advancing money to the
borrowers.
Safety
Liquidity
Dispersal
Remuneration
Suitability
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a. Safety
Banker’s funds comprise mainly of money borrowed from numerous customers on
various accounts such as Current Account, Savings Bank Account, Call Deposit Account,
Special Notice Account and Fixed Deposit Account. It indicates that whatever money the
banker holds is that of his customers who have entrusted the banker with it only because
they have full confidence in the expert handling of money by their banker. Therefore, the
banker must be very careful and ensure that his depositor’s money is advanced to safe
hands where the risk of loss does not exist. The elements of character, capacity and
capital can help a banker in arriving at a conclusion regarding the safety of advances
allowed by him.
b.
Character
It is the most important factor in determining the safety of advance, for there is no
substitute for character. A borrower’s character can indicate his intention to repay the
advance since his honesty and integrity is of primary importance. If the past record of the
borrower shows that his integrity has been questionable, the banker should avoid him,
especially when the securities offered by him are inadequate in covering the full amount
of advance.
It is obligation on the banker to ensure that his borrower is a person of character and has
capacity enough to repay the money borrowed including the interest thereon.
c.
Capacity
This is the management ability factor, which tells how successful a business has been in
the past and what the future possibilities are. A businessman may not have vast financial
resources, but with sound management abilities, including the insight into a specific
business, he may make his business very profitable. On the other hand if a person has no
insight into the particular business for which he wants to borrow funds from the banker,
there are more chances of loss to the banker.
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Capital
This is the monetary base because the money invested by the proprietors represents their
faith in the business and its future. The role of commercial banks is to provide short-term
capital for commerce and industry, yet some borrowers would insist that their bankers
provide most of the capital required. This makes the banker a partner. As such the banker
must consider whether the amount requested for is reasonable to the borrowers own
resources or investment.
e.
Liquidity
Liquidity means the possibilities of recovering the advances in emergency, because all
the money borrowed by the customer is repayable in lump sum on demand. Generally the
borrowers repay their loans steadily, and the funds thus released can be used to allow
fresh loans to other borrowers. Nevertheless, the banker must ensure that the money he is
lending is not blocked for an undue long time, and that the borrowers are in such a
financial position as to pay back the entire amount outstanding against them on a short
notice. In such a situation, it is very important for a banker to study his borrower’s assets
to liquidity, because he would prefer to lend only for a short period in order to meet the
shortfalls in the wording capital. If the borrower asks for an advance for the purchase of
fixed assets the banker should refuse because it shall not be possible for him to repay
when the banker wants his customer to repay the amount. Hence, the baker must adhere
to the consideration of the principles of liquidity very careful.
f.
Dispersal
The dispersal of the amount of advance should be broadly based so that large number of
borrowing customer may benefit from the banker’s funds. The banker must ensure that
his funds are not invested in specific sectors like textile industry, heavy engineering or
agriculture. He must see that from his available funds he advances them to a wide range
of sector like commerce, industry, farming, agriculture, small business, housing projects
and various other financial concerns in order of priorities.
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Dispersal of advances is very necessary from the point of security as well, because it
reduces the risk of recovery when something goes wrong in one particular sector or in
one field.
g.
Remuneration
A major portion of the banker’s earnings comes form the interest charged on the money
borrowed by the customers. The banker needs sufficient earnings to meet the following:
a)
Interest payable to the money deposited with him.
b)
Salaries and fringe benefits payable to the staff members.
c)
Overhead expense and depreciation and maintenance of the fixed assets of the
bank.
d)
An adequate sum to meet possible losses.
e)
Provisions for a reserve fund to meet unforeseen contingencies.
f)
Payment of dividends to the shareholders.
h.
Suitability
The word “suitability’ is not to be taken in its usual literary sense but in the broader sense
of purport. It means that advance should be allowed not only to the carefully selected and
suitable borrowers but also in keeping with the overall national development plans
chalked out by the authorities concerned. Before accommodating a borrower the banker
should ensure that the lending is for a purpose in conformity with the current national
credit policy laid down by the central bank of the country.
5.3.3 Forms of Loans
In addition to purchase and discounting of bills, bankers in Pakistan generally lend in the
form of cash finance, overdrafts and loans. NBP provides advances to different people in
different ways as the case demand.
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a) Cash Finance
This is a very common form of borrowing by commercial and industrial concerns and is
made available either against pledge or hypothecation of goods, produce or merchandise.
In cash finance a borrower is allowed to borrow money from the banker up to a certain
limit, either at once or as and when required. The borrower prefers this form of lending
due to the facility of paying markup/services charges only on the amount he actually
utilizes.
If the borrower does not utilize the full limit, the banker has to lose return on the unutilized amount. In order to offset this loss, the banker may provide for a suitable clause
in the cash finance agreement, according to which the borrower has to pay
markup/service charges on at least on self or one quarter of the amount of cash finance
limit allowed to him even when he does not utilize that amount.
b) Overdraft/Running Finance
This is the most common form of bank lending. When a borrower requires temporary
accommodation his banker allows withdrawals on his account in excess of the balance
which the borrowing customer has in credit, and an overdraft thus occurs. This
accommodation is generally allowed against collateral securities. When it is against
collateral securities it is called “Secured Overdraft” and when the borrowing customer
cannot offer any collateral security except his personal security, the accommodation is
called a “Clean Overdraft”. The borrowing customer is in an advantageous position in an
overdraft, because he has to pay service charges only on the balance outstanding against
him. The main difference between a cash finance and overdraft lies in the fact that cash
finance is a bank finance used for long term by commercial and industrial concern on
regular basis, while an overdraft is a temporary accommodation occasionally resorted to.
c) Demand Financing/Loans
When a customer borrows from a banker a fixed amount repayable either in periodic
installments or in lump sum at a fixed future time, it is called a “loan”. When bankers
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allow loans to their customers against collateral securities they are called “secured loans”
and when no collateral security is taken they are called “clean loans”.
The amount of loan is placed at the borrower’s disposal in lump sum for the period
agreed upon, and the borrowing customer has to pay interest on the entire amount. Thus
the borrower gets a fixed amount of money for his use, while the banker feels satisfied in
lending money in fixed amounts for definite short periods against a satisfactory security
5.4 REMITTANCE DEPARTMENT
Remittance means a sum of money sent in payment for something. This department deals
with either the transfer of money from one bank to other bank or from one branch to
another branch for their customers. NBP offers the following forms of remittances.
a)
Demand Draft
b)
Telegraphic Transfer
c)
Pay Order
d)
Mail Transfer
5.4.1) Demand Draft
Demand draft is a popular mode of transfer. The customer fills the application form.
Application form includes the beneficiary name, account number and a sender’s name.
The customer deposits the amount of DD in the branch. After the payment the DD is
prepared and given to the customer. NBP officials note the transaction in issuance
register on the page of that branch of NBP on which DD is drawn and will prepare the
advice to send to that branch. The account of the customer is credited when the DD
advice from originating branch comes to the responding branch and the account is
debited when DD comes for clearance. DD are of two types.
a)
Open DD:
Where direct payment is made.
b)
Cross DD:
Where payment is made though account.
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NBP CHARGES FOR DD5
I.
Up to Rs. 50,000/- is Rs 50/- only
II.
Over Rs. 50,000/- is 0.1%
5.4.2) Pay Order
Pay order is made for local transfer of money. Pay order is the most convenient, simple
and secure way of transfer of money. NBP takes fixed commission of Rs. 25 per pay
order from the account holder and Rs. 100 from a non-account holder.
5.4.3) Telegraphic Transfer
Telegraphic transfer or cable transfer is the quickest method of making remittances.
Telegraphic transfer is an order by telegram to a bank to pay a specified sum of money to
the specified person. The customer for requesting TT fills an application form. Vouchers
are prepared and sent by ordinary mail to keep the record. TT charges are taken from the
customer. No excise duty is charged on TT. The TT charges are:
Telegram/ Fax Charges on TT = Actual-minimum Rs.125.
Cable telegram transfer costs more as compared to other title of money. In cable transfer
the bank uses a secret system of private code, which is known to the person concerned
with this department and branch manager.
5.4.4) Mail Transfer
When the money is not required immediately, the remittances can also be made by mail
transfer (MT). Here the selling office of the bank sends instructions in writing by mail to
the paying bank for the payment of a specified amount of money. Debiting to the buyer’s
account at the selling office and crediting to the recipient’s account at the paying bank
make the payment under this transfer. NBP taxes mail charges from the applicant where
no excise duty is charged. Postage charges on mail transfer are actual minimum Rs. 40/-
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if sent by registered post locally Rs.40/- if sent by registered post inland on party’s
request.
5.5 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Human Resource plays a vital role in the success of every service organization. They
interact between man and machine. Their attitude can win or loose the customer. The
positive attitude could only be created in a conducive environment, which can make the
staff dedicated towards the organization and its objectives. In reality the man is more
important than machine as it is the human which could get maximum out of machine to
keep a happy customer. However, most organizations give little importance to this very
important asset.
Various aspects related to human resource of National Bank of Pakistan are critically
examined in the following text:
5.5.1) Selection & Recruitment
Although the Bank believes in merit but in practice the selection of employees is not
done on merit. Most of the employees are low educated. This shows that candidates with
some strong family background or political pressure are given preference in recruitment
and qualified candidates are sometimes left behind.
5.5.2) Job for Life
Like the employee of public sector organizations in Pakistan, the employees of NBP also
enjoy their job for life. Since there is no risk of early retirement or redundancy in rank,
they do not perform with their full potentials. This is one redundancy in rank, they do not
perform with their full potentials, and this is one of the reasons responsible for the low
productivity of the employees of the Bank.
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5.5.3) Performance Appraisal
The performance of employees of the Bank are appraised though their annual confidential
reports at the end of each year. This has become an outdated method of performance
appraisal and no longer used due to the following reasons:
1.
The performance of employees is evaluated after quite a long time.
2.
Element of subjectivity is involved in this method.
3.
Employee’s participation is not ensured in the process of evaluation.
4.
Objectives of employee’s are not quantified.
5.5.4) Inter Personal Relationship
Modern management acknowledges human resources as one ‘of the most important
assets of an organization. But by their very nature, human beings are also the most
unpredictable. Where a number of persons work together, interactions among them, of
necessity, will lead to conflicts and NBP is no exception. Most interpersonal conflicts in
NBP can be traced back to the following major heads.
Lack of Communication
Lack of communication is for the biggest reason for conflicts. Not only it is due to the
failure to send a massage but to an interpretation given to the massage by the receiver is
different from that intended.
5.5.5) Diversity in Values
Diversity in values, perceptions, cultural background and life-style is another reason
responsible for inter personal conflicts in NBP. Different values and perceptions about
the same issue, event or personality hinder understanding. When things come to such a
pavement, therefore, interpersonal conflicts are generated.
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The dominant trend in all modern industrial societies of the world is merit and expertise,
which helps promote cohesion and reduce conflicts. But the feudalistic mindset is still
very strong in our set up and there is no tradition of tolerance for differing viewpoints.
Hence, interpersonal conflicts are generated.
5.5.6) Corruption
Our social acceptance of corruption gives rise to corruption at every level of social and
organizational set up. Corruption involves financial embezzlement, favoritism, nepotism,
cronyism and other number of such practices. All these cause resentment that keep
building up and lead to conflict sooner or later.
In the past few years, some cases of frauds have happened in different branches. The
reasons can be linked with the employee dissatisfaction of NBP.
5.5.7) Discipline & Authority
Maintaining discipline and implementation of authority (tables) in letter and spirit is the
key to success of any organization. In NBP, The authority tables are not strictly
maintained. Line managers are not fully equipped with the authority with no vertical or
horizontal interference.
5.6) DEPOSIT DEPARTMENT: It controls the following activities:
a)
A/C opening.
b)
Issuance of cheque book.
c)
Current a/c
d)
Saving a/c
e)
Cheque cancellation
f)
Cash
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5.6.1 Account opening
The opening of an account is the establishment of banker customer relationship. Before a
banker opens a new account, the banker should determine the prospective customer’s
integrity, respectability, occupation and the nature of business by the introductory
references given at the time of account opening. Preliminary investigation is necessary
because of the following reasons.
i.
Avoiding frauds
ii.
Safe guard against unintended over draft.
iii.
Negligence.
iv.
Inquiries about clients.
There are certain formalities, which are to be observed for opening an account with a
bank.
•
Formal Application
•
Introduction
•
Specimen Signature
•
Minimum Initial Deposit
•
Operating the Account
1.
Pay-In-Slip Book
2.
Pass Book
3.
Issuing Cheque Book
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53. Chapter – 10
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a) Qualification of Customer
The relation of the banker and the customer is purely a contractual one, however, he must
have the following basic qualifications.
•
He must be of the age of majority.
•
He must be of sound mind.
•
Law must not disqualify him.
•
The agreement should be made for lawful object, which create legal relationship
•
Not expressly declared void.
b) Types of Accounts
Following are the main types of accounts
1)
Individual Account
2)
Joint Account
3)
Accounts of Special Types
 Partnership account
 Joint stock company account
 Accounts of clubs, societies and associations
 Agents account
 Trust account
 Executors and administrators accounts
 Pak rupee non-resident accounts
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54. Chapter – 10
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 Foreign currency accounts1
5.6.2 Issuing of cheque book:
This deptt issue cheque books to account holders.
Requirements for issuing cheque book
a) The account holder must sign the requisition slip
b) Entry should be made in the cheque book issuing book
c) three rupees per cheque should be recovered from a/c holder if not then debit his/her
account.
5.6.3 Current account
These are payable to the customer whenever they are demanded. When a banker accepts
a demand deposit, he incurs the obligation of paying all cheques etc. drawn against him
to the extent of the balance in the account. Because of their nature, these deposits are
treated as current liabilities by the banks. Bankers in Pakistan do not allow any profit on
these deposits, and customers are required to maintain a minimum balance, failing which
incidental charges are deducted from such accounts. This is because the depositors may
withdraw Current Account at any time, and as such the bank is not entirely free to
employ such deposits.
Until a few decades back, the proportion of Current Deposits in relation to Fixed
Deposits was very small. In recent years, however, the position has changed remarkably.
Now, the Current Deposits have become more important; but still the proportion of
Current Deposits and Fixed Deposits varies from bank to bank, branch to branch, and
from time to time.
5.6.4 Saving account
Savings Deposits account can be opened with very small amount of money, and the
depositor is issued a cheque book for withdrawals. Profit is paid at a flexible rate
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calculated on six-month basis under the Interest-Free Banking System. There is no
restriction on the withdrawals from the deposit accounts but the amount of money
withdrawn is deleted from the amount to be taken for calculation of products for
assessment of profit to be paid to the account holder. It discourages unnecessary
withdrawals from the deposits.
In order to popularize this scheme the State Bank of Pakistan has allowed the Savings
Scheme for school and college students and industrial labor also. The purpose of these
accounts is to inculcate the habit of savings in the constituents. As such, the initial
deposit required for opening these accounts is very nominal.
5.6.5 Cheque cancellation:
This deptt can cancel a cheque on the basis of;
a) Post dated cheque
b) Stale cheque
c) Warn out cheque
d) Wrong sign etc
5.6.6 Cash
This deptt also deals with cash. Payment of cheques, deposits of cheques etc.
5.7 FOREIGN EXCHANGE/DEPARTMENT:
This deptt mainly deals with the foreign business. The main functions of this deptt are:
a) L/C dealing.
b) Foreign currency accounts dealing.
c) Foreign Remittance dealing.
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5.7.1 L/C dealing
NBP is committed to offering its business customers the widest range of options in the
area of money transfer. If you are a commercial enterprise then our Letter of Credit
service is just what you are looking for. With competitive rates, security, and ease of
transaction, NBP Letters of Credit are the best way to do your business transactions.
5.7.2 Foreign currency account dealing:
This deptt deals with the foreign currency accounts which mainly include dollar account,
euro account etc.
5.7.3 Foreign Remittance dealing.
This is very important function of this deptt.
B) DEPARTMENTATION OF HAYAT ABAD TOWNSHIP BRANCH NBP.
Dividing an organization into different parts according to the functions is called
departmentation. So NBP Hayatabad township branch is divided into two main parts.
1.
Cash Department
2.
General Banking Department.
5.1 Cash Department:
Cash department mainly deals in cash. The Head of department is Mr. Imdad
Khan and two cashier Mehraban Shah and Faiq Shah the objective of cash department.
“To facilitate people in the payments of their bills and taxes and repayments of cash”
There are two main functions of cash department.
i.
i.
Payment
ii.
Receipts
Payments are the function that they pay their cheques and pay cash.
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57. Chapter – 10
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ii.
Receipts mean collection of utilities bills, taxes etc.
5.2
General Banking
In this section of the bank the general banking function is performed. It is divided
into five departments.
i.
ii.
Computer Department.
iii.
Advances Department.
iv.
Clearing Department.
v.
5.2.1
Remittances Department.
Establishment Department.
Remittances Department:
This department is header by Zahoor Ahmad a very competent person. The
objective of this department is:“To transfer the money of people from one place to another place in safe and
comparable way”
The main functions of this department are:
i.
Issuing of demand draft.
ii.
Issuing of Mail transfer.
iii.
Issuing of Telegraphic transfer.
iv.
Issuing of payment order.
v.
Issuing of call deposit.
vi.
Pension payments etc.
vii.
Closing and scrolling of government collections.
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Advances department:
Every bank has a department which advances money to borrowers. In NBP
Hayatabad township branch the advances department is head by the Business Manager
Sir Asim and Operation Manager Sir Pervez. Both are very competent persons. The
objective of Advances Department is
“To facilitate people by giving short term and long term loans on easy terms and
conditions”.
The main function of this Department is to take surplus money from the people at
low rates and lend this money to borrowers at high rates to earn profit.
5.2.3
Clearing Department:
A clearing house is an association of commercial banks set in State Bank of
Pakistan for the purpose of interchange and settlement of credit claims.
In NBP Hayatabad Branch this department is headed by Ameer Shehzad having
experience of about thirty years. The objective of this department is to
“To facilitate customers for payment their Cheques of other banks”.
Two type of clearing books are maintained.
i.
In word clearing books:
The bank uses this book for the purpose of recording all the cheques that are
being received by the bank in the first clearing. All detail of the cheques are recorded in
this book.
ii.
Out word clearing book:
The bank uses outward clearing register for the purpose of recording all the details of
the cheques that the banks have delivered to other banks.
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Implementation Plan
Computer Department:
This department headed by the accountant Tariq Afridi and two other persons Mr. Junaid
and Mr. Shahid are performing the real function.
The objective of this Department is to facilitate customers in payment of their cheques”.
The main functions performed by this department are:
a)
Checking balance.
b)
Deduction from balance on clearing cheques.
c)
Issuing bank statements.
d)
Dealing Western Union.
5.2.5
Establishment Department:
NBP Hayatabad Branch having an Establishment Department. This Department
consists of only one person Haji Misri Kha very competent and experienced person. This
department mainly deals with the branch employees. The main objective of this
department is to
“To regulate bank business”.
Main functions of this department are:
a)
Keeps the record of attendance of employees.
b)
Employee’s salaries distribution.
c)
Employee’s bonuses etc.
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REFRENCES
1 Sir Paged John The law of Banking 4th edition page 431.
2 The Negotiable Instruments. Act, 1881.
3 Dr Hart Law of Banking, p.327
4 Dr Hart Law of Banking, p.327
5 Circular bank charges June 2003.page 15.
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61. Chapter – 10
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CHAPTER #6
SWOT ANALYSIS
SWOT analysis is an acronym that stands for strengths, weakness, opportunities, and
threats SWOT analysis is careful evaluation of an organization’s internal strengths and
weakness as well as its environment opportunities and threats.
“SWOT analysis is a situational which includes strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and
threats that affect organizational performance.”1
“The overall evaluation of a company strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats is
called SWOT analysis.”2
In SWOT analysis the best strategies accomplish an organization’s mission by:
1. Exploiting an organizations opportunities and strength.
2. Neutralizing it threats.
3.
Avoiding or correcting its weakness.
SWOT analysis is one of the most important steps in formulating strategy using the
organization mission as a context, managers assess internal strengths distinctive
competencies and weakness and external opportunities and threats. The goal is to then
develop good strategies and exploit opportunities and strengths neutralize threats and
avoid weaknesses.
6.1 STRENGTHS:
6.1.1 OLDEST INSTITUTION:
NBP in one of the oldest bank of Pakistan and first nationalized bank Hence its customer
base is strength from this plus point as customers have more confidence in the bank. The
additional value services as the privilege for the bank.
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6.1.2 ALTERNATE DUTIES IN SBP ABSENCE
The NBP performs additional services for its customers as well as the other bank
customer in the absence of SBP.
6.1.3 MORE DEPOSITS THAN OTHER BANK
NBP has the relative competence in having more deposits than the other bank. This is
because of the confidence the customer have in the bank. The bank being the privileged
and oldest bank in banking sector of Pakistan enjoys this edge over all others, lacking it.
6.1.4 EMPLOYEE BENEFITS
The employers at NBP are offered reasonable monetary benefit. Normally two bonuses
are given Eid-Ul-Fitar & Eid-Ul-Azha. This serves as an additional benefit and
competency for the bank and a source of motivation for the employees.
6.1.5 BROAD NETWORK
The bank has another competency i.e. it has broad-basses network of branches throughout
the country also more than one branch in high productive cities. The customers are
provided services at their nearest possible place to confirm customer satisfied.
6.1.6 STRICTLY FOLLOWED RULES &REGULATION:
The employees at NBP are strict followers of rule & regulation imposed by bank. The
disciplined environment at NBP bolsters its image and also enhances the over all out put
of the organization.
6.1.7 PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE
The employees at NBP here have a good hold on their descriptions, as they are highly
skilled Professionals with back ground in business administration, banking, economics
etc. These professional competencies enable the employees to understand and perform
the function and operation in better way.
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6.1.8 HEALTHY ENVIROMNMENT
The working condition in the NBP branch here is very conductive and favorable for
better output. The informal environment affects the performance of the employees in a
positive way.
6.1.9 RELATION BETWEEN STAFF AND OTHER EMPLOYESS
The bank enjoys a good plus point when it comes to the employee manager relationship
the hearing as removing of discrepancies if any, between the employees, and between the
manager and employees.
6.2 WEAKNESSES
6.2.1 LACK OF MARKETING EFFORT:
The bank does not promote its corporate image, services, etc on a competitive way.
Hence lacks far behind in marketing effort .A need for aggressive marketing in there in
the era marketing in now becoming a part of every organization.
6.2.2 NBP UNDER POLITICAL PRESSURE
The strong political hold of some parties and government and their dominance is
affecting the bank in a negative way. They sometime have to provide loan under the
pressure, which leads to uneven and adjusted feeling in the bank employees.
6.2.3 FAVORITISM AND NEPOTISM
The promotions and bonuses etc in the bank are often powered by senior’s favoritism or
depends upon their wills and decision. This adds to the negative factors, which
denominate the employees thus resulting in affecting their performance negatively.
6.2.4 LACK OF FINACIAL PRODUCT
The bank falls far behind when the innovative and new schemes are considered. It has not
been involved in the tug of war between the competitors to the accounts and strengthens
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the existing customer base. This stands out to be the major incompetence and weakness
of the banks.
6.2.5 INEFFICIENT COUNTER SERVICES IN THE RUSH HOURS
During the rush hours, the bank is founded out to be a total flop to handle the mob of
people peaking from windows and doors. The bank has deficiency to operate in the stages
of rush hours where the people find them services entangled in a situation of nowhere
because they are not well served.
6.2.6 LACK OF COMPUTERIZED NETWORK
The bank lack the strength of being powered by the network of computers, which have
saved time, energy and would have lessened the mental stress, the employees have
currently. This would add to the strength if it were powered by network of computers.
6.2.7 LACK OF MODERN EQUIPMENT
The bank lacks the modern Equipment that is note counting machine computers. Even if
there is any equipment they lack to fall in the criteria of being rearmed as update and
upgraded
6.2.8 UNEVEN WORK DISTIBUTION.
The workload in NBP is not evenly distributed and the workload tends to be more on
some employees while others abscond away from their responsibilities, which server as a
demotivation factor for employees performing above average work.
6.3 OPPORTUNITIES
6.3.1 ELECTRONIC BANKING
The world today has become a global village because of advancement in the
technologies, especially in communication sector. More emphasis is now given to avail
the modern technologies to better the performances. NBP can utilize the electronic
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banking opportunity to ensure on line banking 24 hours a day. This would give a
competitive edge over others.
6.3.2 MICRO FINANCING
Because of the need for micro financing in the market, there are lot of opportunities in
this regard. Other banks have already initiated, now the time has arrived when the NBP
must realize it and take on step to cater an ongoing demand.
6.4 THREATS
6.4.1 EMERGENCE OF NEW COMPETITORS
The bank is facing threats with the emergence of new competitors especially in terms of
foreign banks. These foreign banks are equipped with heavy financial power with
excellent and
innovative ways of promoting and performing their services. The bank
has to take initiative in this regard or will find itself far back in competition.
6.4.2 POLITICAL PRESSURE BY ELECTED GOVERNMENT
The ongoing shift in power in political arena in the country effects the performance of the
bank has to forward loans to politically powerful persons which create a sense of
insecurity and demoralization in the customer as well as employees.
6.4.3 DOWNSIZING
The bank is currently acting upon the policy of downsizing which threaten the
environment of the bank Employees feel insecurity in doing their jobs and work, hence
affecting the over all performance of employees negatively.
6.4.4 CUSTOMERS COMPLAINTS
There exists no regular and specific system of the removal of customer complaints. Now
a day a need for total customer satisfaction is emerging and in their demanding
consequences customer's complaints are ignored
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6.5 COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS
Porter’s five forces model: 3
This approach is widely used for competitive analysis. It is because of the high intensity
of competition among companies there five main competitive forces.
6.5.1 Rivalry among competitive firms:
It is a very powerful force among the competitive forces the strategies pursued by
one firm can be successful only to extent that they provide competitive advantages
over the competitor. These competitive strategies may be lowering prices, best quality
series. The NBP offering very low charges an demand draft, telegraphy transfer, mail
transfer and give other additional services to the customers and to the Nation.
Because NBP is a “Nation’s Bank”.
6.5.2 Potential entry of new competitors:
Whenever new firms ca easily enters a particular industry, the competition increases.
The gout restriction, tariffs, patents etc can stop new firm to enter into the business as
per Banking industry is concerned this market is already very situated in Pakistan and
there are banks with quality services and low charges. So there is no threat to NBP
from potential entry and NBP is also a public sector bank because of that no other
new bank not takes over it.
6.5.3
Potential Development of substitute products:
This is the third factor affecting the competitions. There may be some other product
can be substitute the product of that industry. For example banks offering sawing
schemes in Pakistan and these schemes are also offered by GPOs in Pakistan so they
must compete them in this field. If they offer low rates than GPOs so people will go
to deposit in GPOs. People concentration high rates so that’s why sawing PLS
accounts are more then current accounts. The next examples will ATM which
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substitute presenting cheques at counter and encash it. The NBP is lacking in this
field. It must improve in this field to compete the competitors.
6.5.4
Bargaining Power of Suppliers:
The bargaining power of supplier affects the intensity of competition, especially when
there are a large number of suppliers. In case of banks the suppliers are customers
they supply the money to banks. Now they must offer good services, quality, and
safety. Low charges etc to customers. In this field NBP is very good. B/C at offers
good quality services to customers. They charge low charges on remittances. So that’s
it is competitions other banks.
6.5.5
Bargaining Power of Consumers:
When customers are concentrated or large, or buy in volume, their bargaining power
represents a major force affecting intensity of competition. Now the number
customers in Pakistan for banks are very high. Banks offering variety of products and
services to their customers. NBP have a large number of customs. Now it must offer
good services and products to their customers to attract them to come to NBP.
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References
1. Daft l Richerd “Management” 4th Edition Pages 254, 256, 269.
2. Kottler Philip “Marketing Management” Millennium Edition Page 76.
3. Fred R. David “Strategic Management Concepts Cases” 7th edition.
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CHAPTER# 7
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
Financial analysis, though varying according to the particular interests of the analyst,
always involves the use of various financial statement primarily the balance sheet and
income statement. The balance sheet summarizes the assets, liabilities, and owner’s
equity of a business at a point in time, and thee income statement summarizes revenues
and expenses of the over a particular period f time. A conceptual framework for financial
analysis provides the analyst with an interlocking means for structuring the financing.
7.1 National Bank of Pakistan Ten Years Performance at glance
Years
2003
2002
2001
2000
Items
Total
471860 432803 415089 371636
assets
Deposits
395568 362866 349617 316493
Advances
160990 140547 170319 140318
Investment 166196 143525 71759
72609
S,s holder
equity
18134
14279
11959
11378
pre tax
profit
9009
6045
3016
1023
After tax
profit
4198
2253
1149
461
Earning
per share
10.23
5.49
3.08
1.24
Return on
assets
2%
1.40%
0.80%
0.30%
No of
Branches
1189
1204
1245
1428
No of
Employees 13272
12195
15163
15351
(Source Annual reports 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003)
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
350406
417680
400890
369236
320180
271779
294754
122559
91486
273391
109356
102356
254863
105598
109485
235032
85854
108206
7046
208283
81528
95649
7842
170476
62548
85094
7233
10358
9987
9203
(1260)
3081
2799
520
2135
996
--------
------
-------
31
0
0
-------
-----
-------
0.21
0
0
----------
------
-----
0.20%
0
0.00%
1555
1537
1463
1431
1434
1468
23730
21549
20667
15541
15785
18096
From the above table it is very much clear that the NBP performance is going higher and
higher total assets are at the crest in 2003. If we draw a graph this will shows that the
graph is upward trend. Profit is increasing from year to year. NBP decrease the number of
its branches and employees because of automation and large networks of other banks. But
this bank can compete and now NBP is the best bank of year.
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Implementation Plan
7.2 RATIO ANALYSIS
Financial analysis is the process of identifying the financial strengths and weakness of the
firm by properly establishing relation ship between the items of balance sheet and profit
and loss account, in order to make rational decision in keeping with the objective of the
organization, for that purpose the management use analytical tools. To evaluate the
financial condition and performance of the business entity, the financial analyst needs to
perform "checkups" on various aspects of the business financial health.
A tools frequently used during these checkups is a financial ratio analysis, which relates
two piece of financial data by dividing one quantity by the other we calculate ratios
because in this way we get a comparison that may prove more useful than the raw
number by themselves. The business itself and outside providers of capital (creditors and
investors) all undertake financial statement analysis. The type of analysis varies
according to the specific interest party involved. The nature of analysis is depending at
the purpose of analyst.
7.3 Parties interested in ratio analysis
7.3.1 Trade creditors
Trade creditors are interested in firm's ability to meet their claims over a very short
period of time. Their analysis will, there fore confine to the evaluation of the firm's
liquidity positions.
.7.3.2 Suppliers of long-term debt
Suppliers of long-term debt on the other hand are concerned with firm's long-term
solvency and survival. They analysis the firms profitability over time, its ability to
generate cash to be able to pay interest and repay interest and repay principal and the
relationship between various source of funds. (Capital structure relationship).
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71. Chapter – 10
Implementation Plan
Long-term creditors do analyses the historical financial statements but they place more
emphasis on the firm's projected financial statement to make analysis about its future
solvency and profitability.
7.3.3 Investors
Investors who have invested their money in the firms share are most concerned about the
firm steady growth in earning. As such, they concentrate on the analysis of the firm's
present and future profitability. They are also interested in the firms financial structure of
the extent it influence the firms earning ability and risk.
7.3.4 Management.
An organization would be interested in every aspect of the financial analysis. It is their
overall responsibility to see that the resources of the firm are used most effectively and
efficiently and that the firm's financial condition is sound.
So thus management employee financial analysis for the purpose of internal control and
to better provide what capital supplier seeks in financial condition and performance from
the business and from an internal control standpoint, management needs to take financial
analysis in order to plan and control effectively.
7.4 Ratio analysis
Ratio is the comparison between two figures of balance sheet and income statement.
7.4.1
Cash Ratio:
“This ration is obtained by dividing cash by current liabilities / liabilities”.
This ratio shows that the cash is enough for payment of current liabilities or not.
It is calculated as cash Ratio=Cash/current liabilities
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