Default tones in speech include falling tones for statements, exclamations, wh-questions and commands, while rising tones are used for yes-no questions. There are different types of falling tones such as low falls where pitch falls from medium to low and high falls where pitch falls from high to low. Rising tones can be low rises where pitch rises from low to medium and high rises where pitch rises from medium to high. The position of dots in an interlinear transcription indicates the pitch in speech.

1. Default tones:
Falls for statements, exclamations, wh questions and
commands.
Rises for yes-no questions.
Falling and Non-falling tones

2. Falls:
Low fall: The pitch of the voice falls from a medium to a very low pitch.
High fall: The pitch of the voice falls from a high to a very low pitch.
We can use an interlinear representation of speech, using dots. The dots represent sylllables. The
position of the dots between the 2 lines tells us what the pitch is.

3. Rises:
Low rise: The pitch of the voice rises from a low to a medium pitch or a little above.
High rise: The pitch of the voice rises from a medium to a high pitch.
If there is no tail, the rise takes place on the nuclear syllable.
When there are two syllables, there is a jump from the pitch of the nuclear syllable to
that of the unstressed syllable.
If there is a tail, the rise is spread over the nuclear syllable and all the following syllables.