3. Confidential
Table of Contents:
•Executive Summary
•The Opportunity
•Market Landscape & Plan
•SWOT Analysis
•Marketing Strategy
•Financial Forecast
•Structure
•Next Steps
•Science Data
4. Confidential
Initial Product Suite
Ready to Drink
12-16 oz
Method Nutrition Bar
12 bars in a 4 color box
Roxy
Roxy Madness (travel pack)
RTM + Bars + Surf/ Roxy Related
Products
The Roxy branded products will be specially formulated
for the target market; size, flavors, and caloric volume
5. Confidential
Marketing Tactics II
Harness “editorial secret agents” who are Method friends and
have columns in high circ enthusiast publications/websites
Print Advertising
Enthusiast Vehicle
Editorial
Press Conferences
Announcing significant study results, with venue co-located
with national/intl. science conference, near journal publisher
Product Placement
Strategic, cost-contained print advertising in select magazines,
targeting demographically-rich, enthusiast communities
VIP User/Influencer
Marketing
Ambitious, Method-managed, low $, elite user/VIP/ambassador
program: pro elite trainers/coaches; amateur to pro standouts
Digital & Interactive
“Books”
New media format “books”, with interactive and Web-enabled
content, extolling Method platform, and significant introductions
Leverage contacts (directors, actors, producers) in TV/film to
anchor Method brand (clothing, product use)
Event Promotions
Nationwide, active presence with Method team at enthusiast
and competitive events: youth to world class; podcasts
6. Confidential
Marketing Tactics – ZQK Specific
Frequent media announcements directed to corporate,
franchise, and board shops, via email and podcasts
Quik Announcements
Co-promotions
Conference Calls/
Webinars
Regular visits to each Surf region to provide training and
motivational seminars about new products, w/Method mgmt
Regular scheduled conference calls with store managers to
update on products, marketing support, new offerings, promos
Store Visits
Pro Appearances
Incentives & Rewards
Info Packages
Creation and collaborative review/shaping of digital and print
information kits for each product
Cash incentives for active promotion & sale of Method brand;
“Secret Shopper”, on-site multifaceted rewards program
Complementary Quiksilver co-branding product
recommendations placed in all Method product media formats
In-person appearances of pro and elite athletes, at
Quiksilver/Board stores; trade shows, etc.
7. Confidential
Initial Distribution – Revenue Range
Method Nutrition
Stores 12 24 60
Quiksilver 500 1,786,560 2,855,520 6,062,400
Surfshops 1000 3,573,120 5,711,040 12,124,800
Snow/Ski/Skate 1000 3,573,120 5,711,040 12,124,800
Military 300 1,071,936 1,713,312 3,637,440
Sporting Goods 200 714,624 1,142,208 2,424,960
Total Year 1 3000 10,719,360 17,133,120 36,374,400
Total Product Suite
RTD / Bar / RTM (turns per month)
8. Confidential
Year One & Two Distribution
Method Nutrition
Stores 12 24 60
Quiksilver 500 1,786,560 2,855,520 6,062,400
Surfshops 1000 3,573,120 5,711,040 12,124,800
Snow/Ski/Skate 1000 3,573,120 5,711,040 12,124,800
Military 300 1,071,936 1,713,312 3,637,440
Sporting Goods 200 714,624 1,142,208 2,424,960
Total Year 1 3000 10,719,360 17,133,120 36,374,400
Golf 1000 3,573,120 5,711,040 12,124,800
Trader Joes 272 971,889 1,553,403 3,297,946
Whole Foods 194 693,185 1,107,942 2,352,211
Wild Oats 110 393,043 628,214 1,333,728
Mother's Market 4 14,292 22,844 48,499
Military 3100 11,076,672 17,704,224 37,586,880
Sporting Goods 928 3,315,855 5,299,845 11,251,814
Total Year 1&2 8608 30,757,417 49,160,632 104,370,278
Total Product Suite
RTD / Bar / RTM (turns per month)
9. Confidential
Year Three Plus Distribution
Method Nutrition
Stores 12 24 60
Safeway/Vons 1761 6,292,264 10,057,141 21,351,773
Kroger 2507 8,957,812 14,317,577 30,396,874
Stater Brothers 158 564,553 902,344 1,915,718
RiteAid 3300 11,791,296 18,846,432 40,011,840
Walgreens 5000 17,865,600 28,555,200 60,624,000
CVS 6200 22,153,344 35,408,448 75,173,760
SubTotal Mass 18,926 67,624,869 108,087,143 229,473,965
Grand Total 27,534 98,382,286 157,247,775 333,844,243
Total Product Suite
RTD / Bar / RTM (turns per month)
10. Confidential
Launch Support
The Method launch plan is to utilize the best of
Quiksilver and Genr8--synergy--with no duplication
of infrastructure where applicable. Method would
be expected to stand on its own and therefore
Quiksilver support to Method will be at an agreed
upon rate/allocation
This structure will promote Method to be nimble
and achieve positive cash flow faster than building a
traditional infrastructure from which to launch
Method
11. Confidential
Who does What
Quiksilver
Quik Brands
Corp Store Distribution
Core Shop Distribution
Event Marketing/Promotions
Marketing Support*
Accounting, Tax & Legal
Support*
Internet Synergy/Links*
Genr8 / MRM
Management Team
Vitargo Intellectual Property,
Scientific Proof
R&D/Innovation &
Formulation
Sales, Marketing & CRM
Operations / Distribution
Sport/Science-Driven
Media
Supply Chain Mgmt
Regulatory
Method
*At an agreed upon rate
19. Confidential
Startup Capital
Start-up Expense
G&A 433,098 Payroll, Sales & Marketing
Inventory 147,466 Three Months
Roxy R&D 38,000 Formulation & Design
RTD Prototype 15,000 Development
Bar Prototype 10,000 Development
QC Per Product 12,000 Six sku's
Office & Computer 39,000 Hardware
Software - Quiksilver
Miscellaneous 100,000 Reserve
Internet/Website 50,000 Design
Total Initial Expense 844,564
Total Capital Expense264,000
20. Confidential
Possible Structures: Quiksilver & Genr8
Joint Venture: Ownership structure to be
developed (xx% Quik; yy% Genr8)
Hybrid JV: With revenue and earnings
consolidation to Quiksilver (accretive)
Quiksilver Subsidiary: Under the Quiksilver
umbrella (financial consolidation) with equity
issued to Genr8 and appreciation rights
21. Confidential
What’s Next
Letter of Intent
Presentation to Quiksilver leadership
Comprehensive business plan: meticulous manufacturing/supply
chain, branding, financials marketing, sales & distribution strategy
Entity Creation
Entity Operational
Product Launch
Market Capture
Value Creation
24. Confidential
Anthony has worked within the natural products industry since 1975. He performed
his undergraduate training in physiology and nutritional biochemistry at UC Irvine
and CSU Long Beach. He performed his graduate research at Berkeley in antioxidant
and exercise biochemistry. In 1992 he co-founded EAS, the world’s largest sports
nutrition company, acquired by Abbott Labs/Ross in 2004. At EAS he developed and
implemented a strategic university research program that completed over 15 clinical
studies in the first 3 years of the company’s history, and yielded 2 patents. He then co-
founded a medical food company focused on the prevention of HIV-associated
wasting. He has collaborated on over 90 university and private research center clinical
trials, ranging from AIDS/HIV to weight loss. He is the founder and CSO of
IMAGINutrition, Inc., a think tank focusing upon intellectual properties, clinical
research validation, and science-driven media campaigns in the dietary supplement,
cosmeceutical, medical food, and conventional beverage and food sectors. He is a
founding partner of LevInova, Inc., marketers of Zsweet™, a patent pending all
natural, zero calorie, clinical research-validated zero glycemic bulk sweetener. He is
the Managing Director of a North American subsidiary of a spin-out from the
University of Nottingham, poised to market an evidence-based suite of performance
nutrition dietary supplements. He has been a surfer since 1975 and a Quiksilver brand
loyalist since 1979
Anthony L. Almada
25. Confidential
Tom is a surfer, hiker, dad, and finance guy. He is Financial Advisor for Metabolic Response
Modifiers and BarTech. MRM is a cutting edge, rapidly expanding sports nutrition company.
BarTech is a high quality, custom bar manufacturer. Prior to joining MRM Corrigan served as
Finance Advisor for ImagiNutrition, a nutritional technology and demand creation think tank.
Consultants to the natural products industry, with a focus on dietary supplements, nutraceuticals,
and functional beverages. Previously Corrigan was Director of Finance for Alteon, the Flight and
Technology subsidiary of the Fortune 20 Boeing Company. Alteon has flight training facilities
on 6 continents and 24 locations. Corrigan has over twenty years financial and business
development experience and has consulted within the Natural Products Industry since 1998. He
specializes in the architecture of product launches, business strategies, financing, and value
creation. Tom is also on the board of directors for BarTech Manufacturing
Tom has International experience in China, Korea, Australia, the UK and Mexico; his education
includes an MBA from the Chapman University School of Business, BA from California State
University, Long Beach. He is a member of Surfrider Foundation, the Chapman Alumni
Association. Tom enjoys time with his family, surfing, hiking and travel. Tom also speaks
Spanish and French.
Disclosure - Corrigan owns shares of ZQK
Tom Corrigan
26. Confidential
Mark is a Surfer, Dad, and the Chief of Chemi Source, Inc. and Metabolic
Response Modifiers (MRM). He is also Chairman of the Board for BarTech.
MRM is experiencing exponential growth in both top and bottom lines.
Previous experience initiated while working on his Masters in Clinical
Nutrition and publishing/participating in several clinical trials at
Harbor/UCLA, Research and Education Institute
As Director of R&D for KAL (now Nutriceutical, Inc.), he successfully
launched Melatonin (industry first) and did other innovations while at Jarrow
Formulas, Inc. Mark continued consultation for the supply-side of this
industry which led to the formation of Chemi-Source in 1996. Mark has had
many studies published and continues to be a contributing writer for
numerous health oriented publications
Mark Olson
27. Confidential
Energ8 Group Ltd: UK Roots
• An elite, UK university-based muscle scientist: Dr. Paul
Greenhaff
•A highly respected English Premier
League (soccer) strength coach veteran
•A “dormant” patented carbohydrate with underappreciated
potential
28. Confidential
Energ8 International: Mission
• Apply pioneering, exclusive human science to enhance
muscular and metabolic performance
• Develop and exploit a pipeline of University lab-birthed,
evidence-based nutritional compositions
• Create unflinching confidence--from elite coach to consumer--
and create legions of brand zealots across many sports
• Proof Before Promises™ (mark filed for registration)
29. Confidential
Product Development Strategy
• Identify and explore unchartered, consumer-relevant regions
of human performance and metabolism enhancement:
GENERATE IP
• Prove concept in rigorously controlled, university-based
clinical studies: GENERATE VALIDATION
• Apply the IP and science platform to novel compositions with
a variety of delivery systems
• Undertake additional studies to build evidence bases for
each composition
30. Confidential
Genr8 Management Team
• Anthony L. Almada, MSc--CEO (32 years; EAS; DietMax®)
• Tom Corrigan, MBA--CFO (20 years; MRM, BarTech, Fortune 100)
• Joe Evans, PhD--VP, Scientific Affairs (17 years; MRI, Shaman
Pharmaceuticals, Novartis)
• Chris Noonan, MPH--VP, Marketing & Regulatory Affairs (13 years;
Pharmanex, Pharmavite, EAS [team sales])
• Neil Beltran, MBA--VP, Branding (26 years; Weider, Amerifit)
Plus 9 other industry veterans: endurance, pros, EAS sales, legal
31. Confidential
Genr8, Inc. Advisory Board
• Greg Horn (former CEO, GNC)
• Farah Ahmed, BSc, Esq: former attorney for FDA (CFSAN);
Bachelors in neuro-nutrition; assistant general counsel, CTFA
• W. Patrick Noonan, RPh, MBA, Esq: former nutrition industry
EVP; submitted first NDI; 35 years food & drug law experience
•Rod Berman, MS, Esq: 20+ years IP law experience; Masters in
Chemistry; voted one of Top 25 IP lawyers in California
•Steve Jennings: launched first creatine product; ex-Pepsico
32. Confidential
Opportunity: Quiksliver & Genr8
• Novel, evidence-based (U Nottingham), IP-anchored (Vitargo®
axis + patents and patents pending) platform with a deep
innovation pipeline
• Savvy and highly skilled management team (> 160 years of
industry experience)
• Industrial Physics 101: minimal inertia to overcome; Vitargo
momentum across a broad span of enthusiasts
• Incremental consumer$: parents + youths, plus soccer,
endurance, and performance-driven communities
35. Confidential
Scientific Rationale (1): Vitargo
• Prolonged sub-maximal exercise in humans is limited by
availability of muscle and liver glycogen stores
• Glycogen stores increase when carbohydrate intake is high
• Glycogen synthesis is highest in muscles in which glycogen
stores have been depleted by exercise, especially during first
two hours post-exercise
36. Confidential
Effects of Vitargo on Muscle Glycogen
Overview of Study Design
• Single-Blinded, Randomized, Two-Way, Cross-over Design
• 13 healthy well-trained young male students
• Subjects performed standard exercise routine to deplete muscle glycogen stores
• 60 min on treadmill followed by 60 min submax cycle ergometer + sprints
• After exercise, subjects ingested 4 servings of one of 2 carbohydrate drinks (300 g total):
• 75g Monomeric/Oligomeric Glucose (MW ~ 500; 350 mosmol/liter)
• 75 g Vitargo, a High Molecular Weight Glucose Polymer (MW ~500-700K; 84
mosmol/liter)
• Muscle biopsies at 0, 2, and 4 hours post-exercise
Timing
of carb
drinks,
post-
exercise
37. Confidential
Vitargo Increases Muscle Glycogen and
Glycogen Synthesis Rate in Humans
Aulin et al 2000 Eur J Appl Physiol 81:346-351
Conclusion
• Use of Vitargo after glycogen-depleting exercise restores
muscle glycogen at a 70% faster rate compared to equal calorie
maltodextrin + glucose drink with higher osmolality
• The rate of glycogen repletion approaches that of IV glucose
38. Confidential
Scientific Rationale (2): Vitargo
• Synthesis of muscle glycogen from ingested carbs is dependent upon 1)
glucose transport across intestinal mucosa and muscle cell membrane, 2)
glucose phosphorylation, and 3) the enzyme glycogen synthase
• Blood glucose concentrations are influenced by the flux of glucose from
stomach via the intestine
• Rate of gastric (stomach) emptying is influenced by the osmolality
(amount of dissolved ingdts.) of ingested solution
• Solution with high osmolality could delay gastric emptying, thereby
delaying release of glucose into the blood
39. Confidential
Effects of Vitargo on Gastric Emptying
Overview of Study Design
• Single-Blinded, Randomized, Two-Way, Cross-over Design
• 6 healthy young males evaluated on two separate occasions
• After 5 hour fast, subjects were given (by oral tube into the
stomach, to control amount) one of 2 carbohydrate drinks:
• 75g Monomeric/Oligomeric Glucose [15% glucose; 13%
disaccharides] (MW ~ 500; 336 mosmol/liter)
• 75 g Vitargo (MW ~ 500-700K; 62 mosmol/liter)
• Gastric volumes measured at 10-minute intervals for 60 min.
post-gavage using standard techniques (concentration of dye-
containing solution)
40. Confidential
Vitargo Accelerates Gastric Empting
in Humans
Leiper et al 2000 Scand J Gastroenterol 35:1143-1149
Conclusions
•Vitargo empties from stomach 2x faster than equal carbs as
maltodextrin + sugars drink (minimizes “fullness” feeling)
• Vitargo delivers energy to small intestine (for rapid absorption)
at a rate 2x faster than maltodextrin + sugars drink
41. Confidential
Effects of Vitargo on Endurance
Overview of Study Design
• Single-Blinded, Randomized, Three-Way, Cross-over Design
• 8 healthy recreationally active young male students
• Subjects performed cycling exercise to the point of exhaustion at 75% VO2max
(previously determined)
• Protocol results in virtually complete glycogen depletion
• After exercise, subjects ingested one of 3 drinks (1 liter total volume)
• 100g Monomeric/Oligomeric Glucose (MW ~ 900; 124 mosmol/liter)
• 100g Vitargo (MW ~500-700K; 34 mosmol/liter)
• Control Solution: Equal volume of calorie-free flavored water
•Two hours after consumption of drink, subjects performed as much work as possible in
15 minutes on a braked cycle ergometer
• Validated model of endurance performance
•Blood (arterialized) samples obtained every 10 minutes during 2 h recovery period for
glucose and insulin measurements
42. Confidential
Effects of Post-Exercise Use of Vitargo on
Glucose and Insulin
Conclusion
• Post-exercise consumption of Vitargo results in faster and
higher increases in glucose and insulin concentrations
• Blood sugar does not “crash”; glucose enters muscle
Stephens et al 2007 J Sports Sci in press
43. Confidential
Vitargo Improves Max Endurance
Performance after Glycogen Depletion
Conclusions
• Post-exercise use of Vitargo results in 10% greater work
output during 15 min. subsequent max endurance exercise
• Improvement observed in each subject
Stephens et al 2007 J Sports Sci in press
44. Confidential
Scientific Rationale: Carnitine +
Superior Insulin Elevating Agent
• Carnitine: essential for fatty acid transport into mitochondria; as
buffer for excess acetyl groups produced during carb oxidation
• >95% of body’s total carnitine stores: in skeletal muscle
• During intense exercise, skeletal muscle free carnitine
decreases >65%, fatty acid (FA) oxidation decreases by 30%
• During intense exercise, free carnitine availability might be rate
limiting for FA oxidation in muscle
• CHALLENGE: Carnitine supplementation alone does not
increase carnitine pool in skeletal muscle in humans--explaining
the equivocal performance and fat oxidation (and lack of human
fat loss data) body of science
46. Confidential
Carnitine Increases Fat Oxidation and
Glycogen Storage in Humans: Breakthrough
Data from Stephens and Greenhaff et al 2006 J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 5013-5018.
Conclusion
• Increased muscle carnitine content boosts fat oxidation
(judged by reduced PDH activity) AND muscle glycogen in
humans, without increasing carb intake
47. Confidential
Carbohydrate Ingestion Augments Carnitine
Retention in Humans
Data from Stephens and Greenhaff et al 2007 J Appl Physiol 102: 1065-1070.
Single Dose 14 Day Dosing
3 g Carnitine (base) + 94 g CHO
Conclusion
• CARB-stimulated insulin secretion results in increased
whole body (muscle) carnitine retention in humans
48. Confidential
Skeletal Muscle Carnitine Delivery
Technology
Product Development Approach
• Combine carnitine with a superior insulin elevating agent to
insure carnitine retention in skeletal muscle
• Superior Insulin elevating agent: Vitargo
• Take as a daily post-workout or rest day solution
Results
• Increased fat oxidation in skeletal muscle
• Increased glycogen storage in skeletal muscle
Applications
• Sport Nutrition: Endurance Sports; Post-training Repletion
• Medical Foods (Obesity, Impaired Glucose Tolerance, Type
2 diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome), others
49. Confidential
Product Safety
• No issues have been observed with regard to safety,
tolerability, adverse events, dropouts from clinical studies, or
any other indices of product safety following consumption of
Vitargo
50. Confidential
Intellectual Property
• Issued, unchallenged US patent related to Vitargo--expires
2016--with EXCLUSIVE North Am license;
exclusive license to Vitargo trademark
• Three U Nott patents pending, related to
CarniSure platform; Vitargo + “black box”;
exclusive license to all U Nott/Greenhaff IP
• Engagement of elite IP firm: patent
and ™ prosecution; offensive and
defensive patent infringement
strategies in place; swift enforcement
• Genr8 management team has HIGH IP savvy, expertise
51. Confidential
Manufacturing
• NPA, NSF cGMP contract manufacturer for RTMs, sachets,
solid doses (only ultra high speed sachet packaging unit west
of MS)--15+ year close working relationship with owner/CEO
• ALL US or EU-produced bioactives; Swecarb (Vitargo) is a
global top producer of starches--2 yr shelf stability
• Food cGMP bar manufacturer--28+ year working relationship
with majority owner; excellent working relationship with CEO;
Genr8 CFO has served as external CFO for this company
• Food cGMP flavor and RTD manufacturer, for aseptic and
UHT development, and aseptic production; stability testing
Genr8 is committed to satisfying Quiksilver’s quality standards
52. Confidential
Regulatory Status
•Genr8 product suite (and innovation pipeline) contains both old
and new dietary ingredients – qualifies as dietary supplements
•Sucralose is the only sweetener; pursuing GRAS status on a
natural, zero calorie, high intensity sweetener constituent found
in Stevia (NOT Stevia extract or stevioside), to create 100%
natural line extensions (for youths/Mom shoppers)
•Banned Substances Control Group (BSCG) certification for
EACH product
53. Confidential
Product Certification
• EACH lot of Genr8 finished product will be submitted to
certify the absence of ANY substances banned by WADA,
IOC, MLS, NFL, MLB, NBA, NHL, NCAA
• Testing by Banned Substances Control Group
• www.bscg.org
• ONLY certification program in the US that uses a WADA-
accredited laboratory for all analyses
• Detection limits used by BSCG are the lowest detection
limits for any similar program worldwide
• Assays for the presence of
• Anabolic Agents (>40 different banned substances)
• Stimulants (> 30 different banned substances)
56. Confidential
Marketing Objectives
•Build on the scientific support for the product; “Proof Before
Promises™” is our mantra
•Create legions of brand zealots across many sports AND age
ranges: leverage relationships in professional & youth surfing,
skiing, snowboarding, golf, and skateboarding
•Highly targeted messaging through digital media, relationships
with key influencers (who use the product, not sponsorship), and
abundant beta-testing, trial, and sampling programs
•“Curriculum marketing” to both Quiksilver & board shop retail
staff and end users via multimedia/interactive vehicles and
forums
•Achieve HIGH editorial:advertorial ratio through strategic media
campaigns linked to every new published human study
57. Confidential
Sales & Distribution Plan:
•Controlled distribution to build incremental and high velocity
awareness and maintain nationwide price integrity
•Method will attract new customers to Quiksilver enthusiasts with
NOVEL, evidence-based products
•Minimize commoditization (despite robust and expanding
patent/IP portfolio)
•Breed Method brand zealots and NEW Quiksilver consumers
Editor's Notes
Osmolality measures the number of particles in solution, The higher the osmolarity of a solution, the more particles in solution along with a lower concentration of water.
Print Advertising: We will not be spending heavily on print advertising; however, we will (at the backend of the marketing plan) obtain ad pages/advertorials in targeted media.
Advertorials: Used in those magazines in which the audience is actively seeking detailed scientific explanation (i.e. )
Press Conference: If study results are significant enough to warrant a press conference, we will announce the results a major scientific conferences.
Press Releases: Actively disseminated through our website and to key level media contacts, stories about study results.
Celebrity Marketing: We have many contacts in the celebrity genre. One of our key personnel, Mike Ryan, is the trainer of several high profile people in Hollywood (and India). Mike will continue to work with (Indian Superstar)….Paul Winspar and David Beckham…etc.
Book: We will introduce in the 3rd qrtr of the marketing plan a book on peak physical performance.
Osmolality measures the number of particles in solution, The higher the osmolarity of a solution, the more particles in solution along with a lower concentration of water.
Osmolality measures the number of particles in solution, The higher the osmolarity of a solution, the more particles in solution along with a lower concentration of water.
Osmolality measures the number of particles in solution, The higher the osmolarity of a solution, the more particles in solution along with a lower concentration of water.
Osmolality measures the number of particles in solution, The higher the osmolarity of a solution, the more particles in solution along with a lower concentration of water.
Osmolality measures the number of particles in solution, The higher the osmolarity of a solution, the more particles in solution along with a lower concentration of water.
Osmolality measures the number of particles in solution, The higher the osmolarity of a solution, the more particles in solution along with a lower concentration of water.
Osmolality measures the number of particles in solution, The higher the osmolarity of a solution, the more particles in solution along with a lower concentration of water.
Osmolality measures the number of particles in solution, The higher the osmolarity of a solution, the more particles in solution along with a lower concentration of water.
Osmolality measures the number of particles in solution, The higher the osmolarity of a solution, the more particles in solution along with a lower concentration of water.
Figure 1. A schematic diagram of the metabolic roles of carnitine in skeletal muscle. Carnitine’s role in long-chain fatty acid (acyl group) translocation into the mitochondrial matrix, for subsequent β-oxidation is highlighted in red, whereas the role of carnitine as a buffer of excess acetyl-CoA production is highlighted in blue. PDC, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; TCA, tricarboxylic acid cycle; CAT, carnitine acetyltransferase; CACT, carnitine acylcarnitine translocase; CPT, carnitine palmitoyltransferase; CD36, fatty acid translocase.
Study Design: A 5 hour continuous infusion of saline or L-carnitine (60 mM) was administered while insulin was clamped at a physiologically high concentration (105 mU per min).
Carnitine approved as GRAS for use in beverages and approved as a new dietary ingredient.
Osmolality measures the number of particles in solution, The higher the osmolarity of a solution, the more particles in solution along with a lower concentration of water.
Carnitine approved as GRAS for use in beverages and approved as a new dietary ingredient.
