Cervical cancer has become an issue of national concern. creating awareness and sensitizing the public would go a long way to increase awareness as well as help prevent it

1. Cervical cancers
• TIA ADAMS JOSEPH

2. Def.

3. Def….

4. Def.
• Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix
(the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina).
• Various strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually
transmitted infection, play a role in causing most cervical cancer

5. Def….
• When exposed to HPV, the body's immune system typically prevents
the virus from causing harm. In a small percentage of people,
however, the virus survives for years, contributing to the process that
causes some cervical cells to become cancer cells

6. HPV

7. ss
• Early-stage cervical cancer generally produces no signs or symptoms.
Signs and symptoms of more-advanced cervical cancer include:
• Vaginal bleeding after intercourse, between periods or after
menopause
• Watery, bloody vaginal discharge that may be heavy and have a foul
odor
• Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse

8. pathophysiology
• It isn't clear what causes cervical cancer, but it's certain that HPV
plays a role. HPV is very common, and most people with the virus
never develop cancer. This means other factors — such as your
environment or your lifestyle choices — also determine whether
you'll develop cervical cancer

9. pathophysiology
• Cervical cancer begins when healthy cells in the cervix develop
changes (mutations) in their DNA. A cell's DNA contains the
instructions that tell a cell what to do.
• Healthy cells grow and multiply at a set rate, eventually dying at a set
time. The mutations tell the cells to grow and multiply out of control,
and they don't die. The accumulating abnormal cells form a mass
(tumor). Cancer cells invade nearby tissues and can break off from a
tumor to spread (metastasize) elsewhere in the body.

10. types
• The main types of cervical cancer are:
• Squamous cell carcinoma. This type of cervical cancer begins in the
thin, flat cells (squamous cells) lining the outer part of the cervix,
which projects into the vagina. Most cervical cancers are squamous
cell carcinomas.
• Adenocarcinoma. This type of cervical cancer begins in the column-
shaped glandular cells that line the cervical canal.
• Sometimes, both types of cells are involved in cervical cancer. Very
rarely, cancer occurs in other cells in the cervix.

11. Risk factors
• Many sexual partners. The greater your number of sexual partners —
and the greater your partner's number of sexual partners — the
greater your chance of acquiring HPV.
• Early sexual activity. Having sex at an early age increases your risk of
HPV.
• Other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Having other STIs — such
as chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis and HIV/AIDS — increases your risk
of HPV.

12. Prevention
• Take an HPV Vaccine
• Have routine pap test
• Practice safe sex
• Avoid smoking

13. Risk factors
• A weakened immune system. You may be more likely to develop
cervical cancer if your immune system is weakened by another health
condition and you have HPV.
• Smoking. Smoking is associated with squamous cell cervical cancer.
• Exposure to miscarriage prevention drug. If your mother took a drug
called diethylstilbestrol (DES) while pregnant in the 1950s, you may
have an increased risk of a certain type of cervical cancer called clear
cell adenocarcinoma.

14. treatment
• Options of treatment includes the
1. Surgery
2. Radiation therapy
3. Chemotherapy

15. Surgical options
1. Surgery to cut away the cancer only. For a very small cervical cancer,
it might be possible to remove the cancer entirely with a cone biopsy.
This procedure involves cutting away a cone-shaped piece of cervical
tissue, but leaving the rest of the cervix intact. This option may make it
possible for you to consider becoming pregnant in the future.
2. Surgery to remove the cervix (trachelectomy). Early-stage cervical
cancer might be treated with a radical trachelectomy procedure, which
removes the cervix and some surrounding tissue. The uterus remains
after this procedure, so it may be possible to become pregnant, if you
choose

16. Surgical options
3. Surgery to remove the cervix and uterus (hysterectomy). Most
early-stage cervical cancers are treated with a radical hysterectomy
operation, which involves removing the cervix, uterus, part of the
vagina and nearby lymph nodes. A hysterectomy can cure early-stage
cervical cancer and prevent recurrence. But removing the uterus makes
it impossible to become pregnant

17. Radiation therapy
• Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams, such as X-rays or
protons, to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy is often combined with
chemotherapy as the primary treatment for locally advanced cervical
cancers. It can also be used after surgery if there's an increased risk
that the cancer will come back.

18. Types of radiation therapy
• Externally, by directing a radiation beam at the affected area of the
body (external beam radiation therapy)
• Internally, by placing a device filled with radioactive material inside
your vagina, usually for only a few minutes (brachytherapy)
• Both externally and internally
• If you haven't started menopause yet, radiation therapy might cause
menopause. If you might want to consider becoming pregnant after
radiation treatment, ask your doctor about ways to preserve your
eggs before treatment starts.

19. chemotherapy
• Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses chemicals to kill cancer
cells. It can be given through a vein or taken in pill form. Sometimes
both methods are used.
• For locally advanced cervical cancer, low doses of chemotherapy are
often combined with radiation therapy, since chemotherapy may
enhance the effects of the radiation. Higher doses of chemotherapy
might be recommended to help control symptoms of very advanced
cancer

20. THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME!!!