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Empirical diversity to make mathematical
objects exist
Thierry Dias
Haute Ecole pédagogique du canton de Vaud
Lausanne, Suisse
thierry.dias@hepl.ch
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
Main epistemological references for this communication:
Petitot, J. (1987). Refaire le Timée : introduction à la philosophie
mathématiques d'Albert Lautman. Revue d'histoire des sciences,
40(1), 79-115.
Petitot, J. (1991). Idéalités mathématiques et réalité objective.
Approche transcendantale. Hommage à Jean Toussaint Dessanti,
Trans Europ-Repress, Mauvezin.
Descaves, A. (2011). L'apprentissage du sens, certes ! Mais dans
quel ses prendre le sens ? Actes du colloque de la COPIRELEM,
Tours.
Conne, F. (1999). Faire des maths, faire faire des maths, regarder
ce que ça donne, In Le Cognitif en didactique des mathématiques,
G. Lemoyne et F. Conne eds, presses universitaires de l'UdeM,
p.31-69
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
1. About reality of mathematical objects
2. Situation, knowledge/knowing/experience
3. Environments and things to make
mathematical objects exist.
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
1. About reality of mathematical objects
• Necessity of an epistemological position
• Dealing with the question of sense
• Sharing the real
• Distinguishing things and objects
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
Four pillars of the epistemology of the
mathematics(Petitot) :
- The constitutions of the mathematical activity
- The status of knowledge and of symbolic legality
- The problem of the donation and of the reality of
objects and of mathematical structures
- The nature of the applicability of mathematics to real-
world experiences.
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
Mathematical objects can be considered as
principles of coherence.
Mathematical objects are correlated to acts
operating on a perceptive given.
(Descaves, 2001) (our translation)
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
subsomption*
(catégorisation)
langage formel
Faits
(et divers)
empiriques
Faits
(et divers)
empiriques
CONCEPTS
schématisation*
modélisation
corrélationcorrélation
MATHEMATIQUES
pas de
dénotation
*subsomption au sens Kantien: rapporter la pluralité des données
de l'intuition à l'ensemble des concepts purs de l'entendement
choseschoses
expériences
sensibles
expériences
sensibles
*schématisation au sens (relativement) Kantien: passage par
des schèmes intermédiaires entre entendement et sensibilité
objet
mathématique
spécifique
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
Meaning and reality ?
Let us dare to change the point of view:
It is not concrete situations that give meaning
(i.e. coherence) to mathematical objects, but
rather mathematics and their objects which
determine the forms of reality.
" We must not identify the meaning of
mathematical objects with their use in concrete
situations. " ( Descaves) (our translation)
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
In particular the coherence of rules operating
on symbolic system gives meaning to
situations and to the possible pupils’
experiences they cause.
See the iceberg metaphors proposed by Drijvers.
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
• To overtaken juxtaposition of experiences.
• What makes sense is not the experience but the
theory connected to the mathematical objects (their
syntax, their semantics).
• To avoid believing in or expecting the fortuitous
meeting of knowledge during experiences:
experiment / vs manipulate.
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
Sharing real (Lelong, 2004) : necessity (however
not sufficient) of interactive social experiences.
A community of individuals (students for
example) collaborating in acts and words in
order to elaborate concepts through
categorisation.
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
Distinction things/objects (Conne)
To teach consists in featuring objects that
pupils perceive as things with which they can
interact.
For various persons, the same thing will not
refer necessarily to the same object.
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
conclusion of the epistemological position:
Reality can be associated with the notion of
veracity (Granger, 1999): objects, things, acts and
thoughts are, or, at least, can occur.
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
2. Situation: knowledge/knowing/experience
Situation is a theoretical modelling of a level of
reality taking into account various types of
interactions that it is necessary to distinguish
according to the status of the interacting
subjects and objects.
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
Didactic purpose: the meeting between objects and
subjects is successful
The environment created for exchanges of signs and of
knowledge and for the experiences on things does not
guarantee that mathematical objects will be met.
It is the consistency of the situations (the richness of
their milieu) that allows or not the process of
conceptualisation.
.
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
savoirssavoirs
connaissancesconnaissances
situation
expériences
environnement d'apprentissageenvironnement d'apprentissage
faits et phénomènes
divers empirique
objetsobjets
choseschoses
signes
représentations
point de vue enseignantpoint de vue enseignant
point de vue apprenantpoint de vue apprenant
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
3. Experiences in order to make
mathematical objects exist.
Or how to operationalize the
epistemological principles
…
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
Various contexts of implementation of
experimental situations:
- Pupils with specific needs
- Prospective teachers
- In-service teachers
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
• We propose to pupils specific and adapted milieu
able to provoke experiences and personal and/or
collective creations,
• We add in these environments specific constraints
(sometimes during the resolution),
• We observe and interact with the proposals made by
the pupils.
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
The choice of Space and Geometry
To become geometrical, the a priori sensible space (the
representative space) must be idealized. Although
empirically forced, this process of idealization is
empirically (and experimentally) undecidable. It is a
matter of formal and a priori faculty of intellectual
abstraction, which is autonomous with regard to
sensible space. (Petitot, 1987). (our translation)
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
The choice of Space and Geometry:
Escaping the influence of the numerical
formalism.
Favouring the move from local to global
(facilitation of the process of generalization).
No preliminary pregnant formalism.
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
example 1 :
Building in big
Originality of the situation: its variables of size (3-D,
length and area).
Things: baguettes, connectors, thread.
Objects: plan, angles, symmetries, limit.
Experimental task: build, observe, anticipate,
understand.
des fuzzy
constructions
des fuzzy
constructions
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
The experiment consists in intervening,
anticipating, transforming and verifying , in
a chronology of acts which belongs to every
subject but which call out to one another
constantly.
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
Show, indicate, experiment things which can be the
modelling of ideal mathematical objects.
Build in big: vary the registers of representation
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
To vary the registers of representations of
the geometrical objects and to make links
may reveal knowledge and capacities of
pupils and/or teachers learning
mathematics.
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
 Spatial and physical stake in the construction of
the geometrical knowledge
Meeting geometrical objects via categorization and
networking of the knowledge
réel
partagé
réel
partagé
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
Build in big: to make different experiences, to express
and change one’s point of view.
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
exemple 2 :
Pave Space with the Platonic solids
Originality of the situation: its cultural and aesthetic
anchoring
Things: envelopes, boxes
Objects: plan, angles, symmetries, limit
Experimental task: explore, put in relation
Thierry Dias – juillet 2014
thierry.dias@hepl.ch
http://perso.orange.fr/dias.thierry
thierry.dias@hepl.ch
http://perso.orange.fr/dias.thierry

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Mathematics and reality - Cieaem-Dias

  • 1. Empirical diversity to make mathematical objects exist Thierry Dias Haute Ecole pédagogique du canton de Vaud Lausanne, Suisse thierry.dias@hepl.ch
  • 2. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 Main epistemological references for this communication: Petitot, J. (1987). Refaire le Timée : introduction à la philosophie mathématiques d'Albert Lautman. Revue d'histoire des sciences, 40(1), 79-115. Petitot, J. (1991). Idéalités mathématiques et réalité objective. Approche transcendantale. Hommage à Jean Toussaint Dessanti, Trans Europ-Repress, Mauvezin. Descaves, A. (2011). L'apprentissage du sens, certes ! Mais dans quel ses prendre le sens ? Actes du colloque de la COPIRELEM, Tours. Conne, F. (1999). Faire des maths, faire faire des maths, regarder ce que ça donne, In Le Cognitif en didactique des mathématiques, G. Lemoyne et F. Conne eds, presses universitaires de l'UdeM, p.31-69
  • 3. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 1. About reality of mathematical objects 2. Situation, knowledge/knowing/experience 3. Environments and things to make mathematical objects exist.
  • 4. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 1. About reality of mathematical objects • Necessity of an epistemological position • Dealing with the question of sense • Sharing the real • Distinguishing things and objects
  • 5. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 Four pillars of the epistemology of the mathematics(Petitot) : - The constitutions of the mathematical activity - The status of knowledge and of symbolic legality - The problem of the donation and of the reality of objects and of mathematical structures - The nature of the applicability of mathematics to real- world experiences.
  • 6. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 Mathematical objects can be considered as principles of coherence. Mathematical objects are correlated to acts operating on a perceptive given. (Descaves, 2001) (our translation)
  • 7. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 subsomption* (catégorisation) langage formel Faits (et divers) empiriques Faits (et divers) empiriques CONCEPTS schématisation* modélisation corrélationcorrélation MATHEMATIQUES pas de dénotation *subsomption au sens Kantien: rapporter la pluralité des données de l'intuition à l'ensemble des concepts purs de l'entendement choseschoses expériences sensibles expériences sensibles *schématisation au sens (relativement) Kantien: passage par des schèmes intermédiaires entre entendement et sensibilité objet mathématique spécifique
  • 8. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 Meaning and reality ? Let us dare to change the point of view: It is not concrete situations that give meaning (i.e. coherence) to mathematical objects, but rather mathematics and their objects which determine the forms of reality. " We must not identify the meaning of mathematical objects with their use in concrete situations. " ( Descaves) (our translation)
  • 9. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 In particular the coherence of rules operating on symbolic system gives meaning to situations and to the possible pupils’ experiences they cause. See the iceberg metaphors proposed by Drijvers.
  • 10. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 • To overtaken juxtaposition of experiences. • What makes sense is not the experience but the theory connected to the mathematical objects (their syntax, their semantics). • To avoid believing in or expecting the fortuitous meeting of knowledge during experiences: experiment / vs manipulate.
  • 11. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 Sharing real (Lelong, 2004) : necessity (however not sufficient) of interactive social experiences. A community of individuals (students for example) collaborating in acts and words in order to elaborate concepts through categorisation.
  • 12. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 Distinction things/objects (Conne) To teach consists in featuring objects that pupils perceive as things with which they can interact. For various persons, the same thing will not refer necessarily to the same object.
  • 13. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 conclusion of the epistemological position: Reality can be associated with the notion of veracity (Granger, 1999): objects, things, acts and thoughts are, or, at least, can occur.
  • 14. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 2. Situation: knowledge/knowing/experience Situation is a theoretical modelling of a level of reality taking into account various types of interactions that it is necessary to distinguish according to the status of the interacting subjects and objects.
  • 15. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 Didactic purpose: the meeting between objects and subjects is successful The environment created for exchanges of signs and of knowledge and for the experiences on things does not guarantee that mathematical objects will be met. It is the consistency of the situations (the richness of their milieu) that allows or not the process of conceptualisation. .
  • 16. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 savoirssavoirs connaissancesconnaissances situation expériences environnement d'apprentissageenvironnement d'apprentissage faits et phénomènes divers empirique objetsobjets choseschoses signes représentations point de vue enseignantpoint de vue enseignant point de vue apprenantpoint de vue apprenant
  • 17. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 3. Experiences in order to make mathematical objects exist. Or how to operationalize the epistemological principles …
  • 18. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 Various contexts of implementation of experimental situations: - Pupils with specific needs - Prospective teachers - In-service teachers
  • 19. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 • We propose to pupils specific and adapted milieu able to provoke experiences and personal and/or collective creations, • We add in these environments specific constraints (sometimes during the resolution), • We observe and interact with the proposals made by the pupils.
  • 20. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 The choice of Space and Geometry To become geometrical, the a priori sensible space (the representative space) must be idealized. Although empirically forced, this process of idealization is empirically (and experimentally) undecidable. It is a matter of formal and a priori faculty of intellectual abstraction, which is autonomous with regard to sensible space. (Petitot, 1987). (our translation)
  • 21. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 The choice of Space and Geometry: Escaping the influence of the numerical formalism. Favouring the move from local to global (facilitation of the process of generalization). No preliminary pregnant formalism.
  • 22. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 example 1 : Building in big Originality of the situation: its variables of size (3-D, length and area). Things: baguettes, connectors, thread. Objects: plan, angles, symmetries, limit. Experimental task: build, observe, anticipate, understand. des fuzzy constructions des fuzzy constructions
  • 23. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 The experiment consists in intervening, anticipating, transforming and verifying , in a chronology of acts which belongs to every subject but which call out to one another constantly.
  • 24. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 Show, indicate, experiment things which can be the modelling of ideal mathematical objects. Build in big: vary the registers of representation
  • 25. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 To vary the registers of representations of the geometrical objects and to make links may reveal knowledge and capacities of pupils and/or teachers learning mathematics.
  • 26. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014  Spatial and physical stake in the construction of the geometrical knowledge Meeting geometrical objects via categorization and networking of the knowledge réel partagé réel partagé
  • 27. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 Build in big: to make different experiences, to express and change one’s point of view.
  • 28. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 exemple 2 : Pave Space with the Platonic solids Originality of the situation: its cultural and aesthetic anchoring Things: envelopes, boxes Objects: plan, angles, symmetries, limit Experimental task: explore, put in relation
  • 29. Thierry Dias – juillet 2014 thierry.dias@hepl.ch http://perso.orange.fr/dias.thierry thierry.dias@hepl.ch http://perso.orange.fr/dias.thierry

Editor's Notes

  1. Sens : émergence, reconnaissance et mise en relation aussi bien au niveau des représentations que des traitements qui opèrent sur elles.
  2. Les règles permettent le dépassement de la juxtaposition des expériences  naissance et compréhension des invariants.
  3. Nous inscrivons nos recherches dans l'idée d'un processus dynamique; d'une dialectique reliant le sensible au théorique (Dias, 2009). La réalité peut s'envisager comme un univers de significations possible, qu'elle soit objective ou seulement de pensée. Ainsi, la notion de réel perçu nous paraît limitative et nous lui préférons celle de réel partagé (Lelong, 2004) dont le point de départ n'est pas forcément sensible. A minima, la seule volonté de faire, l'intention de réalisation de quelque chose est déjà une manifestation de réalité. Ce réel est dit partagé car il est à replacer dans le cadre spécifique d'une communauté d'individus (d'élèves par exemple si on s'en tient au contexte scolaire) qui collaborent dans leurs actes et leurs mots en vue de catégorisations permettant l'élaboration de concepts (Descaves, 1992).
  4. Les mathématiques que font les élèves ne sont pas celles qui sont prescrites par les enseignants, leur rapport aux choses dépendent de leurs connaissances préalables, de leur expériences passées et des invariants qu'ils sont susceptibles de reconnaître dans la situation. Pour que les choses qu'ils expérimentent soient liées aux objets mathématiques qui les modélisent, il faut un processus (schéma de Petitot/Descaves). L'action (agir qui transforme) est une chose à proprement parler.
  5. Conne : la situation du côté du savoir (vs/ connaissance du côté de l'expérience) Le divers empirique dont nous parlons doit se comprendre comme un ensemble d'éléments symboliques d'abord mis à disposition des élèves, mais également progressivement enrichi par les actions et les expressions langagières qui les accompagnent. Phénomènes et faits sont le substrat de cette diversité empirique qui ne se limite donc pas aux objets réels puisqu'il s'étend aux expériences de pensée toujours envisageables dans de tels contextes d'apprentissage. Nous nous accordons à dire que l'existence des objets mathématiques relève pour partie des interprétations que les sujets en font : les élèvent agissent sur des signes, sur du matériel et éventuellement en parlent. Le professeur qui sait des choses sur ces actes ou ces mots décide (ou non) de qualifier de mathématique ces actes et ces mots, et ainsi participe au processus d'exhibition des savoirs.
  6. Les règles permettent le dépassement de la juxtaposition des expériences  naissance et compréhension des invariants.
  7. Les tâches que nous mettons à disposition des élèves relèvent selon nous de la terminologie de situations puisque ce sont des environnements matériels et symboliques adaptés suscitant des relations et des interactions entre les protagonistes. On peut raisonnablement parler de situations d'apprentissages car elles sont reproductibles et permettent à moyen terme l'acquisition ou pour le moins l'utilisation de connaissances. Du fait de leur problématisation, les tâches comportent à la fois un certain nombre de contraintes (par exemple des questions) mais également des ressources permettant leur résolution. Le rôle de l'enseignant accompagnateur relève le plus souvent d'un étayage discret et adapté (Dias & Tièche, 2012) aux difficultés des élèves, et doit garantir essentiellement l'absence de décrochage définitif dans la résolution des problèmes rencontrés. Nous pouvons résumer cela en trois temps : nous proposons aux élèves des milieux matériels (sémiotiques) spécifiques et adaptés nous paraissant susceptibles de provoquer des expériences et des créations personnelles et/ou collectives, nous ajoutons parfois dans ces environnements des contraintes spécifiques au cours de la résolution, nous observons et interagissons avec les propositions faites par les élèves. Nous ne faisons pas référence exclusivement à la terminologie de situation telle qu'elle est utilisée par Brousseau (1998) dans la théorie des situations didactiques, car nous n'emportons pas systématiquement l'ensemble des quatre phases chronologiques que sont l'action, la formulation, la validation et l'institutionnalisation. Nous limitons également l'étude environnementale de nos situations au domaine de la classe du fait de la complexité accrue à la fois des rôles institutionnels dans le cadre de l'enseignement spécialisé mais également des parcours personnels des élèves tant la mixité des handicaps est aujourd'hui de mise dans les classes.