Another brick in the wall

1. ANOTHER BRICK IN THE WALL?

2. In-class practice:
Another brick in the wall?: OVERVIEW
Online practice:
Education & Learning
Modal verbs in the past Modal verbs in the past
Vocabulary: Education &
Learning

3. Education & Learning
•When was the last time when you've learned something
new? Was it difficult?
challenging
struggle
success
succeed in
practice
revise
have an objective
access to resources
broaden your knowledge
gain new skills
brush up on

4. •Look at the infographics presenting different learning
styles. What type of learner do you think you are?
loss of national identity
loss of cultural heritage
miscommunication
cultural differences
unnatural
intercultural communication
without limits
foster mutual understanding
fewer con
fl
icts
sense of unity
Education & Learning

5. •Have you ever heard about any alternative learning
methods?
enhance your memory
boost creativity
systematize information
organize information
stimulate your brain
Alternative methodology
Complementary activities
Relaxation techniques
Learning strategies
Learning styles
Memotechniques
Montessori
Learning while
sleeping
Education & Learning

6. •How would you describe the education system in your
country?
exclusive
inaccessible
outdated
brassbound
obsolete
in
fl
exible
egalitarian
equal opportunities
inclusive
accessible
Education & Learning

7. Watch the video:
•What is the song about?
We don’t need no education
We don’t need no thought control
No dark sarcasm in the classroom
Teachers, leave them kids alone
Hey, Teachers, leave them kids alone
•Are we facing a song that denies the
importance of education?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=axWVMr-RpMM
Education & Learning

8. Did you know ...?
•One of the most famous songs by Pink Floyd is a
critique of an educational system which, instead of
guiding young people towards the discovery of
their own abilities and inclinations, too often
suffocates their creativity with the imposition of
schematic teachings that risk delaying the
development of a critical and personal mindset.
Not to mention the public humiliations by certain
professors who undermine the already low self-
esteem of the students.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=axWVMr-RpMM
Education & Learning

9. Watch the video:
•What are the key characteristics of education
system in Finland?
•Is Finnish education system similar or
different from the system in your country?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-DcjwzF9yc&t=291s
Education & Learning

10. "Have to", "need to" and "could" have their grammatical past form.
The function of past and present form is the same.
•Had to + inf. (past obligation)
We missed the bus so we had to take the train.
We had to pay for the hotel in advance.
We needed to
fi
nish this
•Could / couldn't + inf. (past ability OR past likelihood)
We could use the pool but we never did.
Unfortunately we couldn't see the Eiffel Tower from our window.
Grammar: Modal verbs in the past

11. •Not all modal verbs have their past grammatical form. In this case we use:
"modal verb + have + past participle"
• Past modal verbs may have different meaning than their present equivalents.
•Pay attention to positive and negative forms. e.g. We say "must have been" BUT the
opposite is "can't have been". ("Mustn't have been" doesn't exist)
Grammar: Modal verbs in the past

12. •Must have + past participle (speculation about the past: certainty)
The burglars must have used a ladder to climb up the bedroom window.
My husband must have taken the car keys. I can't
fi
nd them anywhere.
•Should(n't) have + past participle (past mistakes and regrets, wishes about the past)
We should have gone somewhere else. The food here is disgusting!
You shouldn't have yelled at Sally. Now she's crying.
•Might/may/ could have + past participle (speculation about the past: likelihood)
Tom didn't come to the meeting yesterday. He might have been busy working.
You were driving so fast! We could have crashed!
•Can't / couldn't + past participle (speculation about the past: impossibility)
You can't have seen me yesterday in the park. I was at home all day.
The waiter must have made a mistake. We couldn't have paid 30 euros for a drink!
Grammar: Modal verbs in the past

13. If we talk about lack of obligation in the past , we can use :
To show that something was simply not necessary
We didn't have to pay for the museum. The entrance was free.
We didn't need to wait too long. There were only 3 people in the queue in front of us.
To show that someone did something which was unnecessary (someone made a mistake or did
too much work which wasn't needed)
You needn't have made so much food. When are we going to eat all of it?
You needn't have studied the last chapter. The teacher said it wouldn't be included in the test.
Grammar: Modal verbs in the past

14. Grammar: Modal verbs in the past
could
had to
needed
didn't have to
didn't need to
needn't have
Life during covid pandemics

15. Grammar: Modal verbs in the past
could
had to
needed
didn't have to
didn't need to
needn't have
When I was in primary school...

16. Grammar: Modal verbs in the past
must have
may have
might have
could have
can't / couldn't have
Yesterday you saw your friend walking down the street and
crying.

17. Grammar: Modal verbs in the past
must have
may have
might have
could have
can't / couldn't have
Your best friend has recently bought a villa and a Ferrari.

18. Grammar: Modal verbs in the past
should have
shouldn't have
needn't have
You woke up in the morning and you felt horrible.

19. Grammar: Modal verbs in the past
should have
shouldn't have
needn't have
A wizard cast a spell on you and you turned 99 years old, so
you might die soon. You're looking back on your life.