Pak studies 2059

1. The 1st War of
Independence
1857
Chapter 3
Page

2. War of Independence 1857
What do you know about the WAR!
• What was the EIC?
• What were the long and short-Term
causes of the War?
• Why was the independence not
achieved then?

3. Agenda
Background
Brief background of
the event
Consequences of War
of Independence
a) Effects of War
b) Reasons of Failure
Causes of War of
Independence
a) Political
b) Social and Religious
c) Economic
d) Religious
Assignment
Booklet Worksheets

4. This was a serious challenge faced by the
British in 1857,
What is
your
opinion
about this!
NEXT SLIDE
Indian and British Perspective
INDIAN
MUTINY
WAR OF
INDEPENDENCE

5. Lets watch a video to recall the causes of this
war and then the the class will be divided in
two groups!
1st group will act as British to prove that it was Mutiny
by Indians…
2nd group will act as Indians to prove that it was the
high time and they wanted Independence

7. Tell me Why!!!!
Why do your parents say
that you should not play a
lot and you don’t agree
rather say that you should
have more playtime!
It is all about different
perspectives!!! Parents see
bigger picture

8. War of
Independence
Causes

9. Causes
1. Political Causes
2. Socio Religious
Causes
3. Economic Causes
4. Military Causes
War of Independence
1857

10. Political Causes
British Policy of
Expansion
Disrespect to
Royals
Absentee Sovereignty
of the British
Outright Wars, Subsidiary
Alliance, Doctrine of Lapse,
Annexation of Awadh
a. Bahadur Shah Zafar
b. Nana Sahib
c. Rani Laxmi Bai

11. 1. Political
Causes
a. By outright Wars
British fought wars to extend
their control in Indian
territory
Examples; War of Buxar
(BBO), Anglo Mysore War,
Third Anglo Maratha War,
Second Anglo-Sikh War etc.
b. Disrespecting Mughal
• Emperor had little power left.
• Royal Family had to leave Red
Fort Delhi

12. 1. Political
Causes
c. Doctrine of Lapse
• Annexation policy by Lord
Dalhousie in 1852.
• “If any king/ruler of state
didn’t have a natural heir
(son); after his death his
state will be ruled by British.
• Company will inherit his
property.
• Jhansi
• Nagpur
• Satara
• Udaipur
Victim States

13. 1. Political
Causes
d. Annexation of Awadh
➢ Lord Dalhousie annexed
Awadh on 13 Feb 1856.
➢ on the pretext of Alleged
Misrule; stating the
incompetent administrative
system of Awadh they have
to take control.
➢ British broke their
promises given to
ruling chiefs.

14. Pay higher taxes &
revenues
Unemployment
rose
Property were
confiscated
75000 sepoys were worst affected & didn’t like
what British did in Awadh.
Problems
of
people
of
Awadh

15. 1. Political
Causes
Do you know
Who was the
Last Mughal
ruler?

16. 1. Political
Causes Disrespect shown to
Bahadur Shah
➢ After his death of Bahadur
Shah Zafar , Lord Dalhousie
announced that ruler’s widow
Zeenat Mahal and successors
cant use Red Fort as Palace.
➢ In 1956 Lord Canning
announced that the
successors can’t use imperial
titles. This hurt sentiments of
Muslims.

17. Bahadur Shah Zafar and his sons being
captured by the British

18. 1. Political
Causes Treatment given to Nana
Saheb
➢ Baji Rao II- the last Peshwa
on the pension of company
after his death company
refused to pay to his adopted
son i.e Nana Sahib.
➢ He was sent to Kanpur away
from Poona.
➢ He then travelled to different
parts of country to create
awareness about British
policies.

19. 1. Political
Causes
Treatment given to Rani
Laxmi Bai
➢ Victim of Doctrine of Lapse.
➢ In 1853 Ruler of Jhansi died
without natural heir. Widow
Rani was retired and their
adopted son Anand Rao wasn’t
recognized as successor to
throne.
➢ In reaction to this Rani
became the enemy of British

20. 1. Political
Causes
India’s Wealth Drained to
England
• India was being ruled by
British from England
• Indians felt that wealth of
India was drained to England
and wasn’t used for the
welfare of Indians.
• other rulers like Mughals
who spent the revenue
collected from India in India

21. 2. SOCIO-RELIGIOUS
CAUSES 1. Interference with Social Customs
Sati, Widow Remarriage Act, Western
education to girls wasn’t welcomed
by masses.
2. Apprehension about Modern
Innovations like Railways &
Telegraph Indians misunderstood that
telegraph poles were erect to hand
them and in railways higher castes
were made to seat with lower castes.
3. Policy of Racial Discrimination
Disrespect & Ill-treatment was given
to Indians.
Take notes on
Pg#3 booklet

22. 2. SOCIO-RELIGIOUS
CAUSES 4. Corruption in Administration rich
were allowed to go away after
crime and poor were looted &
tortured.
5. Oppression of the Poor Beating,
Torture and Imprisonment
6. Fear regarding Western
Education Pandits and Maulvis
feared that it is done to convert
their children to Christians.
7. Taxing religious places lands
belonging to temples and
mosques

23. 3. Economic
Causes 1. Exploitation of Economic
resources
2. Drain of wealth
3. Decay of cottage industries
and handicrafts
4. Growing unemployment
5. Inhuman treatment of Indigo
cultivators
6. Poverty & Famines
7. Economic decline of
Peasantry
8. Decline of landed Aristocracy
Take notes on Pg#3
booklet

24. 3. Economic
Causes • India was forced to export cotton,
silk at cheaper rate to England.
• Forced plantation of Indigo and
Tea.
• Indians had to accept ready made
British goods.
• Indian products had high import
duties in England

25. 3. Economic
Causes • Indian handmade products couldn't
compete with machine made
British products.
• Problem of unemployment
increased
• India had no agricultural surplus
which raised the prices of raw
material in India

26. 3. Economic
Causes • After Battle of Plassey, British
stopped bringing gold to India.
• Raw material was bought in
England from the surplus revenues
of Bengal and started looting
India’ raw materials, resources
and wealth.
• The transfer of wealth from India
to England is called Drain of
Wealth.

27. 3. Economic
Causes
• Heavy duties killed Indian Cottage
Industries and Handicrafts.
• Imported British goods worsened
their condition
• Export of cotton and silk was
ceased
• Art of spinning and weaving was
killed creating severe
unemployment
• Absence of royal buyers- Princes,
Zamindars etc.

28. 3. Economic
Causes 4. Growing unemployment
5. Inhuman treatment of Indigo
cultivators: forced plantation of
Indigo, other crops were
destroyed if didn’t follow the
orders and cattle were taken
away as punishment.
6. Poverty & Famines

29. 3. Economic
Causes 7. Economic decline of Peasantry:
Peasants had to pay heavy taxes &
land revenues.
8. Decline of landed Aristocracy:
Hereditary landlords & Taluqdars’
2000 estates were confiscated (who
couldn't produce evidences of
ownership) and auctioned. Merchants
and moneylenders bought these
estates and exploited tenants.

30. Categories the following causes in; Socio- religious and Economic
• Drain of wealth
• Interference in customs
• Unemployment
• Corruption in administration
• Poverty and famine
Socio-Religious Economic

31. 4. Military
Causes 1. Ill treatment of Indian Soldiers
2. Lower Salaries
3. Deprivation of Allowances
4. Less Chances of Promotions
5. General Service Enlistment Act
6. Larger Proportion of Indians in
the British Army
7. Faculty distribution of Troops
8. Poor performance of British
Troops
Take notes on Pg#3
booklet

32. 4.Military causes
Ill treatment
of Indian
Soldiers
Lower
Salaries
Deprivation of
Allowances
Less Chances of
Promotions
Indian soldiers
were ill
treated, poorly
fed & badly
housed. Didn’t
bother about
their
sentiments and
didn’t allow to
keep beard,
wear turbans
etc
Indian soldiers
were paid
eight times
less salaries
than British
soldiers.
British empire was
spread across the
nation and soldiers
had to serve in areas
away from their
homes without extra
payment and
additional Bhatta
(foreign service
allowance) Free post
facility for Sepoys
was also taken off.
All higher posts were
reserved for British
(irrespective of their
performances). Indians
soldiers had thin chances
of promotions.

33. 4.Military causes…….
General
Service
Enlistment
Act
Larger
Proportion of
Indians in the
British Army
Faulty distribution
of Troops
Poor performance of
British Troops
It was
considered as
Taboo for
Brahmin to
cross the sea.
In spite of
that British
sent Indians
overseas on
duty. Didn’t
bother about
the sentiments
In 1856,
2,38,000
Indian soldiers
worked in
British army
as compared to
45,322 British
Soldiers.
Strategic important
places like Delhi &
Allahabad had no
British armies and
was held by only
Indian soldiers.
When England was
busy fighting wars
outside Indian
soldiers decided to
strike British.
Without support of Indian
soldiers, British army was
weak this fact was
realized by the Indian
soldiers. Also in various
other wars British had to
face defeat this broke
the myth that British
were invincible.

34. Short term and Long term Causes
of War of Independence
Short Term Causes Long Term Causes
Doctrine of Lapse Religious causes
Greased Cartridges Social Issues
Political causes
Economic causes

35. War of
Independence
Major Events

36. 1.
Introduction
of
Greased
Cartridges
Introduced
in
January
1857

37. Why was the issue of
‘Greased Cartridge’ so
important in 1857?
●Refer to page
number 29 of the
textbook

38. 2. In March
Sepoy named Mangal
Panday defied his
British officers and
was executed
3. In May
• In Meerut Sepoys refused to
touch new cartridges.
• They were court- martialed
and put in prison.
• Their fellows broke into the
prison and freed them.
• Meerut was sacked and
British officers were put to
death.
• Soldiers marched to Delhi.
• Bahadur Shah became the
unifying symbol.

40. 5. Battle of Cawnpore:
June 1857
• In Cawnpore Indian troops led
by Nana Sahib rose against
British.
• British forces trapped for three
weeks
• After promising safe passage,
the British surrendered.
• They left the city, Nana sahib
forces attacked them ; killed
300 women and children
• When British recaptured city
they took revenge and took
worst atrocities.
6. In September
• British were too powerful to
be defeated.
• In September Delhi was
regained.
• Bahadur Shah II surrendered
peacefully; his sons were
murdered brutally.
• Lucknow was recaptured in
September 1857.

41. 7. June 1858
● The main center of power was
Jhansi
● Jhansi was led by Laxmibai.
● She was assisted by Tatya Topee,
Indian general.
● In June 1858 Laxmibai was killed.
● Tatya Topee escaped, and later
executed.

42. 8. August 1858
War was officially ended

43. Write the correct events of WOI
as per right Months
May June September
August
1858

44. War of
Independence
One of Most
Important
Character

45. Mangal Panday
● Mangal Pandey, Indian soldier, whose
attack on British officers on March 29,
1857, was the first major incident of what
came to be known as the Indian, or Sepoy,
Mutiny
● Pandey’s career ambitions, however,
came into conflict with his religious
beliefs. While he was posted at the
garrison in Barrackpore in the mid-
1850s, a new Enfield rifle was
introduced into India that required a
soldier to bite off the ends of greased
cartridges in order to load the weapon.
A rumor spread that the lubricant used
was either cow or pig fat, which was
repugnant to Hindus or Muslims,
respectively. The belief arose among
the sepoys that the British had
deliberately used the lard on the
cartridges.

46. Reasons of
Failure

48. Indian Weaknesses
• Lack of Unity
• No general plan
• No attempt to work
together
• Most Indian princes
didn’t want the
Mughals to restore.
• No real sense of
Patriotism
• Indian Princes wanted
their own feudal power
• Kashmiri Ruler helped
British
• Became a Muslim Revolt
British Strength
✓Superior British Army
✓Modern methods.
✓ Skilled diplomats
✓ found it easy to play with
disunited Indians
✓Highly efficient military
machines

49. Consequences/
effects of War
of
Independence
1857
1. End of East India Company’s
Rule
2. Queen Victoria’s Proclamation
3. End of Mughals and Peshwas
4. Relations with Princely States
5. Policy of Divide and Rule
6. Widening Gulf between Hindus
and Muslims
7. Racial Antagonism
8. Increased Racial Bitterness
9. Religious Changes
10. Foreign Policy
11. Changes in the Army
12. Economic Exploitation
13. Rise of Nationalism

50. ✓ End of the East India Company’s
rule
Crown took over the charge from
Company. Secretary of State for India
was appointed who reported to
British Parliament.
✓ Queen Victoria’s Proclamation
1 Nov, 1958 at Allahabad the
transfer of governance was done.
Lord Canning became the first
Viceroy of India. Promised not to
intervene in social and religious
matters, would bring equality, pardon
soldiers, best for Indian industries
etc.

51. ✓ End of Mughals and Peshwas
Bahadur Shah II went to Yangon
and Nana Saheb went to Nepal.
Two foes of British came to an
end.
✓ Relations with Princely States
Policy of Annexation and Doctrine
of Lapse were abandoned.
✓ Policy of Divide & Rule After 1858,
British started Divide and Rule
Policy. Caste against Caste,
Princes against people and Hindus
against Muslims.

52. ✓ Widening Gulf between Hindus and
Muslims British sowed seeds of
hatred among Hindus & Muslims.
✓ Racial Antagonism British believed
that they were superior and
maintained distance from Indians.
Railways, Parks, Hotels etc had
seats “Reserved for Europeans
Only’
✓ Increased Racial Bitterness:
British believed that Indian aren’t
trust worthy and remodeled the
structure of Indian government
based on the idea of a superior
race.

53. ✓ Religious changes: British rulers
declared that they would not
intervene in religious affairs,
customs and traditions.
✓ Foreign Policy: India foreign policy
was decided by British with two
aims: a) protection of its Indian
empire and b) expansion of British
economic & commercial interests.

54. ✓ To avoid another uprising Indian army was
reorganized after 1858 in following
manner:
✓ No. of Indian troops was decreased to
1,40,00 and No. of European troops was
increased to 65,000.
✓ European troops were kept in key
locations.
✓ Policy of excluding Indians from officer
positions was strictly followed.
✓ Weapons were never placed under the
charge of Indians.
✓ Divide and Rule policy was practiced
during the recruitment in the army.
Discouraged nationalism through
caste/religion discrimination in
regiments.
✓ Soldiers weren’t allowed to read
newspapers & journals.

55. ✓ India became a colony to export raw
material and import finished goods.
✓ Salaries of soldiers, military officers,
Council members was taken from India’s
resources
✓ Peasants were bankrupt/poor during
British rule. (Indigo peasants)
✓ Indian cottage industries and handicrafts
Collapsed
✓ Indians had to pay heavy taxes, revenues
and dividend to British.

56. ✓ Uprising of 1857, paved way for the
Rise of the National Movement.
✓ Sacrifices made by Rani Laxmi Bai,
Nana Saheb, Mangal Pandey inspired
Indians.
✓ Started a tradition of resistance to
the British rule.

57. War of
Independence
Graded Oral
Quiz

58. Now lets try to attempt Exam-
Style Source-based Question!!!!

60. Written
Work