The document discusses a proposed jet fuel (JP-1) production process using the Merox process. It includes: 1) An overview of the Merox process which oxidizes mercaptans in kerosene to disulfides using a catalyst and air. 2) Details on the raw materials, process flow diagram, and reaction kinetics of the Merox process. 3) A capacity selection calculation determining the proposed plant capacity to be 150,000 metric tons per year, based on past and projected jet fuel consumption, production and import data for Pakistan.

1. 1

2. 2
Group Members
TAYYBA NOOR ALI * 2017-CH-417
USHNA SEERAT 2017-CH-407
ZAIN-UL-ABIDEEN 2017-CH-430
M.JUNAID 2017-CH-436
AOUN ZAFAR 2017-CH-440
Advisor Dr. Syed Waqas Ahmed
Co-Advisor Engr. M. Imran

4. 4
 Jet fuel is a mixture of a variety of hydrocarbons
 There are two types of jet fuels introduced in the
world
 Wide-cut type
(including Jet B, and JP-4) has a carbon
number between 5 and 15.
 Kerosene type
( including Jet A and Jet A-1, JP-1, JP-5, and
JP-8) has a carbon number distribution between 8
and 16.
Reference: Chevron Products Corporation. "Aviation Fuels Technical Review" (PDF).
Introduction

5. 5
Introduction
Our product JP-1
 Early jet fuel JP-1 specified in 1944 by the
United States government
 It is a pure form of kerosene fuel
 High flash point and a freezing point
of −60 °C
 The key performing properties are i.e.
o energy content and
o combustion quality
Properties of JP-1 Values
Visual Appearance Clear, Bright and visually free
from solid matter
Freezing Temperature (ºC) -60°C
Initial Boiling Point Ranges 170 -300Cº (ASTM D 86)
Density at 15ºC 0.804 kg/L
Specific Energy 42.80 MJ/Kg
Energy Density 34.7 MJ/L
Max Adiabatic Burn Temp 2230ºC
Auto Ignition Temperature 250ºC
Vapor Pressure 1 kPa (38ºC)
Flash Point (º C) 38°C
Reference: Chevron Products Corporation. "Aviation Fuels Technical Review" (PDF).
Reference: Sigmaaldrich.com

6. Raw Material
 Raw material of Refinery Section
￮ Crude oil
 Raw material of Merox Section
￮ Kerosene
 Kerosene is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid
which is derived from crude oil containing 10 to 16
carbon atoms
6
Reference: The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica by Amy Tikkanen

7. Scope!
7
Reference:
• Ultimate guide jet aviation fuel by total.uk
• OCAC( Oil Companies Advisory Council)

8. Applications
 Used in commercial Airlines
 JP-1 also served as a raw material for production
of JP-8 that is used in military jets
 Kerosene based fuels are used for jet turbine
engines
8
Reference: Chevron Products Corporation. "Aviation Fuels Technical Review" (PDF).

9. Processes

10. Process
 Doctor Treatment
 Copper Treatment
 Merox Process
Reference: CD . Lowry, Jr. Plumbite Sweetning of Gasoline. Universal Oil Product Co.,
Booklet 242.
10
Distillation
column
Reactor
Separation of
Product
Specific
Process
Agent

11. 11
Cont..
Reference:
￮ W. L. Nelson. Petroleum Refinery Engineering, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Doctor Treatment
Process
Copper Treatment
Process
Merox Process
Excess formation of poly
sulfides
Presence of copper oxide Free from sulphur, lead and
copper
Lead mercaptide remain in oil
and its oxidation to lead
oxide
Some oil-soluble copper
mercaptide remains in
treated oil
Trace amount of sodium
mercaptide
15-30 ppm 10-25 ppm 5-20 ppm

12. 12
Process Selection
Merox Process
 Ability of a catalyst to catalyze the oxidation of mercaptans to
disulphides in alkaline medium using air as the source of oxygen.
Process Description;
 Pre-treatment
 Mercaptan Oxidation
 Post-treatment
Reference
Handbook of Petroleum Refining Process, 3rd edition; Robert A. Meyers,11th
Chapter 11,

13. 13
Reaction Kinetics
The basic overall reaction can be written:
4RSH(oil phase) +O2+Merox catalyst+ NaOH 2RSSR(oil phase) + 2H2O
Steps:
Pre-treatment:
R-COOH(oil phase)+NaOH RCOONa(aqueous phase)+ H2O
Extraction:
RSH(oil phase) + NaOH NaSR(aqueous phase) +H2O
Mercaptan oxidation:
4NaSR(aqueous phase) +O2 +2H2O + Merox catalyst 4NaOH + 2RSSR(oil phase)
Reference
Handbook of Petroleum Refining Process, 3rd edition; Robert A. Meyers,11th Chapter,

14. Process Flow
Diagram

15. 15
Refinery Process
Reference: Distillation Operation and application by Andrezj Gorak and Hartmut
Schoenmaker

16. 16
Merox Process
Reference:
• Handbook of Petroleum Refining Process, 3rd edition; Robert A. Meyers,11th
Chapter
• PAK-ARAB REFINERY COMPANY LIMITED Internship Report

17. CAPACITY
SELECTION

18. 18
Ministry of petroleum reports conclude that production of jet fuel is less than expected. As,
in 2019 demand is 550835 metric tons and production is 405083 metric tons. Import of jet
fuel is 145800 metric tons.
Unit: Metric Tons Per year
CAPACITY SELECTION
Source: ocac.org.pk
Year Production
MT/Year
Consumption
MT/Year
Import
MT/Year
JULY – JUNE
2015 – 2016
670,431 775,736 105,000
JULY – JUNE
2016 – 2017
717,285 833,104 116,000
JULY – JUNE
2017 - 2018
707,665 928,499 221,000
JULY – JUNE
2018 – 2019
581,331 791,748 210,000
JULY – JUNE
2019 – 2020
405,083 550,835 146,00
JULY – JUNE
2020 – 2021
(extra-plotting)
417,000 630,00 213,000

19. Graphical representation of OCAC
Source: ocac.org.pk
19
670,431
717,285 707,665
581,331
405,083 416,364
775,736
833,104
928,499
791,748
550,835
628,637
105,305 115,819
220834 210417
145752
212273
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
1,000,000
2015 2016 2017 2019 2020 2021
METRICTONESOFJETFUEL
YEAR
production consumption Imported
2
213,000

20. Representation of import jet Fuel
20
105400
115900
220900
210500
145800
212300
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020(extra-
plot)
Importofjetfuel(M.Tons)
Year
Source: ocac.org.pk
Unit: Metric tons Per Year

21. Capacity Selection calculation
￮ Consumption of jet fuel In 2021=417,00 MT/Year
￮ Production of jet fuel in 2021=630,000 MT/Year
￮ Import of jet fuel in 2021 =213,000 MT/Year
￮ Capacity of plant=70% of import fuel
￮ Capacity of plant=(70/100)*(213000)
￮ Capacity of plant=150,000 MT/Year
21