syntaxical process

1. Syntax
“Syntactic process”
Created by:
1.Sellaokviana
2.Belaapriana
3.Oxtapianustawarik

2. Syntactic process
 In English, words are combined into larger structures
to convey more various meaning. Words can be
lexical and functional. The combination of (no) more
than two words will produce various structural
meaning. The structures can be divided into four
principal groups.

3. What arethefour groups?
 Hungry people
 Hometown
 Easily superior
Asexamplesof structureof …………..
It isformed by thecombination of:
…………… + …………………..

4. Structureof ….
 Money talks
 Soldiershavebeen killed
 Snow kept falling
It isformed by thecombination of:
…………… + …………………..

5. Structureof …
 Speak truth
 Becareful
 Loveyour neighbour

6. Structureof …
 Pinsand needles
 Hopeand pray
 Neither war nor peace

7.  These are the basic structures as the bases for
morecomplex structures.
 They can be used as the main outlines and
provide a framework of ideas and a basic
terminology

8. Thesestructuresarebased on:
1. English syntax is a many-layered organization of
relatively few typesof basic units
2. Every structure may be divided into its immediate
co nsituents (ICs) and ten subdivided until the
ultimate co nsituents

9. Structureof Modification
 It consistsof two components:
Head + Modifier
 Possiblemeaningsof modifier:
- to broaden
- to qualify
- to select
- to change
- to describe
- to affect
themeaning of thehead.

10.  Thehead can be:
- noun
- verb
- adjective
- adverb
 Unlikethehead, themodifiersarelimited

11. Noun asHead
Themodifierscan be:
1. ADJECTIVE: good book
great work
remarkabletales
Theruleis: Adj + Noun
 Rarely AdjectivefollowstheNoun (Noun + Adjective) in:
- technical terms or quotations: court-martial, darkness
visible
- when adjectivesisapart of alarger structure: afigurevagueand shadowy, aman taller than
I thought

12. 2. Nouns:
- in possessive:
my father’shousemeaning houseof my father
that woman’sdoctor meaning doctor of that woman
- in noun-adjuct:
afather imagemeaning an imagelikefather
that woman doctor meaning that doctor who isawoman

13.  Post-head dependents which are not complements in a VP are
adjuncts
 Adjunctsarenever obligatory
 Adjunctsmodify someaspect of thepossiblereferenceof theVP
 Different typesof phrasescan act asan adjunct in aVP (XPis an
abbreviation foran unspecified type of phrase)
 Adjunctscan befronted to pre-Subject
Adjuncts

14.  Somecharacteristicsof noun modifiers:
1. noun adjunct isalmost alwayssingular
Ex.: dog daysvsdog’slife
2. Certain noun-determiners (this/these and that/those) exhibit the
phenomenon of concord
Ex.: that boy’sbook = book of that boy
that boysbook = that book for boys
thoseboys’ book = book of thoseboys
thoseboys’ books= booksof thoseboys
thoseboysbooks= thosebooksfor boys

15. 3. Most nonpersonal nounsdo not havethe(-‘ s) inflection
Ex.: co mmunicatio ns o fficer, reparatio ns agreement,
4. A few nouns have certain irregular forms which can help identify the
possessiveand plurality of thenoun
Ex.: woman doctor (noun adjunct) vswoman’sdoctor (possessive)
women doctors(noun adjunct) vs women’sdoctors(possessive)

16. Appositive
 Appositive is a noun, noun-headed structure of modification, or a structure of coordination
madeup of nounsor noun-headed structuresmodifying anoun head which it follows.
ex.: - Hisbrother, adoctor, wastherealso
- Mr. Jones, theart critic, praised thepainting
- Thechildren, both boysand girls, received presents
- thepoet, Chaucer, …
- theproduct, cellophane, …
- Professor Jones…
- Vice-President Smith …
- TheRiver Duddon

17. verbs can function as modifiers in the following
forms:
- present participle(preor post head)
- past participle(preor post head)
- to infinitive(alwayspost head)
3. Verbsasmodifiers

18. Present/past participlemodifiers
 Pre-Head (if they areby-itself).
Examples: - running water
- baked potatoes
 Post-head (if they arepartsof alarger structure)
Examples: - water running in thestreet
- potatoesbaked slowly

19. To infinitives
 Examples: - Money to burn
- Theman to see
What about thefollowing:
a. A pleasing table
b. A rotting table
c. A dining table
Can you discriminateeach of those?

20. 4. AdverbsasNoun modifiers
In English it seldom occurs as noun modifiers. If so, it occurs
immediately after the noun modified. They are adverbs of then (today,
daily, seldom, etc.) and there(outside, ahead, backward, etc.) groups.
Example: - thepeoplehere
- Thetemperatureoutside
- Heavensabove
And the thus/so-class (easily, slowly, aloud, etc) groups only modify
present participleverbs, such ashisspeaking rapidly, o ur acting to gether.

21. 5. Prepositional PhrasesasNoun
modifiers
This phrase consists of prepositions and lexical words.
Preposition can be simple prepositions: one-morpheme preposition
(after, as, at, etc), two-morpheme prepositions (about, above, across), and
three-morphemeprepositions ( against, concerning, considering),
compound prepositions (adverb+preposition) such as across from,
along with, apart from, and phrasal prepositions (simple preposition, a
noun, and another simple preposition) such as in regard to, in spite of, by
meansof, etc.

22. Exampleof Prepositional phraseas
modifiers:
- away of doing
- amilefrom here
- abook from under thetable

23. Verbs as the Heads
 Head: V
 Dependents:
 Pre-head modifier: AdvP
 Post-head modifier: AdvP/PP
 (Post-head) complement: NP/PP/AdvP/clause

24. S
Subject:NP Tense:AUX Predicate:VP
The boy has run very quickly
head:V PtHdMod:AdvP
S
Subject:NP Tense:AUX Predicate:VP
The bo y has very quickly run
PrHdMod:AdvP V

25. Adjective as the Head
• Head
• Dependents:
• Prehead Modifier (PrHdMod)
• Posthead Complement (Comp)
AdjP
PrHdMod:AdvP Head:Adj Comp:PP
so very impro bably keen o n that mo vie
crazy abo ut that mo vie

26. Adverb as the Head
• head: Adv
• dependents:
• prehead modifier: AdvP
• posthead complement: PP/ clause
more carefully than Jo
so very quickly that he fell o ver
quickly *than Jo / that he fello ver
PrHdMod: Head: Comp:
AdvP Adv PP/Clause

27. Preposition as the Head
• head: P
• Prehead modifier: AdvP
• Posthead complement: NP/PP
PP
PrHdMod:AdvP Head:P Comp:NP
straight tho ugh The intersectio n
almo st right into the cro wd
barely in the water