The document discusses the processes for determining empirical and molecular formulas from elemental composition data. It outlines the steps to find the mass and mole ratios of elements, calculate empirical formula mass, and use the molecular mass to molecular formula ratio to derive the molecular formula. It also defines limiting and excess reactants, explaining that the limiting reactant controls the amount of product formed as it is the first to be used up in a chemical reaction.

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11. DETERMINATION OF EMPIRICAL FORMULA:
There are following steps involve during determination of empirical
formula.
•Identify the element in the given compound.
STEP 1: Find the mass of carbon & hydrogen.
Mass of C = x mass of CO2
Mass of H = x mass of H2O
STEP 2: Find the percentage of each element in the given compound.
% of element = x 100
% of oxygen = 100 – (% of C + % of H)
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12. STEP 3: Find the mole ratio of each element.
Mole ratio =
EXAMPLE:
C = = 6.8
H = = 20
STEP 4: Divide each mole ratio by smallest number
C = C =1
H = H = 2.93
Convert each result into whole number
C = 1 ,
H = 2.93 3.
STEP 5: To determine emprirical formula:
E.f = CH3
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13. DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR FORMULA:
There are following steps involve during determination of molecular formula.
STEP 5:
•Find empirical formula of compound e.g CH2O
STEP 6: To calculate Empirical.formula mass:
•Find empirical formula mass of compound
C + 2H + O
12 + 2x1 + 16
30.
STEP 7: To calculate ratio between molecular mass & empirical formula
mass
•Find a number “n”
n =
STEP 8: To determines molecular formula:
M.f = n x E.f.
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19. LIMITING REACTANT:
A reactant which consumed earlier during a chemical reaction
control the amount of product and known as limiting reactant. It
produce less amount of product.
“OR”
The reactant which used up first due to which reaction can stop
is called limiting reactant.
EXCESS REACTANT:
The reactants which are in excess quantity are called excess
reactants
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