PREFACE, PREVALENCE, PREVENTION OF AIDS

1. Everyday is a good day to be alive;
whether the sun’s shining or not!
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2. PREFACE, PERSISTENCE, PROPHYLAXIS,
PREVENTION AND POPULATION OF
AIDS
Swarna Priya Basker*, Alice Cholan R*,
Madhumitha Venkat, Dhanalakshmi S,
Subalakshmi S
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3. I don’t like to admit it, but still,
“For a nation too shy to talk about sex,
We are surprisingly overpopulated
with AIDS”
AIDS
What is AIDS?
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4. Syndrome?
Acquired immuno deficiency?
Evolution of aids?
The new syndrome suddenly came
out from unexplained two rare disease
kaposilssarcoma(malignant skin cancer)
and pneumocystis carinii (jirovecii) in
1981 with reports from New York and
Los Angeles.
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5. Decreased the T cell and B cell count,
results in immunosupression of the
immune system.
“AIDS is not an app to install
It is a virus to uninstall; keep your system
safe”
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6. STRUCTURE OF HIV
Three important genes that codes the
components of HIV virus are;
• Gag (group antigen) for core proteins
• Pol (polymerase) for reverse transcriptase
• Env (envelope) for envelope proteins
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8. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• Here we have correlated the host immune
system with a floor building, associated with
the signs and symptoms, mode of transmission
and pathogenesis of proviral DNA.
• Sand – T cell
• Green building – immunized host
• Black building – the building recently prone to
AIDS
• Rain – other infections
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9. • Concrete = CD4 + CCR
• Bricks – macrophages
• Water – dentrite cells
• Iron rod – lymphatic cells
Other infections are represented as rain, enters
into the infected, proinfected building,
indicating the destruction of immune system,
which paves a way for further infections. Here
sand remains a major mode of transmission
between the buildings.
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10. 10

11. “keep your home
clean,
environment clean”
Take a look at the
basement,
before cracks
appear!
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12. AIDS AND BEHAVIOR
The behavior of the patient
depends upon his/her social
environment. In addition
physical contact with the
infected person should be
encouraged, as an important
way of overcoming isolation.
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13. Shock, denial, anger, fear, isolation,
loss, grief, guilt, depression,
anxiety,loss of self-esteem, suicidal
thoughts, spiritual concerns,
hypochondria.
“without knowing the actual and
accurate cause do not exploit them;
as a health care professional we
strictly oppose this”
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14. The Union Ministry of Health and Family
Welfare announced that the HIV AIDS (prevention
and control) Act 2017, came into force by sep 10,
2018.
The main motive of the Act is to check the
spread and is against the discrimination practices.
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15. And what if it still prevails?
2 years in jail, Rs 1 lakh fine for
discrimination.
No need to disclose their HIV +ve status
for obtaining employment services.
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16. HOW PRONE ARE PEOPLE TO AIDS
• HIV continues to spread, causing 16, 000 new
infections per day world wide, and 19% in
developing countries such as Africa, Asia,
including India.
• It is spreading from urban areas to rural areas.
One in every 4 case is female. Almost 90% of
cases are from the age group 15-49 which is
considered to be sexually active as well as
economically productive group.
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17. GENDER GAP
• Financial disparities and intimate partner
violence in relationships often hinder a
woman’s ability to negotiate condom use and
protect herself from HIV.
• Although commitments to reduce the effects of
gender inequality have been made by the
international community, there is a need to
significantly scale up efforts as social injustices
and violence against women continue to
persist across the globe.
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18. Maharashtra -
48%
Tamilnadu -
21%
Others -
31%
National Aids Control Organisation (NACO) 1998
Maharashtra
Tamilnadu
Others
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19. EPIDEMIOLOGY
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
1983
1999
2013
2016
Death rate in Millions
Years
MORTALITY
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20. With the improvement of treatment options the
mortality rate in the year 2016 was found to be
drastically decreased by 1.8million.
“To be more cheaper in socio-economic lifestyle;
either cover your feelings or your penis” USE
CONDOMN
Because; CONDOMN is cheaper than AIDS
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21. DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis is important for the confirmation of
AIDS. These include,
• Polymerase Chain Reaction
• ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay)
• Western Blot method
“Early diagnosis (or) early death”
The choice is yours!
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22. TREATMENT
The drug treatment of HIV disease is classified as
anti-retroviral therapy. Currently it is one of
the fastest evolving areas of medicine.
It involves five classification.
• Nucleoside and nucleotide analouge reverse
transcriptase inhibitors
• Non – nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors
• Protease inhibitors
• Entry inhibitors
• Integrase inhibitors
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23. TRENDS
• Current researches have been evolving in the
areas of nano robots in controlling AIDS.
• By doing so constant levels of WBC’s are
maintained in the blood stream.
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24. MEASURES OF HANDLING
1. Material infected /work area/laboratory
Entry of the trained personnel should be
allowed.
The laboratory should be clean, neat and
free from micro organisms, laboratory door
must be kept closed with the sign
“BIOHAZARD NO ADMITTANCE”.
The work area should be disinfected with
0.1% of HYPOCHLORITE solution at the end of
each working day.
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25. 2. Protected attries
• Gloves:
Sterile surgical gloves, vinyl, latex or general
purpose utility of plastic gloves can be worn.
• Mask:
They are required when they have contact
with the oral mucous membrane which is
anticipated.
• Eye goggles:
They can be disposable or resterilized which
can be used when blood or body fluids splatters to
the eyes are anticipated.
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26. 3. Needles and syringes
Sharp instrument like needles, syringes,
scalps, IV tubing, attached needles, butterflies,
angiocathrs should be treated with the
extraordinary care.
Disposable instruments should be used.
Needle should not be recapped, bent,
broken, detached from syringes or
manipulated with care.
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27. 4. Invasive procedure
These includes the entry of surgical
materials in tissues, cavities, organs are the
repaired traumatic injuries, like drawing of
blood, cavities bleeding, cardiac
catheterization and angiographic during the
vaginal and caesaian delieveries
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28. 5. Blood and body fluid spills
All the spills of blood and body fluids
should be considered potentially infectious and
should be immediatelly attended to and
covered with the absorbent materials.
The content of disinfectant –
Hypochlorite solution with 1% available
chlorine or 3% hydrogen peroxide or 95%
ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol or 3% lysol-
around the spill area.
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29. 6. Resuscitation
The need for an emergency from mouth
to mouth resuscitation, should be minimized
with the resuscitation bags or the other
ventilation devices should be used like “ambu”
bags.
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30. 7. Ophthalmic examinations and
procedures
Health worker with weeping lesions on
the hands should not perfrom any procedure.
Instuments that come in contact with
the external surface of the eye should be
wiped, cleaned and then disinfected with
hydrogen peroxide 5 to 10 minutes 70%
ethanol or 70% isopropanalol or 100%
sodium hypochlorite, and washed with water
and dried.
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31. 8. Dentistry
Gloves should be worn while examining
with the oral lesion, surgical masks and
eyewear should be worn when splashing is
likely.
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32. 9. Perinatal and neonatal care
For the high risk mothers or known sero positive
mothers the undertaken measures are
• Blood and body fluids should be considered to
be infectious.
• The placenta should not be released for
commercial use.
• Protectice attire should be worn during
conduction of the delivery.
• Breast feeding should be discouraged for HIV
positive mother.
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33. 10. Infective waste disposal
They should be collected and stored
separately.
Hospital waste should be burnt in the
incinerator.
Blood and body fluids should be safely
flushed down a toilet or drain connected to a
sanitary sewer.
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34. 11. Autopsy
Tagging should be compulsary.
Protective measudres should be made.
Hand saw should be used on bone to
minimize, aerosol formation.
All the organs should be fixed in 100%
buffered formalin before dispatching.
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35. “to those sex workers, donot be paid for AIDS; it
is a life-threatening disease” spreading AIDS
isnt essential, spreading awareness does!
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36. COUNSELLING
MAIN GOALS ARE COUNSELLING
• To provide psycological support to those who lives
have been affected by HIV.
• To prevent HIV infection and its transmission to other
people.
MAJOR ELEMENTS OF COUNSELLING
• The formation of sensitive, trusting and respectful
relationship.
• A approach to ensure that the client has adequate
knowledge for problem solving and decision making.
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37. CARE
Encouring and motivating the infected
persons and make decisions towards changing
their risk behavior, life styles.
“Stay away from HIV, not from affected”
Discrimination is not born, it is taught!
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38. IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT
• Decreased work load
• Poultry farming land waste – soil erosion – loss
of vegetation – reduced crop production –
decreased macro multi nutrient (affects the
whole system)
• Resource degradation (which cannot be
utilized by infected people)
• Labour demand
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39. • Increased time (lack of labours)
• Decresed calories – stressing individual
• People need to walk long distances for food
and water – sexual violence and exploitation
of women
• Deterioration of fresh water resources –
decreased availablity of potable water
• Unhealthy ecosystem
• Infertility
• Gender inequality
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40. • Premature deaths – results in lack of
knowledge transmission on how to use natural
resources
• Food insecurity
• Poverty
• Migration of people
• Personal hygiene
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41. Disposal of waste
• Condomn, syringe, medicines, that may be
blood or bodily fluid contamination is an issue.
• Eviction from forest resource, national park
etc., may lead to social instability and
migration.
• Aids behavior such as depression, grief, anxiety
(mania), suicidal thoughts may have vital
impact on society.
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42. IMPACT ON EDUCATION
• Lack of professionals
• Lack of students
• Discrimination and isolation
• Reduced quality of education
• Poor education
• Financial crises
• Decreased personal hygiene
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43. ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ON HEALTH
• Poor waste management is an issue of concern
not only for its impacts on the environment,
but also on human health.
• Many of these cities lack solid waste
regulations and proper disposal facilities,
including for hazardous waste, which may be
infectious, toxic or radioactive.
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44. • Skin disorders, respiratory abnormalities, ear
infections, dental, CVS, CNS, diarrhea, eye,
blood and other infections such as, malaria,
chickenpox.
• Local authorities should ensure that they have
a regular waste collection schedule which is
known by the residents and adhered to.
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45. AIR POLLUTION ON HEALTH
• Impact of high levels of toxic air ‘is equivalent
to having lost a year of education’
• Impairs cognitive functions
• Air pollution causes a “huge” reduction in
intelligence, according to new research,
indicating that the damage to society of toxic
air is far deeper than the well-known impacts
on physical health.
• 2.34 lakh deaths in Bangladesh in 2015 linked
to environmental pollution, of which 80,000
in urban areas
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46. 46
UNIVERSAL PRECAUTION APPROACH, COUNSELLING, PREVENTION
HANDLE EVERY SINGLE SAMPLE
AS IF IT IS INFECTED
ELEMENTS AND GOALS,
MEASURES OF HANDLING
STRUCTURE OF HIV, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT
GENE CODING, FLOOR BUILDING
CORRELATION
PROCEDURE, ANTI-RETROVIRAL
THERAPY
WHAT IS AIDS, HOW PRONE ARE PEOPLE, EPIDEMIOLOGY
GENDER INEQUALITY
NACO (1998) AND FOUR
RANDOM YEARS

47. “THE FUTURE WILL EITHER BE GREEN OR NOT
AT ALL”
“BE AN AID TO COMBAT AIDS”
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48. ANY
QUERIES?
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49. VOTE OF THANKS
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