electrical vehicals

1. Propulsion system in
electric vehicle's
Suyash Chavan
TE electrical
8055
Exam seat no:- 150072512
Seminar guide :- Dr.Mr.M.S.Thakare
DATE :-12/4/2021
DAY :-Monday
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12/4/2021 pvgs's COET & GKPLM, Pune
PVG's COET & G.K. PATE (WANI )INSTITUTE OF
MANAGEMENT ,PUNE -411009

2. Flow of presentation
Introduction Cars
Ev"s & there
classification
Propulsion system
Riverse engineering
of propulsion
system in tesla
model S 3rd gen
conclusion
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3. INTRODUCTION
Cars EV's
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4. Classification of EVs
EV's
BEV's
HEV's
PHEV's
• A battery electric vehicle (BEV), pure electric vehicle, only-electric vehicle or all-electric vehicle is a type of electric
vehicle (EV) that exclusively uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs, with no secondary source
of propulsion
• A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of vehicle that uses both an electric engine and a conventional
internal combustion engine. This type of vehicle is considered to have better performance and fuel economy
compared to a conventional one.
• A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is a type of hybrid electric vehicle that combines a gasoline or
diesel engine with an electric motor and a large battery that can be recharged by plugging into an electrical
outlet or electric vehicle charging station in addition to on board genertor charging
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5. Classification of EVs
Basic powertrain design in BEV's HEV's
Schematic of a battery basic electric vehicle
(BEV) powertrain
• Schematic of a parallel
hybrid power train
• Schematic of a series-
parallel hybrid powertrain
• Toyota Prius
• Schematic of a Series
Hybrid powertrain
There are many variations in the BEV design based
on the type of transmission; the use of a clutch,
gearbox, differential, and fixed gear; and the
number of battery packs and motors. A basic BEV
scheme is shown
• Honda insight
,Mercedes-Benz S400
BlueHYBRID,Etc.
• Popular as range-
extended electric
vehicles (REEVs) 5
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6. ELECTRIC PROPULSION IN EVS
Subsystems of electric propulsion system
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7. energy storage system
• 'Battery' The battery is an electrochemical device that stores energy in a chemical form and delivers electric energy .The battery technology
development has dramatically impacted the EV industry because batteries are used as an energy source to drive the EV propulsion system .
• researcher have developed many EV applicable batteries, and EV batteries market is increased .
• Though the researcher is continuously developed the battery chemistry, the EV battery requirement is not significantly changed. EV required high
energy density, power density, higher specific energy and power, temperature tolerance, long lifecycle, and efficiency . Many researchers’ able
batteries are used in the EV system, such as nickel-based batteries, sodium-Sulphur battery, and Li-ion batteries
Brand Battery Battery
capacity
(KWh)
Travel
range
(mile)
efficienc
y
Tesla model S-
S-75
Lithium-ion 75 249 0.33
VW e-Golf Lithium-ion 35 120 0.26
Renault Zoe Lithium-ion 41 250 0.26
Kia Soul EV Lithium-polymer 30 111 0.27
BMW-i3 Lithium-ion 33 114 0.27
Voltage
balancing
Current
measurnment
SOC
SOA
SOH
Charging &
Discharging
Data
acquisition
Heat
management
Power
management
Cell protection
Cell monitoring
BMS
SOH
The Battery Management System (BMS) is used for batteries of high voltage
hybrid and electric vehicles. As a core component the battery management
system is integrated into the Li-Ion battery and manages all its functions.
Based on collected system data, the cells are individually balanced and
operated under safe conditions
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8. Electronics system and power electronic converters
What role an electronics system plays In an EV ? "That of a brain"
what sub-components are inside the electronics system ?
• Microprocessor
• Microcontroller
• Digital signal processor (DSP)
• Digital signal processor and controller (DSPAC)
• field programable gate array (FPGT)
DSP
FPGT
DSPAC
Microprocessor
Microcontroller
ECU
what are the actions taken by the ECU
The ECU,s being brains of the EV there main function is to control motors which are the
driving force
• V/f
• FOC
• DTC
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9. Transmission System
• Power electronics system:- power electronics systems provide the required input to the machine
• The topologies used are
1. DC-DC converter (buck converter ,boost converter, cuck converter, LLC resonant converter)
2. Traction Inverter (the most used topologies are c6 and cascaded h bridge type inverters)
3. Rectifier
4. PWM
Electrified powertrain traction inverters contain a multichip-semiconductor power module. It can comprise of IGBTs,
diodes or MOSFET and other silicon-based devices which withstand high voltages
Inverter module Converter module
LLC resonant
dc/dc converter
3-phase input
LLC transformer
HV DC output to battery pack
Common Mode Filter
12V output connector
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10. Machines and Drives
DC brushed motors
DC brushed motor used
in evs
• In early 1900 the dc brushed motors were used in electric vehicles as
their torque speed characteristic were relatively desired
• But The DC motor drives are no more in use for driving EVs due to
their lower power density, the irregular wear and tear of the carbon
brushes and communicator, lower efficiency.
Torque speed
characteristics of DC
brushed motors
Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor
BLDC motor have potential for competing with induction motors as
there torque speed graph is desirable and can be improved easily they
have advantages like4
• High power density
• Higher efficiency
• Efficient dissipation of heat
However, these motors inherently have a short constant power region .
And due to availability of better options these motor are not
used
Permanent Magnet
Brushless DC Motor
Torque speed characteristics of
PM BLDC motor
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11. INDUCTION MOTOR
The induction motor drives use different strategies (Algorithms) to control the torque speed output
• V/F method
• FOC (Field Oriented
Control)
• It provides good range of speed.
• It gives good running and transient performance.
• It has low starting current requirement.
• It has a wider stable operating region.
• Voltage and frequencies reach rated values at base speed.
• The acceleration can be controlled by controlling the rate of change of supply
frequency.
• It is cheap and easy to implement.
• Improved torque response.
• Torque control at low
frequencies and low speed.
• Dynamic speed accuracy.
• Reduction in size of motor,
cost and power
consumption.
• Four quadrant operation.
• Short-term overload
capability.
AC Induction motors offer enviable operational
characteristics such as robustness, reliability and ease of
control
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12. • DTC (Direct torque
Control)
• There is no need to use
coordinate transformations
that are computationally
intensive.
• There is no need to perform
feedback current
control.
• The motor torque can be
directly controlled so that
the torque response is much
faster
•The most mature commutator less motor drive system
•Can be operated like a separately excited DC motor by employing field orientation contro
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13. Machines and Drives
• The PMSM motors have advantage of better starting torque over the induction motor
• Input energy requirement is less
A permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) uses permanent magnets embedded
in the steel rotor to create a constant magnetic field. The stator carries windings
connected to an AC supply to produce a rotating magnetic field (as in an
asynchronous motor) and rotor has its own field
• a smaller size for more compact mechanical packages and, more importantly, higher
efficiencies
• Installation and maintenance much easier)
• Ability to maintain full torque at low speeds
The control strategies used in PMSM are
• Flux weakening control
• Sensor less Field oriented control
• Good for low speeds
• high speeds cause back emf issue
disadvantages
A permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM)
A permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM)
Torque speed
characteristics 13
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14. Syn Reluctance Motor
Advantages if compared to Asynchronous or Permanent Magnets rotors:
• Rotor without permanent magnets.
• No fundamental rotor losses (I2R), highest possible efficiency. • No rotor slip (additional
losses).
• Easy maintenance if compared to PM motors.
• “Cold rotor" (low bearing working temperature).
• good for high speeds
• No back emf issue
• What we understand by reluctance
• What happens when slots are cut into iron
• When will rotor attain low reluctance state
The motor produces reluctance torque
Synchronous Reluctance ROTOR Mechanical construction of the rotor seems to be quite simple
since does not require aluminum /copper casting or magnets assembly but its design is complex
due to the particular “shape” of the rotor slots that must keep the necessary robustness with a
minimized connection sectors between the rotor “poles”.
Synchronous reluctance motor is a synchronous electric motors , the torque of
which is due to the inequality of permeance (magnetic conductivities) by
quadrature and direct axes of the rotor, which has no field windings or
permanent magnets
Syn Reluctance Motor
ROTOR
Speed torque
characteristics
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15. IPMSynRM (Internal permanent magnet synchronous
reluctance motor)
• A IPMSynRM motor is created by combining a PMSM motor and A
SynRM motor thus giving us a totally new and
• IPMSynRM technology is known to us for a long time but now
engineers have developed technology capable of utilizing these
motors in the EVs
• The control strategies are bit complicated for this type of motor and
complex algorithms are there
the IPMSynRM motors take advantages from both motors such as
• the motor works in reliably and efficiently at both low and high
speeds
• Cold rotor
• No rotor slip
• Input energy requirement is less
This new technology in some form is being adapted by major EV
manufacturers such as tesla motor , lucid motors , genral motors EV
prototypes ,tata motor and many more
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16. Transmission system
• Role played by transmission system is providing torque to the wheels via axel
• Transmission systems used by EV manufacturers
• Why most of manufacturers use single speed transmission
• What are the advantages of single speed transmission
• What matters output of the electric motor or the transfer of torque by transmission system in a EV
• Multi geared transmission systems
• Advantages of multi speed transmission
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Single speed
transmission
Multi- speed
transmission
open diffrential
in transmission

17. Reverse engineering of tesla model S drive train
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18. Reverse engineering of tesla model S drive train
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conclusion
• advanced era requires electrical vehicle and its modifications
• they are giving us combined advantages which are environment friendly more efficient and are reliable
• Induction Motors and permanent magnet synchronous motors are widely used by most of the EV
manufacturers
• IPMSynRM because of there advantage are being introduced in the EV's large manufacturers like Porche
,Tesla have satarted utilizing this technolodgy and many startups like lucid motors are also testing these
motors for there EVs
• The traction motor drives are complex but at same tie efficient and are using smart algorithms to control
the vehical like V/f method ,FOC

20. Thank you
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