The document summarizes key details about the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, including:
- The disaster occurred on April 26, 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine due to a botched safety test and reactor design flaws.
- It resulted in radioactive fallout spreading over much of Europe. Belarus received 60% of the fallout.
- Over 200,000 people were evacuated and the town of Pripyat remains uninhabited due to high radiation levels.
- The disaster caused numerous health issues and economic costs for Ukraine, Belarus and Russia that continue to this day.
- International organizations like the IAEA and Red Cross have played roles in monitoring the aftermath and assisting affected populations
3. 26TH APRIL,1986
• Simulating a power failure goes wrong
• Reactor 4 tested for backup in times of power outage
• Rearrangement of core contrary to checklist
• Safety systems turned off
• Inherent reactor design flaws in the days of the USSR
• Uncontrolled reaction conditions
• Steam explosions occurred
• Open-air graphite ‘fire’ updrafts for 9 days
• Radioactive inventory (fission products) spreads over USSR and
Europe
• 60% of fallout landed in Belarus
4. RBMK : HIGH POWER TYPE-CHANNEL REACTOR
• Graphite-moderated nuclear power reactor (Generation
II)
• Fuel: 235U (State: Solid)
• Eu2O3 : to lower reactivity diff. b/w new and partially used
fuel
• Neutron Energy Spectrum: Thermal
• Primary Control Methods: Control Rods
• Primary moderator: Graphite
• Primary coolant: Light Water
• Status : Out of 26 blocks
• 11 operational
• 1 destroyed (Chernobyl Event)
• 9 cancelled
9. PRIPYAT (A GHOST TOWN)
• Population: 49,400 (before)
• 75 schools
• Town abandoned since
event
• Radiation levels still high
• Inhabitable for the near
future
10. • The external relative gamma dose for a
person in the open near the Chernobyl
disaster site.
• The intermediate lived fission products
like Cs-137 contribute nearly all of the
gamma dose now after a number of
decades have passed, see opposite.
• The impact of the different
isotopes on the radioactive
contamination of the air soon
after the accident.
17. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
• 190 tonnes of radioactive gas released
• 150,000 sq. kilometers of Belarus, Russia and
Ukraine contaminated
• 203 causalities
• 31 deaths (workers and firemen)
• Radiations made green forests: RED
• Made 10% of the land of Belarus unusable
• 3 million of those evacuated were children
18. HEALTH IMPACTS
• 270,000 cancers which are mostly thyroid till date
• 93,000 fatal cases
• 1800+ registered cases of thyroid cancer in children
• Leukaemia increased 50% in children and adults
• Cataract studies shows it occurred at 250msv
• Cardiovascular diseases occurred to emergency workers
• Leukaemia cases doubled after people been exposed
• Reproductive and hereditary effects were also seen
• Mental and psychological effects were also seen.
19.
20. PRECAUTIONS TAKEN
• Locals must change their clothes twice a day, and may not
walk in the woods for more than two hours a month
• Levels of radiation are printed in the newspapers and it
informs whether children could be allowed out to play
• To wash food at least five times in clean water
• Cattle are not supposed to graze in areas where the grass is
less than 10cm high so their mouths will not touch the earth
21. ECONOMIES OF THE EFFECTED
COUNTRIES
• Belarus will have spent a total of 235 billion dollars on
dealing with the radiation
• Budget goes towards the medical facilities
• Ukraine’s 5–7 % of government spending still for
Chernobyl programs
• Belarus government spending on Chernobyl is 22.3% of
the national budget
• But in present time it declined to 6.1%.
• Total spending by Belarus on Chernobyl between 1991
and 2003 was more than 13 billion dollars
23. THE IAEA
• Established in 1957
• Formed to promote peaceful use of nuclear energy
• To inhibit use for military purposes (nuclear weapons)
• Reports to United Nations General Assembly and Security Council
• An intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical cooperation in the
peaceful use of nuclear technology and nuclear power worldwide
• Came into the broader picture post Fukushima Daiichi and Chernobyl Incidents
• 3 pillars:
• Safety and Security
• Science and Technology
• Safeguards and Verification
24.
25. SAFETY OF RESEARCH REACTORS
• Site evaluation
• Design
• Construction
• Commissioning
• Operation, including utilization and
modification
• Decommissioning
• Release from regulatory control.
26. DESIGN OF INSTRUMENTATION
• The management system for Instrumentation and
Control Design
• Design basis for Instrumentation and Control Systems
• Instrumentation and Control Architecture
• Safety classification of Instrumentation and Control
Functions, Systems and Equipment
• Design guidelines for specific Instrumentation and
Control Systems and Equipment
• Considerations relating to the Human-Machine
Interface
• Software
27. MANAGEMENT FOR SAFETY
• Responsibility for Safety
• Leadership for Safety
• Management for Safety
• Culture for Safety
• Measurement, Assessment and
Improvement
28.
29. • Been running since 1990
• Governed by International Federation of
Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies with
local societies.
• primary objective is to address basic
health needs of those living in the regions
of the 3 countries affected (Belarus,
Russia, Ukraine)
• Core activity is cancer screening
• Provide psychosocial support
• Distribute multivitamins to children living
in radiation contaminated areas.
• The mobile diagnostics laboratories
(MDLs) provided thousands of people
living in the radiation polluted areas with
an opportunity to receive accurate
30. GLOBAL AGENDA GOALS
• Reduce the numbers of deaths, injuries and impact from disasters.
• Reduce the number of deaths, illnesses and impact from diseases
and public health emergencies.
• Increase local community, civil society and Red Cross
• Red Crescent capacity to address the most urgent situations of
vulnerability.
• Reduce intolerance, discrimination and social exclusion and promote
respect for diversity and human dignity.
31. CRDP-CHERNOBYL RECOVERY AND
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
• Was developed by the United Nations Development
Program and was initiated in 2002
• Aim is to return the affected to normal life by
providing support to the government of Ukraine
• Ukraine for elaboration and implementation of
development-oriented solutions for the regions
• Mitigate long-term social, economic and
environmental consequences
• Creates more favorable living conditions and to
promote sustainable human development in
affected regions
33. • Long term monitoring of the radionuclides: 137Cs and 90Sr
• To justify countermeasures, assess and predict future levels of
human exposure and contamination
• Create awareness in affected areas to reduce radionuclide intake by
humans
• Inform regarding changing radiological conditions
• Understanding parameters regarding transfer of radioactive material
in various ecosystems
• Determine the mechanism of radionuclides behavior in less studied
ecosystems
• With change in radioactive levels, frequency of sampling can be
reduced
34. • Leakage monitoring in primary pressure boundary
• Vibration monitoring of rotating machinery
• Evaluation of early degradation
• Demonstration of data integration into prognostic model
• Research Areas:
• Reactor and signal noise analysis
• Acoustic and vibration monitoring
• Prognostics and structural material integrity
• Instrument and equipment condition monitoring and
enabling technologies
35. • Better equipment along with
verification, validation and
documentation of fault data
• Widening global cooperation in
times of disasters
• Performance monitoring:
• Wireless technologies
• Power line data carrier
• Smart instruments
• Fieldbus technologies
• Data fusion
36.
37. - : A SAFE CONFINEMENT : -
THE SARCOPHAGUS
• Total investments: $ 2.3 billion
• To contain in the continuous radioactive emissions from leftover fuel
• Design Goals:
• Reduce corrosion and weathering of existing confinement
• Enable safe demolition of unstable structures
• Mitigate consequences of potential collapse of existing shelter or
Reactor-4
• Construction:
• Off-site construction: limiting radiation doses of workers to a minimum
• Arch fitted snugly over damaged reactor (excluding chimney)
• Arch easier to handle than a square box (previous sarcophagus)
