Chapter 2 history of management

Chapter 2
Principles of Management
Instructor: Sumera Kazi
July, 2021
MSMG 125 “Principles of Management” Instructor: Sumera Kazi, July 2021

Ancient Management
• Egypt (pyramids) and China (Great Wall)
• Venetians (floating warship assembly lines)
Adam Smith
• Published The Wealth of Nations in 1776
• Organizations will gain from division of labor (job specialization)
that is breaking down jobs into narrow and repetitive tasks
• Example: hospital team, cricket team, chef team …
Industrial Revolution (late 1800)
• Substituted machine power for human labor Created
• large organizations forecaster were required
• And here is the need for management

• The first formal studies of management.
• Emphasized on rationality and making organizations and
workers as efficient as possible
• Two major theories comprise the classical approach are;
1. Scientific Management
2. General Administrative

Scientific Management General Administrative Theory
Henri Fayol
Max Weber
Frederick W. Taylor
Frank and
Lilian Gilbreth

2.1 Scientific Management
The theory of scientific management (1911)
– Using scientific methods to define the “one best way” for a
job to be done:
○ Putting the right person on the job with the correct tools
and equipment.
○ Having a standardized method of doing the job.
○ Providing an economic incentive to the worker
.

2.1.1 Taylor’s Scientific Management Principles
 Father of Scientific Management
 Worked as a mechanical engineer in a company
 He saw continuous inefficiencies by workers there.
 Employees were using different techniques to do the same job and
there was no standard
 Taylor thought that this output was 1/3 of what was possible.
 Through these he urged prosperity for both worker and managers
 He introduced a scientific method to these jobs of improving
production efficiency called as “4 principles of Management”
 There are
1. Develop a science and replace the old rule-of-thumb method
2. Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker
.
3. Heartily cooperate with the workers
4. Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers.

2.1.2 Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
 Followers of Taylor
 Studied work to eliminate inefficient hand-and-body motions
 Focused on increasing worker productivity through the reduction of
wasted motion.
 Developed the micro-chronometer that recorded a workers motions
against the time taken to optimize work performance.
 They identified the 17-18 basic motions that a human body can do like
search, grasp, hold and measure against time, called as Therbligs.
 This gave a more precise way of analyzing workers exact hand
movements.

2.2 General Administrative Theory
 When management is seen from the perspective of the entire
organization.
 Focused more on what managers do
 What constituted good management practice as a whole
 2 prominent individual behind this theory were;
1. Henri Fayol
2. Max Weber

2.2.1 Henri Fayol
 A French Coal mining firm CEO,
 He wrote from his personal experience as he was manager himself.
 Where Taylor was working on scientific management, at the same
time Fayol’s attention was on activities of all managers.
 He was the first who identified functions that manager perform;
 Planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling.
 He believed that management is not limited to its functions like HR,
Marketing, Accounting, Finance but should be general to all business
endeavors, government or home.
 He introduced 14 principles of management, which are fundamentals
to all organizational situations.

 Developed a theory of authority
based on an ideal type of organization
(bureaucracy).
 Emphasized rationality, predictability,
impersonality, technical competence, and
authoritarianism.
2.2.2 Max Weber

Max Weber

3. Quantitative Approach
 Also called operations research or management science.
 Evolved from mathematical and statistical methods developed
to solve WWII military logistics and quality control problems.
 Focuses on improving managerial decision making by
applying:
 Statistics
 Optimization models
 Information models
 Computer simulations
 Example: Budgeting, Scheduling, Quality Control

3.1 Quality Management
1. Intense focus on the customer. The customer includes outsiders who buy the
organization’s products or services and internal customers who interact with and serve
others in the organization.
2. Concern for continual improvement. Quality management is a commitment to never
being satisfied. “Very good” is not good enough. Quality can always be improved.
3. Process focused. Quality management focuses on work processes as the quality
of goods and services is continually improved.
4. Improvement in the quality of everything the organization does. This relates to
the final product, how the organization handles deliveries, how rapidly it responds to
complaints, how politely the phones are answered, and the like.
5. Accurate measurement. Quality management uses statistical techniques to measure
every critical variable in the organization’s operations. These are compared against
standards to identify problems, trace them to their roots, and eliminate their causes.
6. Empowerment of employees. Quality management involves the people on the line in
the improvement process. T
eams are widely used in quality management programs as
empowerment vehicles for finding and solving problems.

4. Behavioral Approach
 Organizational Behavior (OB)
 The study of the actions of people at work; people are the
most important asset of an organization.
 Early OB Advocates
 Robert Owen
 Hugo Munsterberg
 Mary Parker Follett
 Chester Barnard

Exhibit 2–6
4.1 Early Advocates of OB

4.2 The Hawthorne Studies
• A series of productivity experiments conducted at Western Electric
from 1924 to 1932.
Experimental findings
•
♣ Productivity unexpectedly increased under imposed adverse
working conditions.
The effect of incentive plans was less than expected.
♣
• Research conclusion
♣ Social norms, group standards and attitudes more strongly
influence individual output and work behavior than do
monetary incentives.

5. Contemporary Approach
System Defined
• A set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner
that produces a unified whole.
Basic Types of Systems
• Closed systems
♣ Are not influenced by and do not interact with their environment
(all system input and output is internal).
Open systems
•
♣ Dynamically interact to their environments by taking in inputs
and transforming them into outputs that are distributed into their
environments.
5.1 The Systems Approach

The Organization as an Open System

5.2 The Contingency Approach
 Also sometimes called the situational approach.
 There is no one universally applicable set of
management principles (rules) by which to manage
organizations.
 Organizations are individually different, face different
situations (contingency variables), and require different
ways of managing.

“Popular Contingency Variables"
Organization size
• As size increases, so do the problems of coordination.
Routineness of task technology
• Routine technologies require organizational structures, leadership styles,
and control systems that differ from those required by customized or
non-routine technologies.
Environmental uncertainty
• What works best in a stable and predictable environment may be totally
inappropriate in a rapidly changing and unpredictable environment.
Individual differences
• Individuals differ in terms of their desire for growth, autonomy,
tolerance of ambiguity, and expectations.

Terms to Know
division of labor (or job
specialization)
Industrial Revolution
scientific management
therbligs
general administrative theory
principles of management
bureaucracy
quantitative approach
organizational behavior (OB)
Hawthorne Studies
system
closed systems
open systems
contingency approach

Chapter 2 history of management

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