ITALBA-MANUAL.pdf

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IMF-L!NTI INDUSTRIAL,
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RAW ~J/fr:;R TREArrH:l:llr AND Da!I1'ERALIUTION UNIT
OPE1UTINU MANUAL
N° p 130 Year of construction:
1976

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Data ____.._____·_____
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~~ I IL.?IANTI INDUSTRIAL!
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ifV. DATA
C>2
SmTIOlr I
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SIDTION' II DESIGN AND OPEP.ATIID DATA
smtiON III - OPERATION OF !NSTtLU'l'IOI',
AUTOMATIS}~ AND CON~ROL BOARD
SmTIOli IV
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S~'l'ION V
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fiW I
KAIJic'"TENAlCE, PROCESS COh~ROLS JJr.O
GE:NElULITIES ABOU'l' THE EVENTUAL TROUBLES
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Data ____________ _
IMPlANT! INDUSTR!A_....
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Prog.. ________?._ 13-=-o-
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1.2
2.
DfXAROONAT.A.'l'IOll i
Italfloc accelerated clariflocoulat~r spo. S'l~-c3-s..6oo•..-;.:;il~.1"-.C
S!~.o.C}-ll.550.3
II
CHEXICAL S':'ORAGE, PREPA.-::u.TIOU AND ME".L'ER!h"'
FILTRATION
Italba sand filters
D.fil!INERALIZATION
Ionia exohunge
TURBINE COliDEN'SATS DE-OILIHJ
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spo. ST-E-s..550..4 sh. 1-2
spo. ST-F.-.~~600.4 " 1+14
spc. ST-E 552.4 ,, 1+4
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__T_I!_I'JDUSTRIALI _ ---------1~~:~.-------------.
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Prog. p...no .m • • • i Comm. <;34 ll. . . I Sf£TIOli I Vor. ----;··;·;,;,~ .
0.0.0.0 - General
P'o.q:>OSO of the installatio;..n is the production Of
two main tYPes of watar, i.e. :
a.) make-up water· for the coolil'l6 to•<'~··~ ~~at~w
b) demineralized water for boilers teed
The installation is illustr~h!(l. in the balance
sheet P 130/1-5.0
Quality ot the above mentioned waters is shown
in table 1 page - Section II.
The ~aid quality refer to the design analysis
reported in the same table.
Subsidiaries purpo~es of the installation are:
- to equalize the demineralization effluents
- to recover turbine oi1y-condensate for boiler
teed use.
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' ITALBA ' Data _________
~~-~__,..____,. ___ ·----- IMPlAN~: lNDUSTRIA_L_I__ Es.::c.
rog. .. ..... _. ....... . ...... 1 omm. .. . ~ •
P P 1 1 0 · c 6':14 1l SE~T_roN_I ---~ Ver. __: ------
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F-..n·;.ose of the deca.rbona't!ii.ticn secrtion ia to modify,
thro...0~ tl.o addition of p:.:·op::::.J:" c)::.;;:nic.ela, ·.La
cht:mical-physical equilibric, of tb~ ··;.;~w w~; .·.<· 1
thus reducing the alcalinity and the ~vent-u.al
foreign matter, such as turbidity and org~~cs.
- Qperation
In the raw water, fed to the insth1-~.::.uon a oolution
or ferrou.e sulphate '-:'..ad chlorine w.:..t;;r are acid.itlor~ed
in line ..
The ad.dition is carried out in-line in order to
di_s,e,~§G of a proper tka for the mixing and oxid.atio:l
of iron, from ferrous to ferri~~·tlir.g totha
react·:rona ---~-·
The water enters the reaction chamber of ITALFLOC
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wherein 1t will be mixed rfi:tll. the l'ecyoled Uuclge ~~
e.nd 'With a euapenaio'~- of lime olurry. ?
Mixing and. reoyclina are ensured by meana ot a. dunl
wheel stirrer (rr.11 92o-A) driven by the variable
speed gear reducer. The recycle rate will be &st&-
blished during th0 fltart-up. In 'the inat&nee of
silting of the basin, the recycling capacity may
be reduced with the purpose of p:rt~mc·tG the thiokeni~
and evacuation of sludges.
A bottom scraper (~~ 920.D) will oonvey tho sludg~s
towards tho ex·t:raotion ~ono, preventing at the •em&
time the buildir~ up of deposits and &calea.
The sludges will be withdr&l-m by gravity.
Extr~ction time will be controlled by a timer, while
an automatic system will wash the pipes after each
extraction.
The decarbona.tor io equipped with vario·lla sampling
cooks for testing the concentration of the sludges
at the different levels of the clarification zone•
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~ Pag.___J____/__19-._
ITALBA S.p.A.
IM PI ANTI INDUSTRIALI I~=~~~---:-~~-- ----
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h -..ould be a good practice to provide a rod,
3-4 m J.ong, equipped with a. bottom white plata
(30 em. diameter) to control the height of the
sludges.
Chemical dosage ia automatically adjusted.
according to the feed water flow rate.
Hereunder, the reactions ooou:dng within the reactor.
2Fe+++ + 3 Ca(OH) 2
Mg co3 + ca(on)2
The products of the above reactions have low
solubility and thert;~fore precipitate producing
aludgee.
The resulting sludges, mainly conaiating of calcium
carbonateo and ~~ai~
and,_!!'on -~§idea lt!.~e
reoyoled into the reaoti<m ohtilllQ~l" eo to be intimately
mixed with the feed watert thus_aotiE£__~fl~()<?.llJ:f1~ion
and Cr.l!~&llizatJon nuolea.
~~ main flow, from the reaotion zoner through tho
upper turbine, will pass to the upper flocculation
area, and finally flows into the outer ola.rific.ation
anulal' space. ]}J.rir.,g the final passage goes thro1.~.gh
the bed of pre-formed sludges, where it depoaitu both
the impurities and the suspended particles containedo
Clarified. water ia oollEhi'hd into radial channels 1
flowa into an a.nular ohal'l.ti.Ol outside the basin, and
t'1nally into tho f"eed.ing ohtmnol of the oolhotion
basill !<J!! 926,
This final oha.nnsl is equipped with a manual gate
and an overflow weir.
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I ITAI.BA !
~·--/ · IMPlANT! INDUSTRIAU
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When f!-:0 gato is prop•.r-l;y operated, the lovt:l
int .. -,.ne basin may be ra.:Lsed, ir. til. mann.,_.l as
to :.:..::i.m the surface ley-er of the water ini.::: the
ra<iial channels, thu.s removing the eventu.al
fioati~T matter.
'I"h.rough a further contraction ot the gate. tho
aa.id substances ma,y bu re&cvod. maldntr the:a to
. be r;kl.®iH~d thro~.::.,;s-h the Cl"W'erflo'J•
By means of the p~po P 926 J..jB, a. certain
amount of deca.rbona:ted water, i& withdrawn traa
, the collection basin, for coolin& tow"'era make-up
while the l'emaining through the pumps P 923 A/B/0
flows to the filtration section.
The collection basin 2900 S1 has a capacity of
800 cu m. corresponding to an average residence
time of 45 minutes at nominal flow.
Thus enough time for completion of eveU.11al. post-
r-eactions is allowed. Sh<hlld tho content of organic
matters be high, the said extra tirlt~~ may 'be u.e~ful
for the best effect of chlorine dos~e excess.
It must be pointed out that the best operatin,
oonditiona of the deoarbona.tor, oau never be
completely automated. Autco.atio d.oaeae control
tor ohamioala provided to U1mplit,r the work ot .
the opero.tora.
As some parameters aa aloa.U.nity and 'turbidit;y
are not deteoted, the constant cont1•ol of the
operator is required to reach steady operati~
condition, to define the proper shtlge extraction.
Poor sludge concentration maa.na poor ~l·::alini"t,y
removal and poor clarification.
Excess of slud&e can produce a leakage of turbidity
in the outflow of the clarified water~
Tho dosage of chemicals and the aluc!ge dre:w-ott
are carried out by means of automatic deviceu
accord.i:c1g to th.Gl qua..'ltity of ra.w water ted to
the Italfloo.
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D!:JChiZIONE MCL.::FICA
R£V. Df1iA AIWA
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Prog.... P.. 130.............. , Comm....... 634 M
...... I SmTIO:tl I IVer. --·- ------ ..
1-------~- e •· --:-~-~~
1 - The flow rate of cl._orina gas is continously
controlled and proportioned to the flow rate i
of raw water. I
2 - Lime, ferrous sulphate w~~ polyelectrolyte
dot>ag.::::. and sluaee draw off are intermi"ttently
operated.
In tht case 1) the incoming ::'""'"' ;;;;..ter is oontinou.sly
mea.surud by FR 1 e.nd tha chlorine flow rato h
controlled by tht) inatrument loop FR/F'l'-1 which
final signal actuate a pneumatically operated valve
included into the chlorinator.
In the case 2) each dosage ia controlled by a impulse
counter ahd a tim-:;r, both placed on the control board
front and presc1;tuble to the d:-<'>ired value.
The impulse counter gives the frr'.<fi.lency of the ,_t,;,sn,t;e
(actuating t~ic: metering p:.::lp or co:ctrol valve), the
timer gives the dosage tir<1e.
The impulse counter h;:,s to be setted to a definite
incoming raw water quantity.
When tha counter totali~es the pre-aetted quau-~Uty,
the automatic system:
- starts the metering pump or opens the valve
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the timer
• r.-aa~a the impulse counter that begins ag&in thQ
impulse counting,
When tha presett~::d time is reached, the timer atope the
pump or closes the valve.
The cycle will then begin again.
The figures to be set on the impulse-counter fLlld. on
the timer are indicated on the section ,.Design and
operating data".
If the unit~-y dosage or the quantity of sludge to
draw oft have to be changed only the timer has to bs
re-setiod while the pula&-oounter figure oan remain
unchanged.
For more dateiled instructions on ITALFLOC see the
specification: s·r-C3-s.600.4
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lfV. DATA fll!MI I DESCRIZIONE MO~IF!CA

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.. -~-~PIANT 1
__ IN D_ US_!~-~~_!:_~_____ .
' O~at..
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n c ITALYLOC(R) ia a.n Ace ,;.;rated .UuJ.JL,~ hl.~•t typ~ f'liL-:iri:.:ulatiQ.Zl
ciaritier, uatld fur th..: ;~.. ,:.J.e cl~W·i!icaticn oa· tr;;.~· the ao::'tmiJ'--.i
of vatu-a ohtA.lli..W by &.l.l.-.u t.i.lt)ll of coa.&;uliUlta uaijt;;;r of c:.h~w;:;;~
- a -.ixin& lllJ:':.d r•.zocticn ~n• where occu.ra &n ut~tu c.ootac:t
betve011 th~ w•ter to be tru.hd, chadcu aa.i reeircclaud ;.lud&u.
-· & !loccul.atiotl r.one ill"'t tho noel tend w iAcreu~ ~ ""L.~r•
&n eYt~<atual. co&lulMtt addition ia carded out.
- a clarification ~.;)thl where the va.ter uptlolti.t:.f.&. to th ~· II'.Jl'face
tow&rda the overflow channu1 leaves the :..u!!>~ed "ttera.
- a ceutra.l pit for &atherin.i ru:ld t.hiclt:<UUn& the alud1,c
- a 0.1%bin6d device !or b: , toa acn.pi.Jl.& and all.!l.iJ• recircul.&tiOil
- a U.!''iu ot &uttera for clear vater.
- a aertu of u.aple int&ku.
The It&lnoc perfonunco ia re.la.tod to the wcll~wn pouiblli ty
to reduce the ru.ction time by koepintt in the re&ct:io,n cbaaber, "-
hi&h ooncWltnUor. ot aluda;oa which are a.cti114 aa crowth nuclo.
However, to aYoid aca.le tonu.tion oil t.he ~ bottoa, aucb a b.i.-.i.l:a
ia equipp¢-d vith a bottoll acrapor th£t covers all the flat part ot
it tb~a tacilitatin& the aovecuent ot the llud&o toward the r"ction
chaabv a.D4 te~t.na UAtinuoualy the oentral 1uap. ln u.e ca•••,
auch a aoc:haAiaa &llova to trans!ona the central ll.&P into a rw
~ud&• tbickcer, thua aapllf:rlll.& where noceaaary• t.h.~ toll.tiar.iJ:l&
treatiaenta.
69
In tho hi&h capacity oqu..iptaenta 1 the alud&e recirculation 1a &djl.Ult~le
by IMAN~ of a variable apce.d &ear reducer.
Thia op.ration allov~o lliOdity recirculation t.D4 atirrin& accor'diu,
to the ho4 now' to the floc fl'&£1li ty' to the tlud&• qu.i.JltJ.ty.
Tbe recirculation e~.pac.i t)' U.)' t'fiiJ'ij[.fJ fro.ta 1 ~ 4 t.Ulcl we ~tu~
flow.
For all the above aentioued, "lTAl.Fux::(a)tt can be defined .u a al~.&•
reci.rcW.ation &ecalerated t:rp.41 clari.flooculi.tor, ani illwaa
- lov reaction tiaoa,theretore a&All volumes
- hi&h uptlow rate of tho wator thua amall occupitld areu
- hi&h alud&• concctrAtion thua aapli!ica.tion of al~g• d"'"'"'teriJl.&
•:r•t••·
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OESCRJZiONE MOO.FtCA

OPERATiel~
(ctr. ST.CJ.a.S50.3)
'!be raw i.'<t. ter ia !ltd into the ruction challlber vhere it <~:·.:.tera
in intiut• contact with the aludge &:ld 'lll'..tth tho che::ai.c.U.(i;,
The reaction r.one ia kept a..&i t ~ 't(JJ. by the loww turb.i.i:l'* o:t -~~ <~>
.re1circulat:ion &.ad llixinl unit.
rroa the reaction uea. the IILixture eutua the flocculatioa
chaaber J>'8pod by the UPP'l..r turbine. In thia aru &entle ai~
allowa tlocs grow~.
Then the aixture rea.chea the anule.r &reA external to the nocc~
lation dna, lia1tat~ by the extena&l d.ia~ap, p.aa.i.n& aubaGq,uee
tly in the clarification %one.
'l'he.r'e occurs the up&ration of the auape.nded aattera rota..i.wltd
pa.rtly by filtration throut,h the »lud'e bl.wk~t, p4.rtly by tJ..a.ple
aettlin&.
The cle&r water ~pfiova toward the radi.e.l. collectin£ &uttu.t~, a.nd
froa there towcu'd the peripber&l cha.nnel.
1be alud&.. -.;,ve tovard tho reaction area by the auction effect
ot the upper roter ~ 1et out accordin( to a &rQWin& don.ity
toward the bottOfll.
The leu thickened part of the alud&e ia aucker.i by the lower tu.rbJ.n.e,
Yhereu the thicker layers are divertcd by the bottoa scraper to
the &atherin& 111.1ap where they &re co.nce.ntrated, helped in that bJ
the 1lov aov•un. ef the a,itator which k.eepa tht dl.idCI; thou.p
thicker • •••ily vitb4J·awa.bl•.
The alud,e •xtraction can bo cu-ricd out by vavity or by ae&llt of
ao-cl.ouin& typo JMIII.plt (Screw type or torque fiow typt! pu.lltpl).
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OESCRIZ!ONE MODifiCA

1~!1----_
Pre.·:.
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ITALBA S.p.),,
lMPIANTI INDUSTRIJ,d
Cor(:;:..

N. ··.~ :;'-Q..l-:J.._
Pag. - J_ __j_
· Data __
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STARTIOO AND RUNNil~)
Thia chapter ia li..~.i tod to t. .. ,: ~-.:-itcnt.~".tion of the pri.nciplea the
op-erator should k.no1 to b• &blll to lnt" .~tere cr& t:~:'i nwnin& wbcu
i~ ia DOt at ita hi&heat e!fici~ncy.
It ia iapoa&ible to indicate ~·eciae nuaerie&l values &a thor
depend entirely ou the tl"(;&~:cnt that ITA.L.fr..::c i111 rt([.'-ll.red. to
accoapliah and on the proceu U5&d to &•t it.
Such v&luea auat btt ta.kcn froa the ae-ction 1 !>e:d.p1 ~ op&r&.ti.n,1
cl&U- 11
of the opa'&tilll i.natructic..u.
§TARTING
takin& inte account that titt correct ru~ ot &n ~ccelerat~d
b&ain at nCGipa) and peak Wder flOWI• ia strictly ~lOWl~Cted. td.dl
the pr•unce ot al~Jd&e at ril,ht levala "''"':d cow:entrii.tiona, &JJd
with ita a.ccueratin.c efhct on the c.uealic&l reacticw.#_. it ia
advisable tu atart up th~ plant at a r~duced nov rate.
Aa a Mtt.r ot fa.ot upoit Harting ITAL¥1..CC t'lma aa a clauic.t.l
flocculator followed by a atatic clarifier.
Therefore the auu.ptiona of th• full load co.nditio.t:UI are AOt
valid.
The firat aiM t4 reach ia to obtain a certain alud&• concentration.
the tiae neceu&.l")' to rh.ch the runni n& conditiona depend.a on tho
auapolld..t aattera CO&lteAt or on the precipi.t.&ble aubata.n.ca contained
in the raw water &Dd 01:1 the quantity of chif:lilllic.&l.J u.a.t ia tbe
trOI.t.IIOZ~to
However, upon 1tutinc it ia uau&l to bocin witha
• Raw water nov not beyond 50 - 7f1f. of the an::1wa c.apcity•
• lti&h recirculati114 flowa to recirculate the u.:Jda111 qut.ntity ot
the alud&• which ha.a be~ torued
• Chtliildc.la doa&&• o.xceedi.A£ the ateady atate Yaluea..
. Roducad or none elude• extraction.
It ia neeeuary to bear in ra.1.D4 thl.t upon lt.Arti.a.& tbtre e:Q.•t a
tranaitory ph&1e due, to1· ~tiLllce, to postrea.ctioaa in the cl..u'i-
fication area.
In the IT.U.JILOC tollow.-1 by filtera thia ia aca.rcel.J ba..ratal aa it
ahortena only tlM cyclic throU£b,put o! the tiltera.
On the contrary when the IT.AlJl..OO effluent ia ueed a.s it ia, it uy
be necea:ll&ry to vasto all o1· part ot tho treated water, u.si.Jl& tho
adju.atable veira or tho interception alido &&tea in~tallod on the
cha.zmela ot the outvard watc;.r.
IU. i:.tlA RDA DESCAllt0NE MOO!HCA
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ITf:..LBA S.p.A.
IMPIAIHI INDUSTRIAL!
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The re&Ctii,;·U pH ia a ~&Aeter to be checked ace~~~:H.;;; :i 1:.a.rticula.dy
vhen ao!te-ning l.i required.
It cha.•.1tU a.ccordirl& to the type of r::.:r,~-~;:ut u~!iid and it lhould ba
kept constant 'Within a na.rr,,.... rU~.&• (u~u~lly ± 01 2 ¢!). Wh«i ~
doaqe correcti;.;.,n ia C&l·r; v.::. (;-ut to ra.;.;.J.ify tha pH, it ia nc.c::n: <;-IJ.l7
to wait lO + 30 1 before 111l&luatinc ita of!octa ill ordv tc ta.<..,
into accou.nt the 4el&y cauaed by the volume of tLt; reacti;..n ~'~-,-~.
Good flocculation dopcads on tho ;;.·~...l~<:~.n: doa1..4o( '~<~.1_•:.:-~--" c~~t.;;
r~e a doaaco increase impn.lVllo.:i t.ho floc_~-~~ ~yoQ.i it h4 ;a
no further e!t'i~ency) and on the value of the c. .:circulation 1·1-te.
Ms, adjuata.ble in the r.a.nge ~:_3 t- ls-l re&&rdt to the i.nltt nov
ia kept &t a atartin& value around 3_, and C&D h• ~itiod i! no-
cesu.ry1 ta.k..i.n& into account u a &•u.~r&l rule that&
• Recirculatio.a i..ncrea.aea brJ.p thtt al!Jd1e return, the incre-!:' e !.n
f!os• t,rowth &oDd aofte~~tfe~t; decro.au helps "" qu.b.:~•-.o.:~·
aedimen.t~tion ef aludi;l;~ tlms reducing th~ con.;;;:..;:.:. r ,_ tion iu ti1~;
f•a.ction oonu.
Oll.ce a au!!ici~::.·;.. flocculation h£;j b~:11ll re».:®«i, dteck tho r.:~....:Lu
increase aludtlll ~~-ce.ntn.tion_, either in the reactor or iu the
extern&l bod, ao that to control the correct l"UWlitl,l of thtt
ITA.L~ vhich, in aonul conditiona, ahould proaent the !ollollfiD.&:
indicativa ch.ar.acteriaticaa
- clear water at outlet
.... upper l.1.ldt of alud&ea about 2 a. wader tho water fret laval
- alud.&• concNatr•tioA 1n tho reactor ai.Wh to obtaic. a ao:liact
voli.IM atter 3• ot about 1S-2QC of tho u.apl.• volUM with '
liapid over'll&tAAt water
- whoa auch a vat•r ahova thin a.n4 acatterod llud&•J thia iii due
to a bad !loccu.lation~ UDcon·t)ct pH, uncorrect don.:••
- conce:otration in tho dud1• auap& not lower tll.l.ll 1%
- concentratio&:L ilL tho dud&• bed& docrea.sin& upward !rca 0~5 t4
o,l%
'Q~ INCREASE A.,I STftJl!lNQ.
It can bo ca.rried out after h&virJ.~ reached a aatiayinc rurw.in&
with rega.rJ to the pr.vioua coDJitions.
The rate incre&se should be carriod out &radu&llr with iu.;rea.u
~t beyond 10% ot the doelli&~L flow, letting the ha.sin to ••ttle
~o!' aoae time befure a new variation be ca.rriod out.
Ylow variation' ahould never L~ sudden.
The re&&~t do•&.&•s ar.h~uld follow tho flow rate incr.ca.ao.
""""
- - -- -·-- ··-
-· -- - ... ··-
. ,..._....
If¥. 1».m Rl.'C.~ ~ESCHIZ.IOI'~E M001F1CA
-
I

----------·--------------~--~~--
I - 1~r A LBA s.p.A.
! liliPIANTI INCUSTRIAU
1----------------· ... ·- .. --· ... . ···-- ·-··
; Ver.
1 Prog. I Comm. I
a------------------------.......-----------··-----~
DOSAGE SEn'IhJ UP
Aa lTALFLO-~ r~:.%::hu the ~J-4~1 runnin& conditi-. "•· tl.~~ doaa&c• aro
suitably ~v<L.fi6d d~ tv tho i<U.niaua vuuoa con.Ustent vith £000
vorkin& conditi~.
AUTOMATIC OP£RATJ£!
In ~oae pl.Ulta, autom.atiu ia con.n.cto.i Gnly after th"' coapl~te
aetti.A& up ot the atUl.U&l cycle h&a bMU c.uriecl out.
PREX:AUTIOOS
With the auuriptioa that the I'l'.U..FLCX:: e_f~icit~UCJ de~a ~iDly
on the ctf~ct of the alLld&• reclrcul&ti~ it lhould ~ t&kc
into account thata
- 'nio raw wa.tor lhould not &a under & :k;'~ -valu~ {avera&e
25 - 3C1 of tht~ nt.~adn&l value} to •;Asurc tb.a.t the contributl.vn
or alud&e of nw fflnution can b~, ~-.a.n.c• the old one which L.r,a
be~ID extracted.
Only in a.>ao lpocial ClUU C&n b4l allowed l"..l.llSliJl& &t U0 fiov
dttiiver)i and in any can tor no aorc th4t.n 24 bow-a &Ad provided
the recirculator r.._.i.Ju in o~ation.
On the contrary, the dud&• aottlea completely and cannot be
recirculated &DJ ~re. Ther•tore it ia n.c•••~ to atart all
ov.r aaa.in.
- '!be nov variations should be e&rried out alovly.
It ahould 0. couidered that the aludge bed aettled for b. certain
tlov expands and relaaea the thin auapended utter when the no.v
incre&SUj Well the fioV decre&iU1 th• sludge shrinka u4 teed
to thicken.
- rho balance of the ayat• 11 obtai!Wd by pro&ruvail1 the alud&e
extraction; the quantity axtracted ahould oorrtapocd ia &Ycra&e
to the productd one.
- An axceodin& conc.ntration particularly in tho reaction thaaO.r,
iodica.tea a lana reaide.o.ce ot alud&e in the b&ain, therefox·e
emauation &D4 cl•&ra.d&tion ot the aaao/vith ....u noel dit!1cult
to aettle.
The aituation oan be iaproyed by reducing the recirculation AAi
extracti.nc the alud&• troa the p.therin.g auap, ope.rati.D& alw&)"ll
gad.u&l.ly not ao &•t the oppoait effect.
~-- ---·-
~=u:v:.::u:T:l~:~::A::::::::::::::::::::::::::D:Es:C:R:I:ZI:O:-N_E--_t_<~-0-~-f-~-~-·-·-·-·-·--~::::::::::::::-.~J
}~. 3

/
r-----.......------------~-,----------,-.--:-=-::~-r:-:~
! ITALB J.. S.p.A. ~~St~-~~~:
; ! D<i~<l .
iMPlANT I IN D USTRIALI ______I E$UC.
j-Pr·--og--.------ -----~-C~n~~--- --- -·-------~-------- j Jer.
i----------·-·---·-··----....:......______.____":'"'l~,_·--;
It should t:Je taken in conaideration that h.ouuae ot thit
IT.U..n.oc vol~.~, a certain period of ta~ ia required ~fore
tho effect of ot.. correction •a.de, be valued.
- Not correct siud.&e :·.onc~.uu~a.tion.s, reduce tho ace €:r<~tin& effect
Of the re&.CtiQ.~I and :Jf C.i fi~,ccul&tiun.
lbis can be i.u&proved by decroasin& tho e.xtra.ction, by !Acrea.si.r,-~:.
the recirculation A.l-...1 eventually the don~ea too.
- It is uuful to pl. d.. up sludge :sa.:aplu frequott.ly 1
I.Dd to ltW..II..iw.·-.
their conce::.nr~ttion in order to check the correct 'fal.uo.
- It is absolutely neces::Jary to proceed vith daily a.nalysis of the
raw vater &nd ot the treated ono, to Check tho ef!icic-..n.c/ of the
treatment carried out and to contona in due t.i&e the d.oa~oa ot
chaaic&.l.s.
'nli s is illdispenubl t vhen softwnc ha.ve te be obta.inod,. it
&utoutic control BY :..teas have net b.Gil forea•c.
f--· · - -
DESCRIZIONE MODIFICA

/
~~~r~~~~~~~-

o.ta_ _
flee.
-i Ver. -
The only
recirculator-caixu -scraper sy~-. '.:..a.
D<;cJI..llcd chara.ctorintics o~;,. such an cquipae:n.t are presented on
c:-~· tL~ ;;;peci!ication of the zacchanica.l apparatu&.
Therefore it is absolutely necu:,ctry to include ITAI..Ji'LCC in th;.:o:
unita wi1~r• a pro&r&J:I&lnta.i ..:~.,.inten.::..n.ce ia foruoCft1 l!IO that to proceed
to re&ul&.r che~ o! ope1·ation and u.int~t.a.nce, i ·•· a
- Replacement or lubricant tilling
- Checki.n& of the aa.!ety devices for ovcrl;Jadi.J:I&a
- Checking o! U1o abaoq.Jtiona of moto.-a u.l!d ot workJ.n& coupl.ea ot
the units
- Replacement o! the belt of the variable apeod r •
...::.:.r
f_f
- Checld.n& o! the pullcya, b-oau·ln&a, joint ri.A&I <Ut.c., ot the vuia.bl.e
speed r<.diJCor
- C'Jitckin& ot the inaulation am o! t.L.c conditioau o! th• d.ectrical
tu~ui.paent
We remind that trouble in the unit aeru.ua the coaplete atoppin.& of
the lTAl...fUX!; therefore it ia a.dvisabl~a to have a &ood supply o!
aparea 1n order to !ace at the ri&}lt tiae ovGntual t:roubl...
Other important pointe to be considered&
• Carr,. ol.lt froa tiae to t.iae cleanin.g ct the &ath.,'i..n& vatU" &ltt~a
to m.a.inta.in hydraulic equ.i.libril..l.lll of tho :syet•.
- Check: the coDiitiorua of the ra.v wator and rN.&Dt !...S. pipea.
~- .. -- ---- - .. - ·-· . - --- -· ·-···-
1----+-···--1--1-------------·----~-----------1
DESCRi:ZiONE MODIFICA

/
ITALBA S.p.A.
U.. Mft&o MJ be carried out t;;:,, tho IJ'OWld. ot the "ml.uea
in thAt tr®&-c;.d w.tor ot the phcutllpat.ald.A (T.A.,) aJ "aH.nitJ'
a.nd •e~l Ol:all&llll alkal.init)' (T•.l..O. ).
Tb.trefon w b&v.u
T.l ~~+ o.s liaa W~t
TA
-TAC + o.s corr>:,.Ct d.oa&&l
l
!A ~-¥- ... o.s liae ._..••
fbe T.l &114 f.W T&l.uea to be includN :t..n tha fonul&o an
...,.•..s iA rnao.~a da&rH• (•r).
:i:indn&tian of tho aet:il Of&tll! MMliftit..'[ {f/&} y4 p!so-
__ii!i iii;liii1ii (T
I,_
To 100 oc ot w.tw &44 2-J 4ropa ot phonolpht.alata.
Tit.nto with ~ N/100 till to tbe puaqe 11'011 reel 'to a..
lGW"ltlle ~ CODJaptiol GpNI.a.d 1n cal a.U.tipllM
by so 1n41oato t.be pltnolpht&lein aprele.d. iA ppa eaco3.
fb.a ..W 2,-3 ....,. of aeth)-1 onn&e without cban&in& tbe ..
..-..llllfliiL.i',l~Ma.
titrate without ,.._oatabliabin& t.bA level in the burette •Ul .
tbo paoaa.ce of oaleur f I"CCIIi yellow to on.n&•.
Tho total ..:1 of acid conuaed in both d.oterain&Uona aultt-
pl.ied b,- SO &iYo tb.e •aluo of aetbyl ora.n&e alka.l.initJ 4lilll»l'e~
oe4 ill ppa c..co3.
!be 'falt.aaa ot llkalSA1tJ 1A •r an 11W1 tillU el tboM cq~
1A ppa c.co3.
-- ------·------· -----~-- ··-··--- --··-· -·· ...
- ---·-·1- ---··----- ··--··--······-
I-IR-.-I-Iol-l-I.+-MIU-"'-----------0-E-SC-R-IZJO_N_E,__M..,.O-.Oit;~ • ••.
f£-
..__.._...__......._,_~------------------------~-!
Wed. a

~------------------------,----------------------------..--~------------~
~" ~•"":"f.·--r:-m i t. ·i"' ;fl;; L. t:-~: ,... II ~·-- ...6-,- i 9--
t;.' .~:.<4-'--t..:.,t!!:J
1
~ j _ ¥ I.: :;;.p.A. ag.__--f__ .. ··-·
I ITA I.BA ' 1 Data____ ----·. ______
L__._ 1
____.. . _ IMP I A rJ T!__
1N_D_U_S_1_Ri_ ~_L
__
I __________I E&,;;c.
I Prog.... P .1.30 ....... i Comm. . .634 M... I SE>:::'I'ION I l Vcor.. --····--·---···
-·----·---·---d·'-
Ferroun li.~iphate, lime end polyeleotroli:,.J
....r·e available in bag<; of varoua eizes ~teLl ~torad in a
auitable aroa of th<> dos~ building. tl'i.;.lli handling
from t:L-a td.,~L'age tu·c:o. to the poh: ~ of prtiparatio:u is
carried out cy meanH of hand op0::'.~ted hui~ts.
The chlorine is avai 1able, as liq:u..td l'c:.:·.. , in 500 Kg.
capacity drums stored for ~Ja.iety reru;h>~., . , tLdr ovn
room.
~u:pose:
To prepare the chemic~ls in the for.n and qusnttty
required by the proc&so &ld to uute1• them &1.rl.>~ii.ti
ce.lly according to the &ctu;:;.l conditions.
- Lime area
Sinoe the lime ia available aa OaO atones, 2-l" max
size* it has to be slaked in a auitable ~lit,
The operator has to open the service water ~o both
enda or the alaker rotatin« drum and till with CaO
atob&a the hopper of the screw conveyor. The lime•
transformed in Oa(OH) 2 is discharged in the lime
solution basin ME 921 ()(.E 922 is connected viU. the
pumps P 920 A/B, one aa a apare), where a small tlov
rate of service water is simultaneously conveyed
through the valve 09/1 SD3.
'rhe OaO stones feed to the hopr~er has to be stopped
when the full quantity of lime, necessary to prepare
a whole basin of 5% solution, has been charged.
Due to the high inerts and impuritioi content in the
lime, tho opertlto:z• lllu.at d.raw oft thQ'Jll trCQ tho end
f}
of tho slaker at each hour or more frequcmtly at.Ooordil'-4'
to the actual content or impurities.
.;.
J-Rf-V-
...--DA_IJ----fi_:-!U~:~~·--:.~~--~~--~~~~~~~~--~~--~~-~--=--=~--:-_~~~~--D-._E-S......
--C
...
--
..R-I-~-~O-l'...
E""'··-~~-0::-D::_i_F-~I....
C~-A~--~~---~~..~---~--=~--=-·:_-__----~---=,_:~--~---~-~-------...
--_·:.,
Mod. 3

-
-------------------"· ------··-···--------" -·-..,~--------.,
~~~ l ITALB A S.p.A. l~~g._]' _f_'iL-
~ _______ _
___
I_M~l~_t'J-~~---1!·' ')USTRIALI ___1
1
~=!~~- . ·--------_-_
I Prog...... ____p__ l}O __ .. , Com~< . 63.4- M............ l SECTION ... '[_~ Ver. ----~.:~... ---·-------..f
.,_________________ -
··~.
Tte slaker and screw conveyor can be st~pp~i
.:.;;:u.;; -;; ime ~uter the fillj r:z with stones has
been car.ded out HO to .-~now to wash up the
internals of the slaker.
The valve 09,h SD7~ is automatically ctopped
by the high level switch of the bc.~::nn.
The stirrer l>'il>1 921 bas been f"<.::eseen ·t-':; ::.intain
the suspension of hydrated lil::·: and he!i ~·.J
op-erate cont inously.
When the basin ME 922 reaches the miniJ:ma level
the operator put it out of Opi;;-ation b.v clo~il'lg
the suction valvu 50 and put into operation ·l;•~'~
basin ME 921 •
'rhe lime alurry is purnr,::J. to the Italfloc by the
centrifugal pumps, channel typo impeller, through
the valve 09/1 SD2 opened by a tL1•er actuated when
a preset quantity water to Italfloc totaliz~d by
the pulse-counter 09/1-ET1a has been fed.
During the time between one valve openir..g a.nd the
subsequent one, the solution is recirculated into
its own basin, where anyway a. fixed flow rate is
alw~s recirculated.
- Ferrous sulphate area
Two tanka, ME 923/924, are alternatively in op•ration
and stand by. When the tank in operation reaohes the
minimum level the operator put it ou: of operation,
the second. into operation, and begins to prepa-re the
solution in the empty tank.
Each tank is equipped with a basket where the operator
feed the crystals of commercial FeS04•?H20t available
in b~a. The tank is then half-filled with water and
the stirrer started. ~ne operator fQllows to feed
crystals in the basket till the full quantity has been
oha~ged, th~n t1ll With wat&~ till tho mn~imum l•vel
ot solution has been reached. The stirrer remnins into
operation at least till when all the cr.ystal have been
dissolved into the water. It is advisable, however, to
maintain the stirrer in continous operation so to
ensure a uniform solution avoiding stratifications.
.;.
1-----1--------------------·----------------------·-------·---
1---1---li---1--------. -------- . -------- . -------------------- ------·· --- --------- --
lEY. DATA ARIA
~~1---li---II---------------~..............-------····---------J

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - · "'-~-----,-------·__-.,.;,_ _ _ _..,.._ _ _ _ _ _ _""1
I N.____ -------
ITALBA S.p.A. Pag.____B.._J.. --l-9 .
• Data___ .. . .
ITALBA
=~~ I.... _____ ____ _H~PIANTI INDUSTRIAL! __________I E::>ec. ..
1-t...--_-_-_-_-_,;..:_~...:,I_P_r_o;;.g...;.-~---~·.P;;.;.·;.;.;···1;,;,:3.;;,;0;;.;.
..;,;.;,
..;,;.;,
...;;.;
...;;.;
..._
.. ....;...!_c_o_m_m_._
.._
..._
..._t..;:.
_:,;_,4;....;.ld;..
.._.·--··-·..
I_2..,.:;.EC.;.;.;.;'l;.;'•r.o....
1.....
i . 1 IVer. ----·----- . ------
The mdering pumps P922 A/E (one aa a etand by)
protected b: : ilters will i;:,:."t:e the so! ~.tion from
the operati:1g tarJc, delivering it tc the ITALFLOC
feed. pipe. 'I'he tirue of operation of the pump is
controlled by a timer and. the int.::rw1 between two
operations is given by the ;r.Ut;;,; counter G9/1-Rr!'-1a.
A syste::1 for the manue.l we..shir~ of the pipe~:' and or
the pu;1:; ;; is provided.
From time to time, and every time :hen a pUt:iiJ is
stopped, the filters, the pumps and. th,:;. ~•a.ction
and delivery pipes must be waahed.
- Polyelectrolyte aN,f!
A tank for the preparation of the solution of
polyelectrolyte will be installed.
The tank is equipped with a powder dispenser
which •ill promote the dispersion of powder into
the water. The di&l1e!wer consists mainly of one
injector which, as d.t'iving f'luid, makes use or
the solution water. The depreseion caused by the
passage of the water draws in the polyectrolyte
powder through a funnel located above the injector,
or directly from the powder container, through a
hose.
The suspension thus prepared will then pass itrto
the solution tank, wherein it ia diesolvGd completely
by the stirrer MM 925. The soluiion ot polyelectrolyte
is then drawn out by the metering pumps P 9Qj A/B
(one as a stand Jy , each. pump proteoted
by filter), and fed to the flocculation section of'
ITALFLOC.
An auxiliary tank ME 925 B has been foreseen. It baa
enough volume to allow to continue the dosa«§ when
the solution 11 under preparation into the tank ME 925,
lt hu to be tilled. i:tl!llediatwly a..fier tht •oluHon ba.•
(~
been prepared in the main tank and remains out of operation
till the level in the tank KE 925 re~ohos the minimum
valuei Then the operator put out of' operation the main
tank and put into eervioe the auxiliary one till the
solution preparalion bas been completed, then inverts
again the tanks and so on.
.;.
1--,1------- -1----1---------------- ---------·--------------
-- ----l----1----------------------·--·--·-------··---·----··----.···-· -
lEV. DATA FilliiA DESCR!ZlONE MODIFICA
Mod. 3

/
------o.-..--------------------~·-·
ITALBA S.p.. ~.
~I.
~ iMPlANT! INDUSTRIAL!
I Prog........P..JJO.......... I Comm. 6.3-l_M______-_l- .. S~TION
1-----.:.-......;;..._....;.;.___________
- Gas.:· ·ms chlorine area
The chlorine, c~mtained as liquid. into drums of
500 Kg. ct~" ..;;i ty, flolo-s irn: :~ a header r:hich wiU
feed the chlorinator ME 5rt~ ~ 'l'h'' :._;;d. r:·easure of
the met:nng units is kept constant r•.Nugh a
pressure control valve 09/1-t<::V-2.
Th& water required for the dilution and for the
t.r<msport of chlorine is with-drawn frOi::, the ser-vice
WtJ.ter net at a pressure not less than 3 1
:~ Kg/sq em.
approx. The flow rate of the water flo1': r;g through
the ejectors of the metering u.nits ia , ~ <ttically
constant, while the flow rate of gaseoue chlorine
ie controlled by a control valve instellod inside
the chlorinator proportionally to the flow rate to
the I'l1ALFLOC.
Two further chlorinators (not included into ITALBA
supply) have been foreseen to make intermi ttant
chlorine addition to the main 70" coolir~g -water
header. In this case the water to feed th.s injector
i~ pumped by the booster pumps P 802 A/B.
The injection of chlorine will be contrwlled by a
timer.
Dosage i"o(D and storage room must in any case bG
equipped following local safety specifications.
~he PRerat~r too, must undergo ~l~~retJl~tio~R!
Coal Safety Work Instit~te and must be ~rovidad
of all required eafe'ty equiPffie,nt asz, breath~gg
apparatures (consister type gas maflka air OJ" ,O?Q'fi!Sll
breathing t~~a), container emergency kits, etc.
Storage and dosage rooms are equipped with tne fan
K 921 which will provide a proper d1' circulation
in tho room. It is &~lgl£Uted in not·illa.l Op'=ratiott,
to mantain the fan in operation to avoid local stag-
nation of chlorine gas.
If no leakages arises the fan conveys the air to the
atmosphere through a packed tower not operating•
.;.
'
i
l
I
I
----------·---·-----·---·-···-------------.. - .... -----------·-- ... _.___________
-- ----- -- -----·-----------·
RtV. DATA fiRMA DESCRIZJONE MOOIFICA

/
-I
' .
_____,_
IN.____ -------······-··
I :"l- -- _
_l_Q_J_..t.g__ -
l ; ~ ~ -- ~ ·-·· ----------
1 [..,_,...;.
SEC•!: Ci I--~ Ver. ___ _
___________
~i-----ITALB/~.. S.p.A.
~ IMPIANTI INDUST!-;;All
1
· · · .t 1 Prog........P ..130.. ... : Ccrf'.m. 634 l•L.......... I ,_, .,..,.,;. ,;;~·~............,...-,...._ .
In case of le.s.kages the operator put into o~: ':;·aticn
the absorbtion tower, darting tha pumps P92"( AjB
(one as a spare) 1 so tt'-' chlorine gas dr<:l; off the
roc.w flow-& upward in c;;u.nter(;OUI'rt:n;·t.; wit;. (~ KaOH
cc.lution recirculated from. the top to the bott•:.!1 of
"L.~.a tower·.
As final _.;,roclucts a solution of Sodium 'HT;och.::. o:.ite
and Sodium Chloride is obtained. This :.-oh.u ;;.11 must
be discharL "'J. im;o the equalization basin only.
---- ------------- -----------·--------------·
RfV. DATA FIBlU DESCRiZJONE MODIFICA
d-
I
,.
!
{
I
MOd.

r------.,.------------------··-'··-----~----~--------,
------- -· ~ ' i ,rJ LE~ A s.p.A. 1 N.________ · ---
F®~~iPr__P ___
0
___
,_M_P_tA~~!-~_,i~iJ_~--~-~R__r_A_L_I_,___ _ __ ___
__ ~=~-.-
1
-_
1
-
___ '=~~
I og.. .... lJ. ... . . Comm. _ :~ J•;_ ... i ~. '(:'i'L'.'i ' ! Ver. ___________
__.....________ ....~--- ,.......,_______
(}d-
- Purpoc~.
- O'!J·,~ration
-·
L•c;CarboJH~'·-'L i<iater is delivered by ths v..uups i·')_•_;. AjB/C/
to a. battery of ir:·avel filters cort.~ected in pa.re.llel
V920 AjB/C/IJ. '::.':;.;; f'lo~J rate is regulated by the V<~l.. :J
09/1 LIC 2V actuated through the level controller 09/1 LIC 2
located into the filtered water storage tar~ T-920.
Thus, the flow rate fed to the filters is proportional to
the actual requir~uents of users. During the filtration,
suspended matter contained in the water are entertained
inside the filtering bed which becomes clogged.
The pressure drop increases to a me·,imum value (approx..
2,5 m.) at this time the filter must be regenerat~!d.
When ali the filters are perfectly clean, the whole flow
rate will be divided in approx. equal quantities through
each of them. But during the operation, filters wi 11 be never
clogged in the same w~, so flow distribution will not
perfectly equal through each of them. As each filter is
equipped with a flow indicator operator can frcm time to
time equalize the flow actu~ting by hand the inlet valvijO,
Clogging, however, does not depend only upon the total
quantity of entertained particles, but also upon the
ti.me of operation: in fact, the sand can tend to agglo-
merate and compact toghether, this process increasing
with the lenght of the time of operation.
Accordingly, it is wise to regenerate periodically the
filters, also if the maximum pressure drop has not been
reached. Approximatly we suggest to regenerate the filters
at least after two days of full ohar&~ operation•
.;.
.- r----1----------------------------·--------------··--- --------·---- .. -------·----------------·
t---ll-------1- ---------·----· ·-·--- -- -- ---------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - · ------·- -!
ltV. DATA RAilA DESCFIIZIONE MODIFICA
MOd. 3
,i

__ :z==___ ---
-----·-------·---- ···--·~·----------------------&
ITA Lb i S.p.A. 1
1
~~-~a-.--~1_._ __J_.ti_
l ' -·~~~~::11
ITAI.BA
_____.. IMPIANTI INDUST
__
R_IA
___L_I_,..--------- E;.;(l'. __ _
Prog. _ . __p 130 i Comm. 6_34___M_ I SFXTION I [ '• 0r.
In normal operadon1 the ~"-Generation is carried out
in semi-auto:natic c~:,·le. 'ic~.;; o;.- .. ator, when a filter
is clogged., :~as o:r:.l:; to a·..:;tut:~<- the JYilSh butt,:,,,, to
Ot:;gin th<? :~r·;;;grem ~.:~at op;;:ratciJ autv!!.ii:l.tics.;_ly th0;
machines 1 tr.e solenoid val ves1 phase af-~<:~· pha-se.
When a. filter has "teen rcz;;;nerated t:'le o:::n:;;;rator can
leave it a~ ...:ta.n<l-by or p.;c.t it i.r:~.~.· .r·.;.t:t·ation,
actl.i.a.ting the concerni!'l.g push b:.tt teL.,
'I'he w-ater leaving thfJ fil tera i~ it :)red into tl·~
tank T 920, 600 m3 capacity.
Other d(;tnils are reported ir~1.o ~~•..: ;;;~_:.:.:c:ificdio:~
~i.t'-F-a.600.4 - ITA.L:B.J. SAND FIL'r
..
SHS
.
I
I
'·i
I
i
'i
l
---~-""-----~-------------------
1---1----- ---1-------- ,_ ·---------- -----------·-· .. ·-----------·-------
RfV. DATA FIRMA D:. ~:CRIZIONE MOOiFiCA
lI

/
,...----~-------------------------··~---------~
t.--::-,~-~-;--
•
.:;~-A-.d--.. I IT ~- L8 A S.p.A. I~~:.=r=~=-~~)0_._-+_---
i . 0 t
I IT~T.BA II Esaeac.--_--
___-
__----
~- lfil!'liNTI INDUSTRIALI __
..._____..... !_________ ------=-------- ----1
1
Ver. _
Prog. ... ......... .. 1 Co;rm~m~·;_--~~;.;.;....L_______.t...:.::.:..;;;;;;;~~~~~
~------~--~-------···-··-··-···-···~---~~-
---
ITALBA S.-.1D FIL Ul.S
ITALllA sand filters, both pressure or grav.i ":y· 't-ype, :'re prY'o-i.ded
with nozzle-less filtering bottoms v:ith <:Il. ; i.gh fil ;:,_ :·ing sand layer.
As it can be noticed from r] i e dr::1;,i n1~s OYl r.-.ge 2 ;,_n,_. 3
starting from the bottom tli ,.Y are ,,;ainly consistL'1g c;;;
- collecting channels for tht filtered water a.rd. inlet channds
for the back~ash water.
- noz.zless filter bottoms, made of tee shaped structural steel for
the small sized filters or with special vibrated concrete M type
bricks, which shape has been 5tudied. so that to obtain the best
distribution of the oater ar:..J li.lr used during regeneration.
- air distribution system (placed nnJt:~r the bottoms)
- supporting sand layers, having decrea!d.ng siz.e from bottom to top,
and "'hich do not undergo any ex~'msion during back wash.ing.
- .UU.f'onuely graded filtering sand bed
- distribution channels for raw water and backwash •·ater collection
as well.
·--+--- ----- !----·----------- ----·---· ·----------..____________________,_________
·-- ---- --·-------------·------·-..·---------- ·--·-·- -·----------------- ----
Rf:V. DATA FUlWA OESCHIZIONE MOPIF!CA
Mod. 3

-;.,.
~~~~~------~
@..& .w_watc.r
'.
;., .
• Cone.~ ad_..M_
·~. bt"oc.l<:;.
.:;
--.:..
I .
.·,
--- --- --~.....,.. -------...----·
REV. DATA FHU.
I
I
.,._..,_____________.._____
--------~---- -~~-----
OESCR.iZIONE M001fICA

--------or---·""'~~..........--"""
ITA L t::t L. SJ· A. .. N Sl· . --.~.001..1_ .t -·
Lil' . , ... -· . ' .• . Peg.,. j___j__~·
'.' Data
,_________
I M_P_IA_N_T_I_I_N_o_u_s_r_R_I_A_L_I---------! Eaec. - · _ .. ·t
.,;;;;;.;~....;;;....;;;;;,~ F..1'R.0.... h 5A.BBr-.. APE.&0. ··-wrm5 ·wR?'iw-wmm .•.•"J..:Ver~.;;;;;;:;;:;;;;:;;;;;;;;::.:.~~
•
t ;'
,
-®
kil~-....4-@
-ll.Aga.naration air in
~""M~•.loo~"!J:.I''TO lt.C.Q~~'l.E-11!1 ' IS,l..~tg ~C.OJ!~...Je.~VM'a.Cs0
M"'fi..TC.II lH..~f. ...,.., &A.C.kW'-.~H ~~lol~a.c,r. "~"'Jo41o;i..
~;_to V.,.~~~1c
.!.Ui!!!lH~ l_l,._t.:.-.-
.fd~,, ,.~,'T,.,_"""' t:. ) ft~PJMt:.M"TO
fe IJ PPO aTf:SC:s_ , j,Y & Ill. ..
(OKt. "l 'H'
• H • 1!CII'"It
t~t....1 R~c;.C.O..''!A, "t.:~U~ 11',.'T"-11.,.,., E ])fJ1'11U'TOftt. Jo.t.qu~~o U."JJio.St~
!H..TI.R.i~ WA.TS.It 0JT..LT A.Nb &!sC.IC.WA.'itH WA.TiJ!. INI..I.T UU.HNt;l...
lJfpO ~'f!!,l ttJ'fOR.r. A.llb
A•• UtTW6UTtOM Pltllt&
DESCRIZIONE MOOIFICA
--@

_.., ..
-----~------·~-......~------~----"'""""'_ _ _ _ _ _'!""________,......_'1
~t ""~.- 1 IT~r·-~'.·::·. l B·A. !N.• ST-E~$~0PQ.A ·
~~~:; ''i'"F"' I . s A . p ~1
.p. . i ag.___ ~ ___
!,_,!_~~- • IMPIAtHI INDUSTAIALI j Data ___._____
r ,_P_r_og-
..-
..··.-
...-..-
...-
...-..-
...-
...-..-
...-
...-:,---comm. .. ...... . . ...... . ! -----· ---~ e:~~·-------_---_--_·~.
.._~...-~-.:.r..:.;---------------1
RUNNING PRINCIPLES OF I'LU.BA SA:;.. FILT.L'.ilS
The fWlctional chara.ct;ristics of a sand filter are:
- cyclic throughput, i.e. production between t;o subscc;,Ut.'nt r'<!:;ooeration
(function of the susper.ded solids content in the feeded .rater)
- admissibl,;. ~ ,d, i.e. t.he maxi.mum quuntity of retainable solids
between regu1crations
- wat0r head, or prc~sure difference, or .;-..:.odetic to:: ,vation between
entering water and elt~rging wa.tt.:~·
- efficiency, i.e. ratio between the suspended ~.natters contained h:.
the rav water and in the filter~d water
- air and 'Wa.te..·· consumption for the regeneration
The above parameters &.ri! defin.ed fram the characteristics of constru::tio(,
of the fllter1
1 - 'l'ype of bottoms and relative distribution efficiency of l:tquids,
during .rtgaH;ration or during operating either
2 - Size grading of the filtering layer
3 - Height of tl1e filtering layer
Before g!H.ng on with the description of the functional characteristics,
it is necessary to premise a consideration which is not to be found in
the specific literature; however it is corroborated by the functional
data of a remarkable aeries of constructed plants.
Such a consideration becpmes a working hypothesis for the ITALBA filters,
and is ax'ticulated an the following pointst
a -The filter context fonus channels having a certain equivalent diameter,
corresponding to tho equivalent diameter of the st~parn.ted solids, 'this
is the case of tilters having a small sized low depth sand layer.
In such case pratically only the very first layers of sand are wor-
king and that fll ter gets clogged very quickly (mech.anical surface
filtration mechanism)
b - The liquid fiows vithin a very long development of small cha.nnel.t> having
an equivalent diameter larger than the one of separated solids
(ITALBA filter)
-REV-~LJ--,-,-~u~u--1---------------~:_-o_··--~s-~--R_t_z_t:o_N_-~--:-~·:-o::t_F--IC_A_.._·~-~~-~--~--~~-~--=-~-~-----~----~-_-....·-_-_-_.._--_--1
L...-:.--.:..--"----------------···---------------!'
Moa 3

~~......... -
~.(t;;·~"'":~
... . . ~ ' . I
j
ITALBA S.p.A.
I~~-;l:".r·,~!~-
ITALBA I
IMPlANT! INDUS rRIALI
Data ____________
~.A I Esec. ______ _
·--- ·---·
i Prog.. i Comm. I
I .... ······ ········· .... ········· ·············
Ver._
- ..
During the pa:cs;1ge of tl,;, ll.quid through the filter, at
. ... ., -
the end, for
statlstical r, _.. c..~ns, tl:..~ :::u::;penw.,, l subst;:nces al"'''';'::> t"'tcct the valls
oi" "the chann~.::ls. There, bee~~, ·>e of cJe,::trostatic i:;~<.::.nuuer;.<;. and supel"-
ficial pressure, the solids .stlck to -~he ::,:,~ channels, th::.~s re:na:i.n~:1g
picked up by "the filter.
Although it is difficult to distinguish the influenz:c of the vari(.l:J
inv,:.Lved mechani&~::;_, it can be a;;;;serted certai!'~y that tl . surface
mechanical rutrainement takes place the more the filter~ layer is
dmae and thin, and viceversa for the i,n-d;'_;pt.h filtzation which is
a peculiarity of the ITAI.BA fil tet~s.
Here it is not necessary to examine closely matters wh:L:h, due to
their very theoretical contents, wuld lead to a ~~Y long expla-
nation. Therefore, it is better to accept the ccnclusion that our
filters hold back particles the equivalmt diameter of vhiz-L. .is ve.l'Y
much lover than the one of the passages, even with clean filter1 th~l"&
fore without ariy hypothetical fUterin& layer fonaed by the entrained
suspended solids.
As first consequence there is a positive balru:h:e among tbe twlctions-
of the filter listed--below: :
• max volumetric throUghput
• capacity of retaining the largest amOWt ot suspended solids vithout
affecting
.. efficiency
•• operating costs (low head loss, lov regenerant conSWl%ption)
Regeneration may be carried out a.t a. very high speed, particularly
rlth air• thus all<nd.l1& to wash deeply tbe tUterin.g layers.
This is due to special constructive ch.aracteriatics. The noz.:zlea fU..;;.
tering bottcm system gives a total distribution or tluids during the
washing phase~' This is particularly useful for big filters.
The filtering layer is ma.de of sand containing about 9B~TG Jf silica.
The particles, the sizes of which are reported on the table of the gene-
ral characteristics, have a minimum tolerance of a.bov:e and under scree-
ning. Inside the fraction the distribution is prntit~all;y l:lJli)At'.
The non-crushed., natural sand is composed of e..wi-lphcrica.t pa.rticleti,
or at least of round shaped particles.
Even after several regenerations, there are no breakings nor dust-pow-
der separations through abrasion. The filtering layer is high and the
equivalent surface is much larger than the one of normal filters having
the same loss of head.
In conclusion we notice that the hardness and the sand chemical composition
allow to keep unchanged the characteristics of the fUter during the tiJilo.
;=r..J=----------------~-E-6-CR~~IONEMODIFICA
Moo. 3

·--------·--·--- ------ ---------· ----------.:----------,
N. ST:::L_ s, .Q0f' ••1.. •
IT A L B A S.p.A.
6
PAG. N. /---
IMPIANTI INOUSTRIALl
1------------------------ ------·---------1 DATA--------
APPROV. --·- - -
Sand or gravel u.•ed a.n filling B&tcrlal for filters mu.·st i'u~ ·; fill
the following requirements.
- Purlt_y:Sar.d has to be a.ccuratel;t waah~d ann Ha chemical OOia))Oaition
muai be acoorrling the following table:
Silice
Clay, lirnest, ,,e, mica,
feldspar, iron
orga.nic impurities
9r"fo min.
- Roundness: roundness index according kru.bein scale 0, 5 - 0, '(
- Krubein seale
Angular
Sub-anf!'Ul a.r
Pol;yhedric
Round
Spherical
- Hardness:
0. 0,15
0,15 + 0,30
0,30 + 0,50
o, 50 + o, 70
0,7 • 1,00
13.850 psi - Load applied on ' pointe
Unifo~tl eoeffici~~t
- Fo:t' u.ch Di&e cla.aa at lf.lut 80;~ or th~ gravel mu.nt oompl)' vith
· the reap6otive nominal limits
max, over ai ae 10~
max, under eize 1~
Size rtqgired for tilteri~ laye~
- --
m.oml flbU OESCRIZIOUE MOOIFICA
./.

ITAL5A S.p.A.
IMPlANT! INDUSTRIAL&
N.ST.-F- 5.600,4
7
PAG. H.-----1--
1------------- ---·-·-----------------------------1 OATA
-t!
GRAV£1.. Ii'JR FILTR!.'l'IOi:i I"LANTS - TECHl; IGAL SPEC!F1C.ATIOll
Size recru..L:d for t>t.:_pl)Orting layers *
25 35 mr:: quantity
15 - 25 ~
n
7 -- F, !Cllll "
3 7 mm "
* For tiu.pporting layers applicability e.s far as rour~.:-~;::Hm coefficient
is involved, 1:1ust be stated from case to case.

'I

l

I
I

,...--- ---------------------""________...,..____~---.
1 1TA L·s, A 1 N._.si_,:-j~~---4--
~. S.p.A. i Pag.___ [L/____
~! IMPIANTI INDUSTRIALI ·- I~=!~.---_=---=-:-:- _--- ...
- 1-P~og......... _---__-
..-
.. :-i-~..~m-.----_-
__-_-
___-__-__-
___-
___-
__ -:--!------- IVer. _
)
NOZZLESFD..TER BOTTOHS - PACK WASH P!uNCIPlES
The nozzl.ess type filtering bottcm has been us~d in many plants sub-
ject to the heaviest operating t.:onditions (filtration of roll mills
waters_, filtration of oi.l.y- "''"stes)with :r.:~rkable re;::.w..lts both d.th
:regard to the complete eli:r;;ina.tion of risks of clogging and to thi:~
efficiency of regeneration.
This one is perfonned with the wate~r system and it~ ..;Fcratmg
principle is described below.
{hen an air bubble i.s released under a certain water head, it goes
upward to the surface vithin a. giYen period of t:illi~. Duril< this
time the water column conuinin.;!; '~he air rubbles islib)tcrtha.n an
adjacent column having the same dimensions but without bubbles.
Therefore, due to the hydrostatic lav, the column CO.'ltain:ing the
bubble tends to move upwards. In other wrds water is automatical-
ly diverted upwards in proportional quantity to the bubblo size
(principle of the air elevator or Mammuth pump).
Consequently, llihen the regeneration air is introduced urd.fomly in-
to a filter, it results that tlK: i:filllll.! will happen vith the vasL.i.n££ vatel"'
provided such a wter be available at cfulstant pressure 1, tlf{~ cottomJ
'wi.thout any pressure loss.
With regard to the above, apeoial equipments
for the fine distribution bf wash water are thua
useless dur:Lng air-water washing.
The ITALBA filtering bottom ia not pf'O'Vided vitil
water dispersion device, therefore it can be con-
sidered aa a nozzless filter bottom.
Due to a synchronization phenomenon, the air washing action ia summed
to the wash water action. The bigger the volume of the air bubble is,
the bigger will be the transported water volume for tho tiltering su:r;-
face element corresponding to the bubble diameter.
Therefore the resulting washing effect is extrcillel7 high and extreme-
ly high will be the regeneration efficiency.
On the cm..tra.ry in the, traditi,onal nozz.le, r.P-~;er~,&
botton:ts, the air is intentionaJ.ly mixed and finely
subdivised through the splits ot the nozzles.
Thus the bubbles are fine and slow, uniformely ti-
stributed on the whole surface with obvious d..;cay of
the above mentioned ttpump-effectn.
~---R£_-,--.·.._-_D_A_t_A~~-FI~-aw~--~~:~--:~--:~:::~--::~~:~~--~~:~~--~~--~=--~---~~-~:-~o---E--s~-c~-R~-~-z=,~-o-=N~-E-=M;~o=~o=..,i-F~I=C;-A:~---=-~--~--:~-~~-~-----------------~~-~~-~--_-:~_--_-~.~~
Mod. 3

~I ITALBA S.p.A.
N. .-ST~E,s.{JC;Q..4-J
Pag. ___g_J_______
~ · IMPIANTI INDUSTRIALI Data------··- ......
l-Prog. ... ..... -~~.. ........... I Comm. .. ......... ..... ............ I
ESt;"C:.
Var. _
Besides tlJ.;~t, in th(;; ITALBA filters the sizing of th':.! lo:i~ sup-
porting l~>.yers :i.s di<)sen so that the bubble~ be bigger than th~
hol<!S between t.110 stones.
Du.e to the ""•ter superficial fox·ces, the air 1;,__.:,bles show a cel'-
tain stability so that there will not b<!': any i.;.curporation between
a bubble and the follo...•ing one as the latest is then forced by t.:~e
first one to occupy the emp~ contiguous space, su1ce the rapid
sequence of bubbles does not allO> the first one to let f1··ee the
occupied co-volume.
Only when the bubbles has left place, it nnains free and ean b.e
replaced by the subsequent bubble. This implies a pulsantin.g pro-
ceeling of the air allission, that can be observed even at sight.
The specific . upr.>ard rate 'Will then range !rem :ero to 4 times
the average speed. (Nevertheless the avera&e consumption of washing
media is lower than for other filters),
The washing of each area elem.mt is carried '~',:tt intermittently at
instantaneous high speed of the regeneraticn1 media, through in sta-
tistically ~ equivalent and uniform way.
Such speeds are much r...igher than in the traditional plants, and
thus allow ti~ complete removal of the contaminants hold back in
the filter even the ones having a relevant diame"ter and particle
weight_ On the other side, because of the remark..
1.ble granulometry
of the filtering material and thanks to the pulsanting proceeding,
tlte above speeds do not cause any loss of filtering material.
We wish to add, as a proof of the higher efficiency of oul' type of
filtering bottoms, that even with regard to plants 'Which hA'Ve been
working for 20 years and are still wolid.ng with waters containing
not only scales but also oil, the operation is ·still constant and
regular.
On the contrary1 with the nozzle bottoms1 in-::
deed because 9f the lower efficiency of washing,
it is more difficult to remove oilss therefo~!
. itis 9ften necessary to i.tl.Pt~! !I!!C:ia.1, egti~
!~ts suited to waah the, sand with ~o..t,rrrs.onts•
.HI.tU...--RB---~~~~:~_-:~:=~--:~~-:~~:~~--~=---::~-~--=-----~-~~-~--~~=-E=-5=-C=-R=-IZ~-~~O=~N=-E=--=M=-0=-D=-,F=
...,~~C==-A~--~-----·_-·_-~------~----~---=---~---------------~--~_
....-_.·--_:-._--.I
Moo.

j
I
::--:·~---:_".- ·-:··----~ -~--~·o.:~·~--·--·- -- -··- ·: -----~·-··-· ··;·~- ·.:-··,
-
~I
~I
ITALBA S.p.A. '
'· ·
..
I
.·-
._0:.. ~ l- ••• 1 ~"l00o~ .,_' ~.. 11 o 1 .. t ._~~ .:; ~ ...~~.
• '•• o • ·o.·O~""' .,••.Qa"":~o : .. ~.c.~ti-o'"';;t.,
~~ • ·, ~{· I ''fll ' -I' 1 ·I •
.
T to41t.
~
OPUU.,~C. 'IUt'fA.HU
li
"~u:.A. Lt.'<IE... s
_l_i.nUC.T IOti ~=
1:.
tUw ...,c..
0
•
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.. .1&'A.I.'J)
•
w~t.-.~ ~
W,RaN watC!'::r:_>',._a'"""-"'~'------- 33
(l]- FiB:~t-ed wat<!,_r~"a=-'-'"':..::e..______
rn ~<,">1~''-..Y'l~t~,- -'~"'"·-"'--------
cAJ _y,I~..Yi9t..:.r__q,i:.~li1§....~ .....al-Je'
[]] _Re<ae.oe.r.ation w.r_.YS~---....:-.--
[j] _'l'ent vave ,
GJ Flow ad.!Uatrnent h~.~ttn~~ 'llave (opts:.l.b.a1)
.' rn ~~:nt.mtype powmeawrin~ e1eme.ni~~"";;.)
~- _':_.J.l"!!t"''j!!ter~
'
Q.Smin.
...,...
l~lli.C.TOii
•
•
ru..'Te.__t$..~~r£.~
SM:.~·<:~H Wb"TJi.R
. , I .
'• -. ~ '
/'_,·f.
<{."
fit.t:.C.t:.~ c.-.Ao.'tO'i
"5.; to ""'"· S+1a ""i"'.
~~ ..,._. ~~~
~41£~ l~i ft,.1~~ i~
~~ NA.'t'IA r.
~~1 1
11
£~ ~-...~':; aA.C:.~-~,~~ 'fU.LT.II.R.T l: ill
lo
- • 0 s
----_,
-
• • 0 4
--··-- 0 ~·~
- ~nm· .... """" . ,,.,._ ~...........~
-~-·..-~~~
---
W~..U.'lt.A
• • ••
"A..IfC. 0 1 0
• ~
- - - - --
C.Ototl1l0'-
()
• - e «:> ()
".."'""' 3 2 t
'
- ,_
- -
mu.~1.
• 0 0 0 0
·-~
"'t..I..Vt. s I
-"----
'Q;'t
• 0 0 0 0
•
'C.UI£. 4
··~------
- -----:-
•tc.E.H'E.RQiQI'I
• • 0 1 0
• '
• i
A.1 'IIA.Wf.
0 OH.H
~
i..
~--~---i----+-----------------------------------~--~--~--~------------~----~4~
llfY. DAtA R1M.A DESCRIZJONE MOOIFICA
... ....--~~
~ ·- '~· -·.
'; .
..:•,;: ~
.,
'
. '
~:~
"
.-~
"
,
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'

-----------------------~...·-------"""'
. ~-- sr-F-s. 600. ~
P•.>Q. __ 1___ _I _______ _
: D~ta __ _
IvrALBA S.p.A.
IMPlANT! INDUSTRIAL! f:SclC.
/ -
I <l-1- n
,I ,_ (~~~---R-4-
;n .:.r:r.··'·-::,,. ::'<"-';>·,..,>>·.. ~ J
@___g_'*:!-L~a~~:r_y_a-..;_~-------- ____
III __fill;;;_,~~~ wa'rc.r_s~_'!Le...____
~,:::•• ~o:roe...:.•:..ot::LC ... " .: -:•~()-}.J: -.":_ ... o<:: ... :. i "!/
~~ ---- w~ _1 ,'l
~ rn m
~I..1~R..i.UWI!.,i..!. ~ ... ..... /1. z L
1 r , y~ rn
' ~ --~~

-"' .....
----------------------
0 OP£.~ e c.t..o~e::n
~-+--4-~~----------------~-~-----------------------------·
DlS1.~fIZIONE MODIFICA

. '
RIDENEIHTION OF SAND FILn:as
The term 11
regethTation11
indicates the compl ;.;;tion of a ::,e~~ies of
operations fit t.v re~.tor·~ c:he origi.tuU ~t~tl': of cJ.caness of th!
filter.
Hegeneration should be c.,~. ded out two or th.ree :i.(,;. ·:.(:wing times
after the filter has becu filleJ ''P and before it U run into
normal operation.
The above in order to remove dust residues or cruslJ.ng f.:-vm
extraction, transport and depos.i.t of sand, and to e).-pel from
the filter the undersized pieces vitll regard to the granulome-
trie class vh!ch the s~ belongs to,
Regeneratior1 is carried out by means of an-air-water mixed
counter-wash, according to the following phases (see hydraulic
diagrams}.
Pressure filters Gravit;x: filters
1 Air rel.if!l and reduction ot level -
·~
2 Air injection Idem
3 Air-water backwashing
4 ·iater backva.shing Idem
5 ll'illing alld closing Air-rellet Level reduction
spep e. 1
The !Uter upper bottom is put into contact with atlllo:sphere and
the back-wash water outlet valve is opened so that the level vill
reach the edge of the distribution channel.
Step n. 2
Air is introduced in the distribution system under the filtering
bottom in order tos
- shift the filtering layers whereas the ~upportin.g layer remaJ.n.1
unchanged
- take off the ~olids retained by sand during filtration.
Approx time 0.5 min. 1' 1.5 min.
l---l._------1----l-------------·--------------·--------...,.. ·-·
1---1---l---l----------------------~-·--------·---··----..--- -·-
lEV. llAlA flW DESCRIZIONE MOOIFICA

r -·
--··"·"""""'________,.___"1"-~~-~---~~
ITALBA N.~·~r--s~~..4__
~.--------I_M;otANTI JNDUST~·~~; _ _ ~=!i~l~ ~---·---~:~--
, Prog. ·-·--··----·- .. _........ ; c>...:nm. _ _;.;.;.--·;.;.;.---..;.;.--·.....:..!-------..:.i_v_e_r._;;;;-_-_
.. -------:;;;;:;;--1
._____,;.._.......;;.....___~-~------~.~--
----
Step n. 3
The back-washing water is introdu,ed lrlbereas al.r keeps O.>t being
introduced. The result will be:
- To expand complet,~ly the fil t .ri.;·1g lay.;r by 15 + 21},-:;j accor-
ding to the air rate, -co the water rate a.'ld to the sand f~c:e.
- The air completes the t·.::n~oval of solids th<:;.. ;,~:·n be tr::,::.+~:t..i'
ted to the ouUet by ,,·o.t;;:.t"_. overflo•,d.ng in th;;: <'·:Geeting chan-
nel. The air comes out fl'Om the fi..L:.,~r partly v.·it.h the back-
wash water, part.ly :from 'the ai:r-rcL d pipe.
Approx time 15-20 l:d.n.
Step n •• A.
s~.avenging air injection is stopped whereas the irtti'O::Jduction
of water proceeds at a rate equal or highe:l· to the prt~vious one.
The sand setUes to its normal level and the water ext·~ls the
last suspended matters.
Approx time 5 - 10 minutes
Step n. 5
For pressure filters
Close the back-wash ouUet but proceed vith the introduCtion
of wator till the fUter will be completely full ~~d all the
air be expelled.
For open filters
The introduction of water is stopped and subsequently the valve
of the filtered water will be opened.
The level goes down in the filter Wltll it reaches the normal
operating level.
S»eci~ aeceaaories
Float valve on gravitr filter~ (always present)
The aim of such a valve is to compensate the clogging of the fil-
ter (average allowed value 1.5 - 1.8 m column of water) by accep-
ting variations of the water head on the sand within 20 - 30 em.
Level rising opens the valve, level decreasing closes it.
1-------- ----- ----------------------------------------------· ------
I£Y. DATA fUW OESCRIZIONE MODlF!CA
'
Mod. 3

-----:-----------------,,------··---....,.----~-----
mil--Pr-og-.-
..-.-
...-
....-...-
...-.-
...-
....-...-'
1
-}-;-r-;·-~-t--'.-
..~-~-t-.~--~---~-~-·:_·~-~-:-1----------
1
§I-·_
1
~~---~:!~_--
_-_:=
__
The second reason is to prevenc the emptying of the filter ir -~ase
of short interruptions 'lofnen the otLct· valv,:.s are not closed; i.n spite
of this a perfect tightness is not requirLd and water blow-by is
permitted.
Accordih~ to plants, beside the necessar) equipmeut, there m.u.y be
foreseen:
- flow control valve (on the closed filtA:rs}
- flow meter for the filtered water and for back v;&sh water, usually
constructed to provide a rough flow indication to balance tl1e flow
of water between severd filters operating in parallel, whereas a
single general instruments will give a precise measure
- differential manometer for the loss of pressure in the closed
filters or bell type aa.nometer for the open ones
- all ia visible on the plant f'unct.i ~-'nal diagras.
1----1-···-··-+-_...------·---·--------------'--·-----------·-- .._.._
1---+---1---t------------------------·------·· ·--------······
REV. DJ.IA f'WU DESCRIZIONE MOD!ACA

/
''·I.'T'.A''""",·.B"•"A'' 1,:·· ITALBA S.p.A. I~~g~lF/~_
00
_
4
_-
---- :Data ____________
IMPlANT! INDUSTRJAL_i________i Esec. ______ . _
I Prog. . ........ .................... I Comm. _.......... .. . . I !Ver. ____________ - ....
OP81ATION CONTROLS
- r~ow ra~~ : shoulJ not exceed the maximum allowed 60 to have
always ri de;::.n effluent and not ·) .) carry the suspended
matter::; .Lnro into the ~;upportint:; .;.ayers from v:here
the re::aoval Hill be more difficult.
- Pressure drop: should not exceed the values prescribed at the rated
rates in o,J.er not to load the filter beyond the
ma.ximum val -~e permitted of suspended mattet·s, with
subsequent turbidity leakages in tiH~ treated effluent.
Step of air injection alone
- Air in the prescribed range •
• Little air quantity does not expand sufficiently the filt~":;ring
bed and does not take off the entrained matters
• The excess of air can expel the filtering sand and up set the
supporting layers which should remain absolutely fixed
- Time for scavenging air into not beyond 0 1 311 t- 1,5'
A protracted a.ir only injection displaces the suspended matter-s
kept back from the sand top layers to the bottom ones; therefore
it becomes more difficult to remove them and it becomes necessa~y
to extend the water back wash.
Air-water back washing step
- Water as above
- Times: as above
The operation end is establish~ when drained water is limpid.
Regeneration ~th step
- Water as above
- Time: the time required to remove completely the air (water should
flow out from the air relief pipe) or to get the necessary reduction
of level.
1- - . ·--1---------------------··-·-----------··-·--~-----...·-------··---~· -·····-··-
1----1----- - - >--------------------
~~-4--+-------------------~~--------------------~~
Rrt. OATA FIIU DESCRIZIONE MOG;FlCA
Mvd. 3

.-----~-----------·.-.----------....,..----~--.
~---------1---,-T_A_L
__o_;"'·;_A_s_.p_.A-:-.__ ~~~-r11;-s·f""
__
·
4
__.
. Data ··--
IMPlANT! INOUSTRIALI ___
1
Esec. __________ .. __
Prog. .. . ... ...................... I Comm. .. .......................... ! Ver. ------·--·-
INTERMITTENjOPERATIONS AND CHECKINCS ~~·
- When a filter remains out of service for more than 4 t- 5 days1
regenerate it bef(;r"e putting again into service.
- Regenerate the filter every 5 days, eycm iii1Len its u.ximUil elogglng
bas not yet reached.
- At first starting the filter should be regenerated 2 t- 3 times in
sequence to settle perfectly the layers and to aake .:;ure dust) thin
matters, under-si:::td sand etc. be removed.
- About fNery fortnight, carry out re~eneration at redoubled times
of mixed vashing and water washing..
- FrOIIl time to tilae take out some samples of filterillg sand after
regenerations
- on the surface
- 20 em. under the sand level
- SO em. under the sand level
and carry out analysis 1 in order to c..ltecka ·
• presence and quantity of eventual seales
• presence and quantity of eventual deposits (i.e. oily substances)
sticki,ng to the sand and which cazmot be completely removed with
regeneration.
- check. the correct leTel
..
- Frequent anal71ia of vater should be carried out at the iDlet and
at the outlet.
, Should fUtora be aore than onet analysis have to be carried out
filtor by tUter ill order to cbeclc the fUtra.tion efficiency of
each one.
l---l----1--·l---------------------------·--------·------
1---·1---t---t----------------·-~---------------~-------········--
IFf. DAJl f11Ml OESCRillONE MODIFtCA

r----..,..-------·-·---------------...,..~~~~~---
1 ITALBA S.p.A. ~Eas~~.:T.~-=s_-_~_-~~-·----~~-=--
IMPIANTI INDUSTRIAU ........ _ _ __
I ---------:------,----------------------
Prog. ........... ............. i Comm.. .. .. . .. ........... .. I Var.
l----...:.....;.;;.:::;..;,;,;.;.;.;.;.;.;~~~.;.;;.;.;;...:.....---------.i.----------,········-----.........
-~
'
- ~..
CONSIDERATIONS ON THE CL(}{A}ING OF Sl(;:~D
A filter is clogged and requir'.::; ~.·egeD' :·,1tion when it has been
loaded 'dith a content of/solid substan... ;; beyond vh:ich flltraticn
cannot be carrieJ on any more efficie.u iy.
Clogging is notice.:.ble through differ.,'::utial pressure between
upstream and dowstrean. of the filte:: .. ,::.,g layer and can be measured:
On closed filters
- by difference in reading of tvo manometers
- by means of dif'fercmtial manometer
On open filters
- through the air bell system (cfr. Spec. ST-s-a.517.4)
- by rising of the level above salld
The values of clogging, fUnction of the typ~ ot solids kept back,
of granulometry and thickness of the filted.ng l4t)'·,.;~r., are established
at the moment of the project.
They are expressed in loss of head of the filter at the nominal
Fl..OW RATE.
Such an intuitively simple expression assumes ita im110rtance consi-
dering the following&
- the loss of head is the resistance to the passace of Vater,
therefore it varies according to the flov rate.
- it has a zero value vheo flov rate is zero, and it ia groving
as now is growing 0
Consequently two filters having the same degree of clogging show a
different loss of head when they are fed by different fiov rates.
1f the above is not taken into account, it is easy to judge a filter,
operating at flow rates lover than the nominal one, becauae the loss
of head has riOt yet reached the allowed IIUI.Ximwa value, aa being !till
a.blcl to work when on the contrary it is indeed clogged.
Therefore for plants provided ~ith meters of differential pressure
regenerations may be required automatically by them, provided flow
rates be always around the nominal values.
1---te-------•---t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ·
- .----1---1---------------------------- ---------·-··- -- -----
lEW. Dill FIBU DESCRIZJONE MODIFICA

----.,.--------··-..·· .._ .....~---------...,..---~-.......
. t·rALBA s.p.A. ~~~~l.~:.tl~-~-
Oata__ _... __
IMPlANT! INDUSTRIAL! Esec. __________ . __ _
Prog•....................... -·· . .... ! Comm. -········-·· ····-············- I -~ Ver.
In the opposite case:
- should flow rates be lower, the ma.x:imum differential pressure is
reached with. an O'H:-clogging of the fiLer. A singl..:. regeneration
might not be sufficient.
- should flow rates be higher, the maximum dif.fe:.~ential pressure 1.::
reached with an underclogging of the filtc·1·. Theref(;re there are
more regenerations than necessary, thus hi!!,her cons;.1mptions.
Should the plant be ted at flow rates different from tlH~ nominal ones
yet constant c~1es 1 it can be det.crntined e~--peri.meJ.~tally, with the
filter at maxi :aum clogging, the real losses of h..:<. J at the real flov
rate; it is then possible· to pre-arrange the alarm according to tl-.i.s
nev value.
Should the plant be ted at variable nov rates, this i:s not pos~Sible
and the regeneration can be required according to the whole filtered
delivery (knowing the load of matters suspended in raw !later, the
reaching of the aaaximum load adlli.tted can be fixed in advance).
• Should the plant be manually controlled , the operator can decide
the regeneration according to the· reading of the loss of head corre-
sponding to the delivery really filtered at the moment of rending.
Previously the pressure drop curve vill have been .drawn experimental.ly,
reporting the values with the fUter being at the higher adntitted
clogging.
-- .. -.-l----1----------------------~----------------------·
1---1----1---1------------------------·-----·----···---·----..·--···-· -·----·
llff. Dlll RillA OESCRIZIONE MOOIACA

-----~------------··-·-----------,.-------....,
~ . ITAL B A S.p.A. ~:?~_1_3__,_-t9
__·-~:
I M i'! ~-N_T I :~~-[~ U S_T_R_I_A_L_,I,-----------j t~.t>oc. .. ________ .
1',--P-rog-.-
...-...-.P-
.._-_,_-1-0-
...-
...-
..-
...-
...-1 Comm. .....654 Jl!:.......... I SECTION I IV~r.
2.
'L'> nmove all the dissolved. salta fr<D the
.:: iltered wate1·, up to the lilaita required
by the boiler feed water.
- Operation
Piltered water rrtoored in the tank '1' 920 is f1.c::.
by the pumps P 925 A.+C to the cation excha.ne,·~:-a
V 940 A+B, and percolating on the resin, exchanges
iou ca++. )lg++t };a+' (+ vith ic%1111 a+.
The 'Water, decatioruzed by this wrzy iS fin.aly
disperse::d.b;y the s:pr-~ing nozzles of the atmospheric
degasifier V 941 wd. percolates ae a very thin film
along the surfaces ot tilling rings (Pall type},
arranged on two consecutive l83'ers m.ee~ting in
countercurrent the air tlov released. by the tan
JC 941.
'l'he air current mainta.1na ·the partial pressU'e of
002 at very low valuea, thu.a allowinc an eaaier
passage rrom the liquid. phase (dissolved C02) into
"the gaaeou.a phase anli ita a-tripping b.7 the air of'
the tan.
'lbe reaidual 002 value coming out troa& the 'tower,
will 'be around 10 PPll•
An bydrau.lio guard aet on the water outlet from the
tower prevents any air dieperaion tram below• thus
toroing the air to flow upward and croea the layer
of filling rings covering a tortuous w~ that makes
large turbulence in the gaseous mue thu.a involving
the whole mua in the tranlifer Jleo~tu.
The tillill& ri1'2CI have the purpoae ot incre&ain&'
the contact aurfaot gas-liquid thua making water
percolate in the form of film.
./.
·----i . ----- i---' ______________________..< _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
J---l----11--l---------------------·--------·-----·--- --------------
lEV. DAU RlWl OESCRIZIONE MOOIFICA
'·

/ -
/
ITALBA S.p.A.
IN._____ --· ··-··-
1 Pag._iA____/_1£___
IMPlANT! INDUSTRIAL!
--·· ·--------·--· -----·--
Data ______________
Esec. ... __
ll, _ _
Prog...... P UO ........ 1 Comm.. ..634 M.... ! Srt;TION I Ver. ______
By this w~, optimal conditions for the removal
of dissolved C02 are obta.inedll because tlle transfer
efficie:,~y is directly propcrtional to the ourface
of interface betw,~~ ::. "Liquid and gaseous phases and
inversely proportional to the thickness of film.
The degasified water is stored in the vessel V 941 A
and transferred by the pumps P 940 A..-·" t.hrou.gh the
weak anion exchangers V 942 J../B and furtherly through
the strong anion exchangers V 943 A/B, to thv ~torage
tank T 940.
Percolating on the weak anion resin the water exch~7,e8
the anions of the strong acids (Cl-, !::;04-) with ic•n.s oa:
The weak anion resin, due to its macro-porous str-.1c·~:.u'e
is also able to remove from the water, in an almost
reversible manner, the organic fustters.
Passing through the strong ~~ion resin the water
exch~~es the anions of the weak acids (C02, Si02)
with ions OH •
This last n~ain is obviously capable of keep also the
strong anions eventually escaping off the weak e.ni on
excha~ger. In the instance of escaping of the catior~
off the cationic column, the weak anior~o resin is not
capable of breaking the bonds which link the cation to
the respective anion (for example Nacl), this however
being carried out by the atrong resin, aecording to
the reaction&
R-OH + NaCl R-Cl + NaOH
It should be observed that a sodium leak£1€e flowing
from the cationic will cause the leakage of NaOH off
the strong anionic resin.
Continuing the cycle, the r0sin will be progressively
eatured with the ions absorbed, thus exhausting.
The exhau•ted etate of th• reaina mQ¥ be detuoted
~Y an increase in conductivity at the outlet of tho
weak anion exchangers, indicating cation or anion or
both resins exhaustion, and at the outlet of the strong
anion exchanger indicating strong anion resin exhaustion•
./.

-- f---·-1----------------------------------·· ·-------------···---------··-
1----11- - - 1 - -----------·--··-·-·
REY. DATA fiRMA DESCRlZIONE MODIFICA
Mo:N. 3

--
-----.,....-------------·-.,-------··---~--..~----...
~ ITA l8A s.p.A.
1
~~"· -~s-~-u_--
IT.ALBA Data ____________
,.____, IMPlANT! INDUSTRIALI ,
1
: Esec. __ _______ __ ___
1------------------~-- -----~-------------
Prog... _p ..tlO. . ... .. Comm...... 634 .M .. I SECTION I 1Ver. __________
~----------------------------------~--~~--------,--~--~------------~
When an increase in conductivity is det,:cted at
the outlet of the weak ~lion exchanger V 942,
only thi~~ last and the cation exchanger 1:.;ust be
regenerated usir>..g as regenerant n~:.S04 for the
cation and 1TH
3 for the anion t.};.:::iw.ngar.
'i'hen the incr3ase of conductivity ia d.dtecteci.
at the outlet of the strong a.nicr:. ,,;::.:.c.b.t.:r~-rer V943
also this last mu~t be re5~neru~ad.
~~
In this case Ne10H oolution will be used as reg,~nera.nt
for the anion retil>iS, flowing in aeries thro..: :_;l1 the
strong and weak anion exchanger.
According to the design water analysis the regeneration
will be carried out according to the :following scheme:
For well water as raw water
A) Cation and weak anion resins regeneration
(with NH3 solution)
B) Cation and weak and strong resirw regeneration
(with NaOH solution)
A), B), A}, B), and so on.
because the calculated cycle lenght of strong anion
resina is two times more than the cycle lenght of
cation and weak anion resins.
If canal water is used to feecl the J)lant only the
regeneration B) has to be carried out.
From the tank T-940, storing also the turbine condeneate
de-oiled by the aotivated carbon filters V-980 A + c,
the water is fed by the pumps P-941 A+C to the mixed beds
V-944 A+C, wherein a final polishing is performed.
A branch delivering the water to the regeneration area
is connected to the feeding header of mixed beds.
The resins forming the mixed beds are complet~ly similar
r•speot with the strong types cont&ihed into the previous
filter•a the main difference is that the cationic resins
ana. the eJnonio ruin awe intimately mixed.
This mixture causes the filter to act as an uninterrupted
.;.
--- - ---~---------------------·--·----------- .. --··--·· ·--------------··- ·····-
REV. DlU fUl1IA DESCRIZIONE MODIFIC,c,
J--~-+--..r....---------------------······....___________..J
MOO. 3

•.
b,.~'1"3j ITALBA s.p.A. ~~g~_-,-6~~----u:_
..-
:~~~ i .. _ I M_~!ANT I IN D _tJ
__s
__T_R_I
A_L_I_.____________!~=~~~- -__----_·- -
··-__-
__
! Prog........ Pt30 ....... _ t..;;mm.... 634 M........... ! SECTION I j Ver. -----··· ··---
set to CIHior:ic a."ld n:lionic subsequent sta.e,"'es~
ctill pe•·z..i tUng to attain conluctivity value&
:r·anging from 0.2 to 0.1 ;u.s/em.
In this e:ase also, the exhaustion of the resins
is dete.· te;d by the increase of conductivity or
of the Si02 content in the water leavir..g the unit •
At this time the resins mu.st be regenerat..;ti.
Everytime the filter has treate~i a certain amount
ot water (under design condition: 12000 cu.m.),
to prevent overloading and then clogging of the
resins • the regeneration is carried out also when
the eaid indications are not present.
The water leaving the mixed bed is stored into the
demineralized water tank.
·-t-----·1------------------------------···--···--------------·-·-·.
1---1- - - - - --···---------··----------·-··-· ....._______ ·---·-~··---------··--··· ·--
ifV. DATA RUl DESCRIZIONE MODIFICA
'

/
_jI-___ --·--------'-
T_-~_A-__
L_B_A_s-.p.-A.----~~~-~9·-:·r~-?:l·~~-·.L
__
1Data___ ··----
IMPIANT~_!NDUSTRIALI ----------1 Esec. ···---- --···--
Prog. ... ............................ j Comm. I 1 Ver. ·---
1
ION EXCHAl(~E
-
-IONS
Holecules of bases, acid; and salts dissolv~.:..1 in water, c~<Ji be
dissociated into ions., lXJ:,tt~ve electric part·tdes {caticns)
or negative ones (anions).
W, ca++ 1 Mg++ 1 Na+, K+ are cations
mr, Sot-, Cl-, Hco3
-, co
3
--, No3-, HCio3
- are anions
their total or partial elimination from water can be obtained
by means of ion exchange resins.
2 - ION EXl.~ANGE RESINS
Usually ion exchangers are phenol, styrene and sometimes acrytic
synthetic resins corruJ(~rcially available as spherically shaped
particulates.
They can be roughly divided between cationic and anionic
exchangers:
strongly acidic
cation exchangers
weakly acidic
cation exchangers
weak-base anion exchangers
strong base anionic exchangers
2.1 - Anion exchange resin
sulphonic r:-roups
carbortli~ groups
amino groups
ammonio gx-oups
It exchanges the anions contained in water, leaving 0~ ions
(oxidril ions). During the regeneration oxidril ions substi-
tute on to the exchangers the formely fixed anions.
Weak-base and strong base anionic resins are availabl~. The
weak-base anionic r•esins are used to remove strong anions
(mineral acids), whereas the strotl&•base anion exchat&~rs
have the possibiUty to t'ix weak and strong anions•
./.
•
Mod l

--·..-
ITALBA I
N._HSI:·£~. 6QO. 4
S.p.A. I. ~~~~-=--~~=~=-------···
_ l-p·,···og-.-
..-
...-
..-
...-
...-
..-
...-
...---1M_P IA__t·J T~_I_N_D_U_S_T_R_I_A_L_I:----·-·-------~ ~~~~·--_·-_·····_·. --~=--_-_·
............. i Comm. .................. .... ....... I ~------~---------1
~--------~--~~~~~~~~~---------------------------~«-HW
2.2- Cationic exchange resin
They e.x;:ha.n,_~s tl:e cations contained in water ith W ion::-
which, i;:. the regeneration with a.cid are adduc.~d to the
exdl<U1_ger.
Tl::::r-: can be used weak acidic cation r.;;sins hlch cxch<:tnge
ca++ Hg++ and Na+ cormected with alcalinity and :::;trong
cationic resins which can remoye all cations con'ta.i.nc:J in the
water.
./.
•
Mod.

---
i ITALBA I N.~_l-:-_E-~_. 609·'*---
~ i .• S.p.A. :, 6~~~_3______-_:!__------------=
~--------- IMf'i/-.NTl Jt.;;:,iJSTRIALI E
~-~-~--_~
__
. _._J_,~~~P_r-og~::-:--_.-
____
-___---------______
!
____
eo_-_~_-r::~_-,;.,
_____ ,;.,-·,;.,:.;.;_-_-_=--==~:;!::_-_-_-:_-_-_-_---_----_-_---..:.(_v_~-~~----:--------_-;;;;
___
;;;;____
---;_·---~--
3
'-'2"
- IO~; ,_? !::CHANGE DESCRIPTJ C?~
The proc~sses vary accc::.rding to the levels i.: { purity requested
for the water.
Th: :..lin pro;:.~':SSI!S are:
3.1 - Softening
3.2 - Demineralization
3.1 - Softening
It consist in repl~iug the Calcium (Ca.++) and
Magnesium ions ,V{g ), which are the hardness producing ions, Lj
Sodium ones (Na ) •
nus is carried out by percolating the water on to strong
cationic resin in sodium cycle so that to fix the Hg++ and
Ca-t+ ions of the water, t·eleasing Nu+ ions according to the
scheme
++
2R-Na-tCa _....,. R-....... Ca.+ 2 Na+
R .............
R-....... +
Hg + 2 Na
R/
Through the percolation process, the resin becomes e~1austed
and cannot absorb ca.++ and Hg+l- any moro.,
At that moment the resin is regenerated by percolating sodium
chloride concentrated solution (NaCl).
During this opci'ation the ca* and M~++ ions fixed on the
resin are removed and replaced by Na ions.
The scheme is then the opposite of the previous one:
R ·-....., Ca + 2Na.+---... 2H - Na. +Ca.-t+
R~
R ----. Hg + 2J.'ia+ __...,. 2H ... Na + Mg+r
R __.,-
At that point the ion exchanger is regenerated. and can operate
again as a softener.
---l---1--------------------------------------------------·-
1---1---- - - ---------------------------------------------------. --- ... -
10. DATA fllUIA DESCRlZIONE MOOIFlCA

I T A LBA N.__ .SI:-~OQ..4_
e 1
_p,-og-._-
_____-___-__-
___-
___-
___-
__-
___-
____•
1
__M...,.~P-~-:--~-:·. .NDU_~_T~-·~-:~-;~_____________1
E~~-----~------'-___
-----=-----~
3. 2 - Dern.ineralization
- D.:.cation.:...:;.:ation
It means to r,~lllvVe the cations from Wa1>1'1 replacing them
by hydrogen i;::.ns (a+) 1 percolati!<~ the water on a cationic
resin bed in hydrogen cycle:
The scheme is as
-H-
2R-H+Ca
follow's:
R.........._C·'2H+
- . / iJ.T: -
R
++
2R- H + Mg ... H-....Mg+2H+
R/
R-Na+ H+
During the regeneration carried out with Rydrochloric
acid (HCl) or with sulphuric acid (H2S04), the cations
fixed on the resin are removed according to a scheme
which is the opposite of the previous one.
R :::: Ca + 2H+ -..
R
R/Mg+2H+-
R
+ +
R - Na. + H - R-H + Na
- Deanionization
It means m remove the anions from water, replacing them
by oxidril ions (Oir). 'Ihe operation is carried out by
percolating the water on a weak anionic resin bed in order
that only the strong acid anions be removed.
The scheme is as follc!.is:
R - OH + Cl---.. R - Cl + OH-
ZR-oH + so4-=-.... R)so4 + 2011
R
Should the bed be made of strong anionic resin, the mineral
acids and the anions of weak a.cid as well are removed,
according to the following scheme:
·----.r---·------l--·1------------------··------------------------
t--1--- --11----------··-·--------------------------- -·---·---· ---- ---
REV. DATA FIRHA DESCRIZIONE MODJFICA
MOd. 3

-----~--------------~---------------:---------.
11,1:1·1. I'Y A1
.... s·'A IN.ST-E. a. 600,..11
.. - S.p.A. 1 Pag. ____5_f______ _
IData ___
__________..IMPlANT! J:,f~U_S_T_R_IA_LI-,--------------'1 Esec. _____________ _
1 Prog. ........... .... .. .... .... , Comm. .. . .. . . .. ... .. I j Ver. ___________
R - OH -r HC03- --- R -HCOJ + OH-
R - OH + HSi03- --- R-HSi03 + OH-
During the regeneration carried ou't vlith a strong tase the
anions fixed by the resin are removed according to a scheme
which is again the oppo.sit~of the previous one4
- Polishing on mixed be~
Polishing is carried out when it is necessary to get Ill high pu-
rity water.
'nlis result is obtaine.i by percolating the already demineralized
water through a usual demineralization chain on a iolrlc filter
tilled with intimately mixed cationic/anionic resin, .so that
an infinitive chain of cationic-anionic elementary stages be
formed and set up in series.
The salt removed and the regeneration follows tl1e above mentioned
.,'
scheme, arid are cat<t•ied out after separating physically the
mixed resins in two distinct layers of cationic and anionic
resins.
After regeneration, ':.nee the resins have been perfectly n:ri..xed
together they are ready for service.
4 - RESINS REG~~JRATION
It is the reactivation of the eXhausted resins according to the
above mentioned ionic exchange schemes. Such an operation ean
be carried out in co-current or in counter-current.
The first system, which we would call traditional., conSists
in: percolating through the resin-bed the water to be treated
and . ·: the regenerant solutions in the same direction.
The second system foresees the service water flow in one direction
i.e. from up to down, and the introduction or the regenerating
solutions in the opposite direction.
~e advantage of the second system on the first one is inherent
to the fact that the fresh regenerant comes first in contact
with the less exhausted layers, keeping, the same in practically
perfect conditions of regeneration, and preventing or minimiz~g
any leakage.
For the ECONEX patented system, report to the special literature.
-- -- .. t--·--·1------------~-----------· ... --.-------~----------·---
- - ------ - - ------------------ ---·-c-----~--------·--·----------· ·-------·---
REV. DAtA RBM1 DESCRIZIONE MODIFICA

-- -
--.«-
·,~:·1;~ I ITALB A S.p.A.
I ~~ ~~g~Ti~r~
ITALBA 1 Data---------
~'--''"--"~.A,...._..___l1 IMPlANT! INDUSTRIA_L_I__________, Esec. ···--------··----·-···
~~~~~~--Pr_u_·_g-.------
..-
.. -
.. -.·-----Co~~m~m~-~---~---~---~----~----~-~~~~--~--~---~---'~-------------Jl_V~e=r~.~~--~-~~~~
1------------.--
----
5 - DESCRIPTION OF THE ITALBA IONIC EXCHAi.'GERS
For the most part a ion. exchanger is co::1posed. as follows
(cfr. ST-E-s.550.4 / 551.4).
- Sheet steel tank internaE::, :1 i.:ct,_d <.rith materials chemically
resistent to the regenerants (1,, d. rubber lining, coa.t:mg)
- Upper distributor for raw Hater and regener<-"nts (this !.~8cond
function only for filter:;; regenerated. in co~.::urrent)
- Exchange resin
- Nozzle plate 'With special a.nti·-acid and anti-alkali. nozzles
acting as collectors distributc.l.'s
- Lower distributor acting a.s treated -w·ater collector and back
wash water distributor. In the fil tcr:~ ~:egenerated in countez-
current, it deserves also as a regcnerant distributor.-
- Various accessories sucl1 asz
• Sight glasses for checking the level of the resin during service
and the levels of the expanded resiri during bac:W;asb:Vr,:3l.ing.
• Resin ti~ap aiming to prevent the . luss~ -~• of large quantities
of resins due to operating errors, particularly in tile
autontatic regeneration plants.
On tile contrary, the trap does not prevent the outlet of
eventual dirt and dust, of resin fragments and under-sized
particles.
In the mixed bed exchangers (cfr. ST-E-s.SS2.4), beyond the
above mentioned, ther~ ~e:
- Intermediate distributor acting as collector of the exhausted
basic regenerant and as distributor of fresh acid.
Such a distributor is placed in the separating interface of
both types of resin.
- Distributor of the air used for the final mixing of resins.
- --- ---·----------------------------·---------·--····-----·······------
t - - t - · - - - __________.._ ... ··------------------··---------------..-
~-+---~--+----------------------------------------------------·
m. DATA FWIA DESCRIZIONE MODIFICA

~~-P-r-og-.-___-___-
____-___-
__ -·--
...-....-...---~~-~-~--:-~-.-~_,!;s___r
___~-:~-A-~-;-;1________~~~~-----~-~-~-·--~-----:-·--.~----~-~-··
1-----'----------<.'·-
6 - DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION
6.1 - SEitVI~f
The op.'!rating is cle<.:..dy shown on:
ST-E-s. 550.4 for ion exd1anger regenerated in co-current
ST-E-s. 551.4 for ion. exchan.::;er regenerated i.n counter-current
ST-E-s.552.4 for mixed bed exchanger __
6.2.1-Ion.: exchanger rel.l;enerated in co-current
As graphically sho.n on Table ST-E-s.S$0.4 pag. l_a,nd_2_
the regeneration is carried out in four main steps:
6.2.1.1-Back wash
Water is introduct..-d from the lover bottom coming out from
the top, in order to:
- move the resin bed to avoid cloggings Which would create
preferential ways, thu!:l iUl irregular distribution of
rcgenerant.
- expanding the resin bed (from 50 to 100% according to the
water fioi rate used) in order to remove from it" eventuals
resin fragments that will be removed through the resin trap.
- resins classifying . according to decrea~sing -~ ..
sizes from the bottom to the top.
6.2.1.2- Regenerant introduction.
The regenerant soiution is introduced downwards:
NaCl for the softeners
HCl or H2S04 for the cation.: exchangers
NaOH or NH3 for the anio~,. exchangers
with the ai.m to restore the previous ionic charge of
resins.
6.2.1.3- Regenerant ~isplacement
Water is introduced downiards ~ with the aim to complete the
regeneration by displacing the fresh regencrant which has
just been introduced from the upper layer to the lower one
of the resin bed.
-- - .. -- ----- ·---------------------------·------···--------------------
t---il----······- -------------------- ···-·--·. ····--------- ---------------·-··· .... ___ ... ·---
llfV. DATA FIRMA DESCRIZIONE MODIFICA
'·

/,_ ----
~:;&";;o?.j.l IT A LBA S.p.A.
IITALBA I IMPIANTI INDUSTRIAL!
! N._s_r~r--~..._6.oo...L
! Pag. __J_J____
Data·-------·-.
~---- ~-P-rog-.-..-..-
...-...-..-
.. -..-
...-
...-..-..-...-..-'-Comm. .... ..... !
_________! f> '.JC.
i ~- r. -------·-----
6. 2. 1. -+ - Final ;a shin?"
·;,,rl!r is introJucej do,;-rc.,ards, :.;< order t,~ remove co:JfJl·~tely
fl"<.:nn the filter the trace of n:z;enerant <·d:rained into the
resins, so that the filter be fit for th-: subsequent:
operation.
Arr.ong these main step,;, there ir.cennediatc p<tuses depending
on work.Ltii C;)nditions. Particularly:
- After back washing there should be a break to allow f
the resin bed to reach the normal level.
- Kith regard. to automatic regeneration plants, tlH.~re
can be a p~use to allow the valves to reach the final
position b~fore starting the subsequ~1t ~teps.
This is put in evidence in the specific regeneration
programm of each plant.
~~~- -'1_---_-
---. ···--~------·--····
_--
...-.-_·-.~-~~~~~-~-------~----~-~-=~-=~-~---~~=----~--
.... --~------~- -·-··--
RfV. ·tom- fiRMA OESCRIZIONE MODIFICA
MOd. 3

---
...._.,_
- - - - - - - - - - - - - · ,..· - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " ' " " " ' -.......-'""'"!"--"""'&
IN.liT::E_-s. 6oo.il
Pag. 9 I
E --- ;~,~!:-~!ST~·~~~;
Prog. -------··-·----·-----··------·--·-· I Comm.................. ·----------· I ----····---~- ..... ---·-- ---
6.2.2 • IUNIC EXCHANGER REGENERATED IN COUNTrn-cURRENT
The regeneration is reported graphica:ay on table
ST-E-s.551.4 ru1d is divided in two basic steps, during
which the resin bed is kept steady thanks to the pres-
sure filling.
6.2.2.1 - Regenera~t introduction
As for the ,_:~-current regeneration, except for the fact
the now should be upvards.
6.2.2.2- Regenerant.displacement
As above.
6.2.2.3 - Steps from time to tim~
In order to remove the resin fragments and eventual
dirt entrained during operation, every 20 - 40 service
cycles, the filling material is removed from the fUter
and is collected into a special tank.
The resin is then back washed using the traditional
system, and the filling_ is re-introduced in the fUter
then pressed on the resin. Should the regeneration be
carried out with filters containing two different layers
of resins the transfer of the filling may be. preceded
instead of following the regeneration. · ,.
In such cases it is necessary to conform to, tbt plant
specific instructions•
1-------'1-- ---1---1------------------------------·----··-
l--l---1--+----------------------------------·-----·--- ' ··--·
lfV. DATA RRIIA OESCRlZIONE MOOIFICA
Mod. 3

.~'-·
~ . ITIALBA S.p.A. I~f1t~~-
~ 1
_________
1M-;-P_IA_N_T_I_IN_o_u_s_T_R_I_A_L
1
1__________1Esec. .. . . .......
~--------•I~P~rog~·~--~···~···~···~---~···~···~···~···~···~-·~···~
1 -c_o_m_m_.~·~··~-·~···~·~···~···~···~-·~·~1.____________~~-·~~~'e:r·~~~~~~
6.2. 3 - MIXED BED EXCHANGER
The regeneration is graphically reported on the .tables
ST-E-s.$52.4 and is essentially composed of 11 steps
intercalated, when necessary, ~ith pauses •
6.2.3.1 - Back vash
Same operations as for·the ion exchanger regeneration,
with one more very important operation consisting in
dividing the resin bed in two perfectly distinct layers,
the upper ot1e composed of anionic resin, th.-~ lower one
of cationic resin.
This operation aims to regenerate correctly and completely
both resins which·' as we previously said, require two
different regenerants: basic for the anionic resin and
acid for the cationic one.
The follow-ing step occurs only after the separation of
the two types of resin has been carried out.
6.2.3.2 -Introduction of basic regenerant
The basic regenerant is introduced from the top. .
The regenerant draining is carried out from the intenae-
diate collector--distributor. ·· ~··
6.2.3.3 - Displacement of basic regenerant
As above, but only with water.
6.2.3.4 - Washiy
As above, only with water which should flow .also through
the cationic resin layer, therefore discharging fros the
bottom.
6.2.3.5 -Introduction of acid ;egeneranF
The acid. re&enerant iii intro4lloe4 tr0111 the coUector...
distributor, Discharge is carried out from the bottom
of the filter.
6.2.3.6 -Displacement of acid regenerant
As above but ouly with water.
- - 1-· - --11--11--------·----------------·-------·--------·-------
t---lr---- - - ·----·------- ·------·-~---· ··-------~-----·--···-·-·--···-- ~-·----· -~~- .._
I£Y. DAIA RRil DESCRIZIONE MODIFICA
·.>
•;,'
Mod.
:.'•.

i
,.
ITALBA S.p.A.
N..S.'t-::E-_s.. bo0---4-.--
Pag.__ll____/_____
Data _________
I~:~~· .---. -··-
~1--
Prog............
IMPlANT! INDUSTRIAL!
............... I
! Comm.
6,2.3.7- Washing
The water is introdL<ced from the up;;<!r distl·ibutor1
so
that both anionic ru"ld cationic resms be washed.
The dischar·ge is carried out from the botti.'>m.
6.2.3.8 • Level lovering
Aiming to lower the water level up to a few centimeters
above ti1e resins so that the subsequent mixing step be
carried out regularly,
As a matter of fact, should the level be much higher,
though the mixture would still be homogeneous, as soon
as the mi"-"ture step ends and the resins deposit, a
reclassification phenomenon would occur which would
separate the anionic resin (lighter) from the cationic one.
The step is performed by discharging from the bottom and
by CODilecting the upper bottom with the atmosphere so
that vacuum phenomena be avoided.
6.2.3.9 - ~(·sin mi~ng
Aiming to mix perfectly the cationic resins with the
anionic ones in order to restore :: the chain of cationic-
anionic elements in series.
This is obtained by blowing in air from the lover bottom
and discharging it from the upper part.
The uniform distribution is carried out thanks to the
special long shanked nozzles which all are fed with the
same quantity of air from the air pocket formeel ~Mer the
nozzle plate.
6.2 .3.1Q-Air discharge
Aiming to remove the air pocket previously formed under
the nozzle plate,
This step ends when the water runs out from the drain
noz.zle.
6.2.3.11- Filling
This operation is carried out by introducing water from
tile upper part at a suitable flow which should not
interfere with the resin bed separating the resins of the
upper layers.
I
l--~l------l---1-----------------------------------
1---1---f--1------------------------------ -·------------
lfV. DATA fWl1 DESCRIZIONE MODIFICA
Mod. 3

N._.SI.-:-1)-z._600....1
'Pag.____J_____
l-~~~t.~~~ l"f /},. L8 A S.p.A.
t~1. _________I M_P_IA_N_T__
l_l
N-~-~-S_T_H~AU
Data---·-···-----
Esec.
i Prog. .... ....... 1
Comm. . ..
Ver. _______ _
6.2.3.12 - Final wa~.hin2:
It is c..d·:::i.·.J out t•; compJ..,·:.:'-' the previous washings on
the bed of 1 ~sins <.:."L:c~~.::Wy mixed, in n·Jer t0 guarantee
tL.e rel!loval vf any trace of regeneram: s from the filter
lower lz·.yer:'.
The quantity of 't'ashiu<; -.;ater is usualJ'-· the quantity
n~..-.:essary to bring the con.,-h:ctivity b;;:.;.:;~ ·c.:. "'.,,.king
values.
f----- - - - - - - - · · · · ... ·----- ____ ,. ---------------· -·- ... ····- -------- ----------·-· ...
--------··.. -···- -- .. ---···· ·-·---·----· -···- --· --·-·-- ---·-.·---· ·-·---.. --··· ·-·
R£V. DATA FIRMA DESCRIZIONE MODIFICA
Moo ·

_..,-.- -
--~
t-[r~.~~~ ITA LBA S.p.A, ~ ~~~~1~:~~-.&.,L-=
ITAI-BA i i Data ____ ·-----
l-~... J_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
IM~P_I_A_N_T_I_I_N_D
__y
__
S_T_R_I_A_ll ___________i Esec. _. ... ___
I Prog. ............ . ... .......... ! Comm. ..... .. . ......... IVer. ___ _ ·-----
7 - OPffiATIVE CHECKI:;Gs
7.1 - .SS.'l.VIC£
7.1.1- Flm; rate
It _;,_·JLlld not exceed the :uaximum values allowed not to
st1 c.:~, mechanically the resins beyond the pe:c:nitted values,
not to load them abnormally and not to get e:....~hange
efficiency low·er than the foreseen ones.
7.1.2- Pressure drop
It is advisable to make sure occasionally that the loss
of head between inlet and outlet does not increase with
time abnormously.
Such an increase would mean abno~·mal loading of resins 1
possible crushings of the same, nozzle cloggings due to
flow overloading or to back wash badly carried out.
7.1.3 -characteristics of effluent
Programmed analysis should be carried out to check the
correct maintenance of tl1e design characteristics during
the time, such as outlet conductivity, cyclic throughput
correct consumption of regenerants, a.s.o.
Every plant is provided with a summarizing table of the
analytical checki.ngs to be made and of the frequency of the
same.
7. 2 - RIDENERATION
7.2.1- Back wash
7.2.1.1-:How rate within the prescribed limits
The expansion of the resin bed is controlled fror1 the
upper sight gla~~.
A flow rate excess expels tl1e resins; deficient rate does
not expand the bed enough to homogeneize it and to expel
fine matters.
The flow rate defect may be due to clogging of the resin
traps.
.EV1AJ1=A---ll-lil=~-~~-~--=~--==--==--==--==~--=~----·~-----~--=-~~----:~~--:-~o---:~S~:~~-~=-Z~I-O~N---E~~-~-·:-D---,-F-1-C_--_;_--_-~:_·_·-==~-=--~-----------_.-._
.. ----~~--------------~I
Moo. 3

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