research designs and types

1. What is qualitative research?
• Qualitative research is an approach
which seeks to understand, by means of
exploration,
– human experience,
– perceptions,
– motivations,
– intentions and
– behavior.
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2. What is qualitative research?
• It is interactive,
– inductive, (inference from particular
instances)
– flexible,
– Holistic(fulfilled) and
– reflexive method of data collection and
analysis.
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3. Why qualitative research in Nursing
• Nursing has traditionally focused on the
individual and the holistic nature of the person.
• This value system is more consistent with
qualitative research, the individuals
perspective is very important whereas in
quantitative research, the focus is on the group
or population rather than on the individual.
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4. Main features of Qualitative Research
1. Exploration
2. Inductive approach
3. Interactive and Reflective
4. Holistic
5. Flexible
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5. Main features of Qualitative Research
( cont. )
1. Exploration is the essential feature of
qualitative approach in order to
understand the perceptions and actions of
participants.
– Exploration is to discover new people,
customs, and to learn from them.
– Exploration is a difficult task that requires
training and experience.
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6. Main features of Qualitative Research
( cont. )
2. Inductive approach:
– The purpose of qualitative approach is to
develop concepts and generates hypothesis.
– The researcher is open to ideas which emerge
from listening or observing people.
– The inductive approach is useful when little is
known about the topics one wants to study.
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7. Main features of Qualitative Research
( cont. )
3. Interactive and Reflexive process
– To avoid bias in quantitative approach, the
researchers try to study phenomena in a detached
way.
– In qualitative studies, researchers use interaction
between them and participants to get closer to the
topic under study.
– The researcher becomes an instrument of data
collection.
– The researchers probe, facilitate, and note tone,
hesitations and repetition in participants responses.
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8. Main features of Qualitative
Research ( cont. )
• Interactive and Reflexive process (cont.)
– There should be trust between participants and
researchers.
– The qualitative research should be reflexive i.e.
examining not only what people say and do, but
also why they say and do so.
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9. Main features of Qualitative Research
( cont. )
4. Holistic exploration
– In quantitative research, the researcher is
constrained by a number of variables to be
studied.
– In qualitative research, participants are
allowed to put their responses in context.
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10. Main features of Qualitative Research
( cont. )
5. Flexible methods
Qualitative research relies on personal,
intimate and private world of participants.
– So flexible,
– imaginative,
– creative and
– varied strategies are used to facilitate this
process.
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11. Data collection methods in Qualitative
Research
Data collection methods include;
– interviews,
– observations,
– group discussion,
– analysis of video recording,
– letters,
– diaries and
– other documents.
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12. Types Of Qualitative Research
1. Phenomenological studies :
– It examine human experiences through the
descriptions that are provided by the people
involved. “ live experiences ”.
– Subjects are asked to describe thin experience as
they perceive them.
e.g “ what is it like for a mother to live with
a teenage child who is dying of AIDS ?. ”
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13. Qualitative Research 13
2. Ethnographers interview people who are most
knowledgeable about the culture ( key
informants )
• Data are collected through participant
– observation,
– interviews,
– genealogy,
– demography, and
– life histories.

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• View nursing and health care in the context in
which it occurs.
• Examine health from the point of view of
health care consumers, rather than from the
perspective of health care providers.

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3. Grounded Theory Studies :
– Data are collected and analyzed and then a theory is
developed that is grounded in the data.
– Uses both an inductive and a deductive approach to
theory development.
– Constructs and concepts are grounded in the data and
hypotheses are tested as they arise from the research.

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– At this research, purposeful sampling is used the researcher
looks for certain subjects who will be able to shed new
light on the phenomenon that is being studied.
– Diversity rather than similarly is sought in the people are
sampled .
– Data collection primarily of participant observation and
interviews and data are recorded through handwritten.
– Notes and tape recordings, the generation rather than the
testing of hypotheses.

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4. Historical Studies:
• To examine the roots of nursing through
historical research.
• Historical studies concern the
– identification,
– location,
– evaluation, and
– synthesis of data from the past.

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• It relate these past happening to the
present and to the future.
• Some historical research are
descriptive research.
• The data for are usually found in
documents or in
– Relics and
– artifacts
– printed material

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• Examine the types of equipment used by
nurses in another time period.
• Historical data can also be obtained
through oral reports.
• The material found in
– Libraries,
– archives, or
– in personal collections.

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5. Case Studies :
– In-depth examinations of people or groups of
people.
– A case study could also examine an
institution such as hospice care for the dying.
– A case study may be considered as a
quantitative or qualitative research study.

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– To be consider as qualitative, the researcher
must be interested in the meaning of
experiences to the subjects theme selves rather
than in generalizing results to other groups of
people .

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• Case studies are not used to test
hypotheses but hypotheses may be
generated from case studies.
• Data may be collected in case studies
through
– questionnaires
– interviews,
– observations, or
– written accounts by the subjects.

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• A nurse researcher might be interested
in how people with diabetes respond to
an insulin pump, one person or a group
of people with diabetes could be studied
for a time …
• Diaries might be used for the day-to-day
recording of information then the
researcher analyze these diaries and try
to interpret the written comments.

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• Content analysis is used in evaluating
the data from case studies.
• The researcher searches for patterns and
themes .
E.g “ release from self – inflicted pain “. “
freedom from rigid schedule”.
• Avoid selection bias.
• Case studies are time consuming and
costly Subject dropout may occur.

25. Qualitative Research in Nursing and
health Research
1. explore patients’ experience and behavior.
2. explore the experience and behavior of
nurses and other health professionals.
3. evaluate intervention and services.
4. explore core concepts relevant to nursing
and health.
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26. Thank YouThank You
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