Introduction of nursing research and research process

1. Presented By
Mr. N. Sabari vel
Tutor, CON,
AIIMS, Jodhpur
INTRODUCTION OF RESEARCH
AND
RESEARCH PROCESS
.

2. INTRODUCTION
• In any profession, research is necessary to invention of
new technology and techniques its help to improve the
body of knowledge in profession.
• Nursing Research nurses need the scientific knowledge
required to be a competent nurse practitioner.
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3. METHODS OF ACQUIRING
KNOWLEDGE
UNSTRUCTURED METODS
• Tradition - based on
customs/beliefs
• Authority - by power
and expertise
• Intuition
• Experience
• Trial and error
STRUCTURED METHODS
• Inductive reasoning
• Deductive reasoning
• Assembled information
• Problem solving
• Scientific method/
Research
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5. PROBLEM-SOLVING METHOD
• A problem is viewed as a gap between ‘what is’ and
‘what should be’. Traditional problem-solving usually
involved involves the six steps elaborated here.
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Problem
identification
Problem
analysis
Developing
solution
Implementing
solution
Evaluating
results
Standardise
Solution

6. SCIENTIFIC METHOD
 It is systematic investigations that are rooted in objective
reality that aim to develop general knowledge about
natural phenomena.
 It is based on empirical and measurable evidence which
reduces the chances of bias.
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7. Scientific Method
Steps
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Formulate a question for scientific enquiry
Do preliminary review of literature
Formulate hypothesis
Test the hypothesis through an experiment
Analyze the data and draw conclusion
Communicate the findings

8. DEFINITION OF RESEARCH
 Research is defined as systemic and scientific process to
answer question about facts and relationship between
facts. It is an activity involved in seeking answers to
unanswered questions.
 Nursing research is a way to identify new knowledge,
improve professional education and practices and use of
resource effectively.
- ICN
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9. CHARACTERISTICS OF
GOOD RESEARCH
 Orderly and systematic process
 Goal-directed
 Empirical/Objective
 Based on current professional
issues
 Finding solution of a problem
 Patiently and unhurried activity
 Reproducibility
 Accuracy
 Originality
 Training investigators
 Use appropriate methodology
 Conducted on representative
sample
 Use valid and reliable data
collection tools
 Carefully recorded and reported
 Appropriately analysed research
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11. ETHICS IN NURSING RESEARCH
• Ethics refers to moral principles that should be
considered while making decisions.
• The Nuremberg Code came into existence in 1947 after
the exposure of Nazi atrocities during the Second World
War.
• The Belmont Report the National Commission for the
Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and
Behavioural Research (USA) has served as many ethical
guidelines adopted by several disciplines.
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12. NUREMBERG CODE
• Voluntary human consent is essential
• Experimental results should good for society
• Anticipated result should justify the experiment
• Avoids all physical and mental suffering
• No experiment if there is a chance of death or disability
• Minimize risk of subjects
• Proper preparation and facilities to protect subject
• Experiments conducted only by qualified persons.
• Subjects can withdraw at anytime
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13. ETHICS IN NURSING RESEARCH
The broad ethical principles outlined by Belmont Report
are as follows:
 Principle of beneficence
 Principle of respect for human dignity
 Principle of justice
 Informed consent
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14. ETHICS IN NURSING RESEARCH
• Principle of beneficence
• Risk–benefit ratio
• Protect from harmful effect
• Freedom and avoid discomfort to study participants.
• Benefit from research
• Principle of justice
• Fair and non discriminatory selection of participants
• Confidentiality of information must be maintained.
• Avoid overuse in vulnerable groups like children

15. ETHICS IN NURSING RESEARCH
• Principle of respect for human dignity
• Right to self determination
• Right to full disclosure
• Participants have the right to quit from the study at
any stage.
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16. INFORMED CONSENT
 Written Informed consent from the prospective study
participants has become an essential requirement in
nursing research.
 Assent is the term used instead of consent when the
underage child chooses to participate in a study.
 The material provided to participants (Subject/patient
information sheet) should be in their preferred language
and at their reading level.
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17. TYPES OF RESEARCH
• Research is classified based on either an approach of
studying variable or the purpose of conducting the
research.
• These classification are as follows:
1. Quantitative research, Qualitative research and mixed
method research
2. Basic research and applied research
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18. 18
Egg
- Quantity- number, shape, size, color etc.
- Quality - smell, taste, aroma etc.
Experience of patient about nursing care?

19. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• It is an enquiry into an identified problem based on
testing a theory composed of variables, measured with
numbers and analysed using statistical techniques.
• In this types of research data is collected in numerical
form and analysed by using descriptive and inferential
statistics.
• The three major types of quantitative research design are
experimental, quasi experimental and nonexperimental
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20. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
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21. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• Qualitative research is a field of enquiry that crosscuts
disciplines and subject matter. It involves an in depth
understanding of human behaviours,
• it concerned with the opinions, experiences, and feeling of
individuals producing subject data, Here data is collected in
descriptive form rather than numerical form
• The five major types of qualitative research design are
phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, case study,
and historical research.
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22. MIXED METRHOD RESEARCH
• Nursing research study deals with a complex phenomenon, which
cannot be answered completely by qualitative or quantitative
research method alone so mixed method is considered as a better
alternative to answer a research question.
• Mixed method research approach involved in numerical and
descriptive narrations in a study.
• The four types of mixed method research design are convergent
research, explanatory sequential research, exploratory sequential
research, embedded research design
• ( E.g.) A researcher use convergent design to understand the nurses
attitude about care of HIV patients
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23. MIXED METRHOD RESEARCH
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24. MIXED METRHOD RESEARCH
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25. BASED ON PURPOSE
Basic research
- it is performed without a specific purpose in mind rather
its primary concerned with generation of new knowledge.
- It is a formal and systematic process leading to the
development of theories. There is no immediate
commercial value of the result as its main motivation is to
expand the body of knowledge
- ( E.g.) A researcher carries out a study on effect of
participatory culture in an organisation on work
performance of employees.
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26. APPLIED RESEARCH
• Applied research refer to those studies that have functional
purposes and practical use or application. They focus on
immediate solution to an existing problem.
• This type of research help to solve problem, make
decisions, develop something new for immediate use
• ( E.g.) A study to assess the effectiveness of two different
techniques of pin site care for prevention of pin site
infection.
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29. RESEARCH PROCESS
• It is a step by step process involves identifying, locating,
assessing and analysing the research question then
developing and expressing your ideas in order to find
answer and ways in which they are carried out.
- Quantitative research process
- Qualitative research process
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30. STEPS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH PROCESS
The quantitative research process can be broadly
categorised into the following phases:
♣ Conceptual phase
♣ Design and planning phase
♣ Empirical phase
♣ Analytic phase
♣ Disseminating phase
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31. CONCEPTUAL PHASE:
TASKS
♣ Formulating the research problem
♣ Determine the study objective
♣ Review of literature
♣ Developing conceptual framework
♣ Formulating hypothesis and assumption
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32. FORMULATING THE
RESEARCH PROBLEM
• Generally start with broad topic area and later narrowed to specific
topic of the study
• PICOT model guide for formulating a clinical research question
– P- Population
– I- Intervention
– C- Comparison group
– O- Outcome of interest
– T- Time
• Check 4 Dimension
– Substantive dimension
– Methodological dimension
– Practical dimension
– Ethical dimension
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33. DETERMINING STUDY
OBJECTIVES
• There must be a clear direction to every research project
and objectives certainly serve this purpose. It may be
general and specific objective for a research project.
• This step of research process also includes writing
operational definition of the variables under the study.
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34. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
• A literature review is a summary of previous knowledge
generated on the topic of study.
• Review of literature helps the researcher to understand
what is already known about the topic and what need to
be further investigated.
• The sources of ROL such as books, journals, research
report, unpublished theses, newspaper, magazines, and
electronic data base,
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35. DEVELOPING CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
• The basic aim of quantitative research in most discipline
is to develop, refine or test theories.
• Most of the nursing researcher plan to develop a
conceptual framework based on the existing nursing or
non nursing theories.
• The conceptual framework not only provide meaning to
research problem but also help in developing hypothesis
or assumptions for research study.
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36. FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS
• Hypothesis is an assumed statement suggesting an
answer to a question, which may or may not be true.
• It is a prediction of what is expected to be the outcome of
the study, which is either accepted or rejected
• ( E.g.) A study on alcohol intake and incidence of liver
disease among people of an urban area. here hypothesis
may be considered as alcoholic have higher incidence of
liver disease.
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37. DESIGN AND PLANNING PHASE
♣ Selecting the research approach and design
♣ Specifying the population
♣ Developing tool for data collection
♣ Establishing ethical consideration
♣ Conducting Pilot study
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38. RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN
• Research design is the blue print of research study, which enables the
researcher to know on whom, what, when, where, and how the study
will be conducted.
• Experimental – it must have three characteristics that is manipulation,
randomization and control group
• Quasi experimental- it involve manipulation of independent variable
to observe the effect on dependent variables, but usually there is
absence of randomization or control group.
• Non experimental – it involve study of research variables without
manipulation them in natural setting for the purpose of description,
exploration, explanation, and correlation between two or more
variables. 38

39. SPECIFY THE POPULATION
• Research population is an aggregate of all the subjects or
objects with specific characteristics. ( E.g.) A study on
prevalence of health care associated infection among patient
admitted in ICU
DEVELOPING TOOL FOR DATA COLLECTION
• This is the most important and crucial step of the research
process the tool for data collection depends on several factor
such as type of research design, variables, subjects, available
resources and time for the study.
• The researcher use standardized tool or develop new tool, it
must be used after establishing their validity and reliability.
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40. ESTABLISHING ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
• Obtaining ethical approval from IEC
• Taking informed consent from participants
• Obtaining the permission from competent authority of a
health care facility
• Maintaining confidentiality of the information
CONDUCTING PILOT STUDY
• Pilot study is a kind of small scale rehearsal on the
subjects, but these subjects are not a part of the actual study
• Pilot study conducted to ensure the feasibility of the study
and revise methodology and tool of the study. 40

41. EMPIRICAL PHASE
• Sample selection
• Data collection
• Preparation of data for analysis
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42. SAMPLE SELECTION
• It is not practically possible to conduct study on entire
population. Therefore researcher must select representative
• Part of the population
• A sample can be selected by using either probability or
non probability sampling techniques.
DATA COLLECTION
• It is most time consuming steps of research process which
involves direct or indirect interaction to get information
• Data collection require adequate planning, patience,
communication, and IPR. Data could be collect through
questioning, interviewing, or observation methods 42

43. PREPARING DATA FOR ANALYSIS
• In Quantitative studies careful checking of every tool for
its completeness and coding is the main activity during
this step of research process
• It must ensure that one code specifies only one piece of
information, and it should be maintained carefully to
avoid any error.
• Coding can be carried out manually on a paper sheet, or
computer grading sheet or directly in statistical software
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44. ANALYTIC PHASE: TASKS
ANALYSING DATA & INTERPRETING THE
FINDINGS
• In quantitative research studies numerical data must be
organised in an orderly and sequential manner, and
analysis and interpretation of data using appropriate
descriptive and inferential statistics.
• Data may be analysed either manual calculation or by
using statistical programme for social sciences (SPSS),
Epi- info, STATA, Minitab PASS.
• Data is presented through tables, graphs, and chart.
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45. DISSEMINATION PHASE: TASKS
COMMUNICATING THE FINDINGS
• Research finding may be communicated through writing
of research thesis, article, or presentation an oral research
report at scientific conference
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46. STEPS IN QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH PROCESS
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47. Identifying research problem
Selecting research approach and design
Formulating broad study objectives
Entry in research setting
Review of relevant literature
Selecting a small sample

48. Establish ethical consideration
Analysis and interpretation of data
Planning tool for data collection
Organizing data for analysis
Collecting data
Disseminating the research findings

49. Postgrad
Methods
Martin Dempster 49

50. Thank You