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HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week 2 Assignment
Evidence-Based Research Interview
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Evidence-Based Research Interview
Details:
Identify, analyze, and discuss the components that comprise a valid
evidence-based research study.
Based on the information compiled above, interview a health care leader
about his/her experiences related to using evidence-based research to
drive changes in practices in his/her facility.
Write a report (1,000-1,250 words) of your findings. Include the
following in your report:
1) The changes that the health care leader has been involved in
implementing.
2) How strong did the leader feel the research on the topic was? Why?
3) Have they ever rejected research findings? Why or why not?
4) Include any concerns they have had or resistance they have
experienced when implementing changes based on research.

5) Analyze your findings as they apply to the components of evidence-
based research.
Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the
APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is
not required.
This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the
rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the
rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the
assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the
assignment.
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HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week 6 Discussion 2
What are the indicators for using a t-test? Create a research scenario in
which it would be correct to use a t-test, including the research question,
sample size, and dependent and independent variables.
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What are the indicators for using an ANOVA? Create a research
scenario in which it would be correct to use an ANOVA, including the
research question, sample size, and dependent and independent
variables.
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What are the indicators for using a regression analysis? Create a research
scenario in which it would be correct to use a regression analysis,
including the research question, sample size, and dependent and
independent variables?
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HLT 540 Week 1 Discussion 1

Why do you think many healthcare practitioners are often unwilling to
change practice patterns, based on research findings? Some practitioners
criticize evidence-based practice as “cookbook care.” Considering these
perceptions, how would you utilize your education and experiences in
planning the implementation of a major change?
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Consider the question: “Why do physicians and nurses kill more people
than airline pilots?” Apply your critical thinking skills to this argument
and critique the statement. First, do you think it’s true? If it is, what do
you think about their rationale? How would you address it if the
question were posed to you in a forum?
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What kinds of extraneous variables (not cited in the studies) do you
think could have affected the relationships between the independent
variables and the dependent variables in both the Messina et al. and
Coyne et al. studies?
****************************************************************************
How effectively do you think the Coyne et al. study and the Messina et
al. study both used their review of literature to help the reader
understand why the research question was asked? How could they have
done it more effectively?
****************************************************************************
HLT 540 Week 3 Assignment 1 Coyne and
Messina Articles, Part 1 Analysis

Coyne and Messina Articles, Part 1 Analysis
Details:
1) In a paper (1,000-1,250 words), compare and contrast the major
elements of the reports by Coyne et al. and Messina et al., listed in the
Module 2 Readings.
2) Complete the “Coyne and Messina Articles Analysis.” Study the
information in the right-side column related to the Coyne, et al. study,
which identifies the required elements as found in the reading. Complete
the information for the Messina et al. article by identifying the required
elements from the article.
3) Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the
not required.
4) This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the
assignment.
Coyne and Messina Articles Analysis

As an example guideline, review the study components in the left-side
column of the table below. Read the study by Messina et al., and build
the data in the right-side column with the key components in that study.
Research Question:
Coyne: Do size and ownership type make a difference in the efficiency
and cost results of hospitals in Washington state? (Highlight p.164,
second column, starting 15 lines from bottom to seven lines from
bottom.)
Messina:
How did the research question emerge from the review of literature in
the article?
Coyne:
Built on an earlier study by Coyne on performance differences between
multi-facility systems and independent hospitals using two cost
measures. Cited studies that used a range of variables to measure
differences in hospital performance, and noted that prior findings have
been inconclusive in regard to hospital size, although economies of scale
were found.
Messina:
Independent Variables
Type:
Coyne:
Hospital size and hospital ownership structure.
Categorical

Messina:
Dependent Variables
Type:
Coyne:
Efficiency measures – continuous variables.
Cost measures – continuous variables.
Messina:
Design Elements
Quantitative vs. Qualitative
Sample Size
Method of sample selection
Experimental vs. control group?
Reliable and valid data instruments?
Coyne:
Quantitative 96
Picked all hospitals in state, except investor owned hospitals.
No

Used data that are commonly used to measure hospital efficiency and
performance with high degrees of accuracy (reliable), and data that are
historically used and make sense to other hospital users (valid).
Messina:
Describe analysis.
What statistics were used?
Coyne:
Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Messina:
Did the researchers’ conclusions make sense, did they answer the
research question, and did they appear to flow from the review of the
literature?
Did they explore control of extraneous variables?
Coyne:
They concluded that size and ownership type make a difference in
reported levels of efficiency. Not for profits seem to achieve higher
performance levels, and medium and large not for profits operate more
efficiently than industry average. The same results were found for cost
levels, in that size and ownership type do make a difference, with
medium sized hospitals reporting lower costs than large or small
hospitals.
Yes, when they called for national studies that controlled for case mix,
scope of services, and payer mix, all of which could have affected the
results in this study in an unmeasured way.

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HLT 540 Week 3 Assignment 2 Assessing a
Research Study
Assessing a Research Study
Details:
1) Choose a research study article of interest to you.
2) Refer to the study you choose and complete “Assessing a Research
Study.”
3) Identify an article that directly references your chosen study and
compare it to your findings. Does this article refute or confirm the
study’s findings?
4) Write a paper (750-1,000 words) that analyzes and summarizes your
findings.
not required.

assignment.
Assessing a Research Study
Review the study components in the left-side column of the form below.
Refer to the study you chose, and complete the data in the right-side
column with the key components in that study.
Research Question:
How did the research question emerge from the review of literature in
the article?
Independent Variables
Type:
Dependent Variables
Type:
Identify and Define the Study Design Elements:
Quantitative vs. Qualitative:
Sample Size
Method of sample selection: Explanation.
Identify and define the experimental and control groups?
Reliable and valid data instruments? Explain.

Describe analysis.
What statistics were used?
Did the researchers’ conclusions make sense, did they answer the
research question, and did they appear to flow from the review of the
literature?
Did they explore control of extraneous variables?
****************************************************************************
Given that there is a documented advantage to the use of an
experimental and control group design, discuss why other designs are
frequently used, and the situations that may prompt the use of one.
****************************************************************************

Discuss your understanding of the concept of internal validity in a
research study, and the impacts of several errors or biases that can
reduce the study’s validity.
****************************************************************************
HLT 540 Week 4 Assignment Coyne and
Messina Articles Part 2 Statistical Assessment
Coyne and Messina Articles Part 2 Statistical Assessment
Details:
1) Write a paper of 1,000-1,250 words regarding the statistical
significance of outcomes as presented in Messina’s, et al. article “The
Relationship between Patient Satisfaction and Inpatient Admissions
Across Teaching and Nonteaching Hospitals.”
2) Assess the appropriateness of the statistics used by referring to the
chart presented in the Module 4 lecture and the resource “Statistical
Assessment.”

3) Discuss the value of statistical significance vs. pragmatic usefulness.
APA Style Guide located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is
not required.
assignment
****************************************************************************
Why do you think so many people have problems with using,
interpreting, or applying statistics in making business decisions?
****************************************************************************

As you have learned to evaluate different research studies, what
elements seem the most important to you for evaluation of the research’s
quality? Why?
****************************************************************************
HLT 540 Week 5 Assignment 1 Broyles
Textbook Practice Exercise
Broyles Textbook Practice Exercise
Details:
Complete “Practice Exercise 1” (page 157) and “Practice Exercise 11”
(page 180) in the textbook. For the data set listed, use Excel to extract
the mean and standard deviation for the sample of lengths of stay for
cardiac patients. Use the following Excel steps:
1) Enter the data set into Excel.
2) Click on the Data tab at the top.

3) Highlight your data set with your mouse.
4) Click on the Data Analysis tab at the top right.
5) Click on Descriptive Statistics in the analysis tool list.
6) Find the mean and standard deviation of the data sets.
7) Send the results to instructor via e-mail, along with your analysis of
the description of the data set.
APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.
****************************************************************************
HLT 540 Week 5 Assignment 2 Coyne and
Messina Articles Part 3 Spearman Coefficient
Review
Coyne and Messina Articles Part 3 Spearman Coefficient Review
Details:
1) Write a paper (750-1,000 words) regarding the use of the Spearman
rank correlation coefficient by Messina, et al. in “The Relationship

between Patient Satisfaction and Inpatient Admissions Across Teaching
and Nonteaching Hospitals,” listed in the module readings.
2) Comment on what variables were used; whether it answered the
research question; and whether the Spearman rank correlation
coefficient is appropriately used, given the requirements of the
Spearman rank correlation coefficient.
not required.
****************************************************************************
Discuss the concept of the normal distribution, why it is important, and
what you think it means.

When students talk about “grading on the curve,” how does that apply to
the normal distribution?
****************************************************************************
HLT 540 Week 6 Assignment 1Yeung Analysis
Yeung Analysis
Details:
1) Refer to “The Use of Electro-Acupuncture in Conjunction with
Exercise for the Treatment of Chronic Low-Back Pain” by Yeung,
Leung, and Chow.
2) Complete “Yeung Analysis Worksheet.”
3) Examine the question the researchers were trying to answer and write
an essay (500-750 words) that explains why you feel the t-test was
chosen. Choose one of the other tools studied so far in this course and
explain why it would not provide relevant findings.
not required.

assignment.
Yeung Analysis Worksheet
What was the research question?
What were the independent variables?
What was the dependent variable?
What was the sample size and how was it chosen?
What was the experimental design and use of control group?
Were the instruments of measurement shown to be reliable and valid?
What data types were included?
Describe the statistics used, what they were used for, and the results.
What were the researchers’ conclusions? How did they answer the
research question(s)?
How was error controlled?
Did you see any concerns with the research study? If so, what?
****************************************************************************
HLT 540 Week 6 Assignment 2 Correlation
between Two Variables

Correlation between Two Variables
Details:
Use Excel to do a correlation between the following variables:
1) X – 2,5,5,6,6,7,8,9
2) Y – 1,2,2,3,4,4,5,5
assignment.
****************************************************************************
HLT 540 Week 6 Assignment 3 T-Test for Two
Sample

T-Test for Two Sample
Details:
A drug company is measuring levels of oxygenation in patients after
receiving a test medication. As the researcher, you are interested in
whether Group I, which received the medication, has the same
oxygenation levels as Group II, which did not.
1) Group 1: 2,3,3,4,4,7,8,9
2) Group 2: 1,2,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,8
Use Excel to run a t-test for two samples, assuming equal variances,
with an alpha value of 0.05. Run the t-test and note:
1) Are you doing a one-tailed test or a two-tailed test (Excel will give
you both)?
2) What is the probability that Group I is different from Group 2, using
the p value? Is it significant against the benchmark of p < .05?
APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.
assignment.
****************************************************************************

Discuss the differences between the concepts of correlation and
causality, and why it is critically important to make sure that the
differences are understood?
****************************************************************************
Textbook Exercise 1
Broyles Textbook Exercise 1
Details:
1) Use Excel to complete “Exercise 1” on page 247 (Regression
Analysis) in the textbook.
2) Answer the questions at the end of the exercise.

3) APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.
assignment.
****************************************************************************
Textbook Exercise 7
Broyles Textbook Exercise 7
Details:
1) Use Excel to complete “Exercise 7” on page 208 (ANOVA) in the
textbook.
2) Answer the questions at the end of the exercise.
3) APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.

assignment.
****************************************************************************
HLT 540 Week 7 Assignment 3Roddy and Ganz
Assessments
Roddy and Ganz Assessments
Details:
1) Use “Roddy and Ganz Worksheets” to complete an assessment of the
research studies: “Evidence-Based Clinical Guidelines: A New System
to Better Determine True Strength of Recommendation” by Roddy et al.,
and “ICU Nurses’ Oral-Care Practices and the Current Best Evidence”
by Ganz et al.
2) In a paper (1,000-1,250 words), analyze and support whether you
believe that the changes recommended are statistically valid and sound
enough to make practice changes in a hospital.
not required.

assignment.
Roddy Analysis Worksheet
Using the worksheet below, complete an assessment of the following
article.
Roddy, E., Zhang, W., Doherty, M., Arden, N. K., Barlow, J., Birrell, F.,
et al. (2006). Evidence-based clinical guidelines: A new system to better
determine true strength of recommendation. Journal of Evaluation in
Clinical Practice, 12(3), 347-352. Retrieved
from.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=a9h&AN=20870724&site=ehost-
live&scope=site”>http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=a9h&AN=20870724&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Ganz Analysis Worksheet
Using the worksheet below, complete an assessment of the following
article.
Ganz, F., Fink, N., Raanan, O., Asher, M., Bruttin, M., Nun, M., et al.
(2009). ICU nurses’ oral-care practices and the current best evidence.
Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 41(2), 132-138. Retrieved
from.gcu.edu:2048/login?
url=http://proquest.umi.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/pqdweb?
did=1780947491&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=48377&RQT=309&VName
=PQD”>http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?
url=http://proquest.umi.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/pqdweb?
did=1780947491&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=48377&RQT=309&VName
=PQD

****************************************************************************
HLT 540 Week 8 Assignment 1 Proposal
Development Paper
HLT 540 Week 8 Assignment 1 Proposal Development Paper
Write a proposal paper (1,250-1,500 words) for a major change project
that you would like to lead.
Identify a health care issue that interests you and explain why.

Develop a rationale using evidence-based research, including:
1) The background.
2) Statistical findings.
3) Probable stakeholders.
4) Logical conclusions.
Design an implementation plan for the project, including:
1) A communications plan.
2) Creation of a design and implementation team by roles.
List the strategies you would use to lead the team to success and identify
potential obstacles that may be faced, along with plans to deal with
them.
Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the
not required.
****************************************************************************
HLT 540 Week 8 Assignment 2 Stakeholder
Scenario

HLT 540 Week 8 Assignment 2 Stakeholder Scenario
1) Read and complete “Stakeholder Scenario.”
not required.
Stakeholder Scenario
Goal: To convince a group of people to use a specific, new type of
antibiotic for patients pre-operatively in order to decrease surgical
wound infections.
Scenario: You are a healthcare administrator that is trying to introduce a
change in practice to a group of stakeholders. Your goal is to help them
understand the rationale and need for the change, and to get a sense of
the areas of resistance to the change. The change under discussion is to
implement a new antibiotic to be given one hour before surgery starts as
a way of reducing post-op wound infections. The Centers for Medicare
and Medicaid Studies (CMS) have indicated that timely pre-op
application of specific antibiotics is becoming a requirement and will be
a publicly reported indicator on the CMS Web site for your hospital.
Thus, institution of this new procedure is something you really need to
pull off.
As the administrator in this scenario, you will hear the initial responses
of each of the stakeholders. You will then be presented with several
options for your response. Select the option you think is most effective.
Review the stakeholders’ responses to the option you selected.
According to their own perspectives and prerogatives, the stakeholders

will respond in different ways to each choice. Your goal is to achieve
some level of buy-in to the change.
Issues:
The antibiotic is new and people aren’t familiar with it.
Requires administration within one hour of the actual surgery start time.
Requires administration by IV.
Adds a step to the busy pre-op nurse’s work load.
Saves the hospital $28,000 per year.
Research shows wound infections down 47% with this new antibiotic if
it is administered in a timely fashion.
Players:
Pharmacist: He’s learned about the new antibiotic through his research
studies, and is excited about using it.
Pre-op Nurse: She is worried about having one more thing added to the
pre-op activities list she must complete before the patient goes to
surgery, but she’s very interested in doing the right thing for her
patients.
Surgeon: He hates government mandates, doesn’t like to be told what to
do, generally has a pretty good track record for his patients’ outcomes
after surgery, but has no idea what his actual rates of wound infection
are.
Finance Analyst: It’s all about the money. Don’t make it harder by
concentrating on anything other than the dollars.
Stakeholders’ Background Thinking
Pharmacist: I really like this idea, because this antibiotic is better and
cheaper too. If we can standardize to this antibiotic, I can save money by
stocking only one antibiotic for surgery. It will save my staff time in
preparation also. This is a great idea for me and my department.
Pre-op Nurse: I am just worn out trying to keep up with all the changes
they keep hitting us with. It’s hard enough to do my job and remember

to do things differently and use different items. Why can’t they give me
a break? Now I’ll have to start an IV as well as give a drug, and they are
already pressuring me to get the patient ready for the OR faster.
Sometimes I just want to go home!! But I got into nursing to help
people, and if this really makes a difference, I guess I can suck it up.
Physician: The government makes me crazy! Those bureaucrats think
they know how to practice medicine better than I do. The last thing I
need is some ivory tower academic telling me what antibiotics to give!
I’ve been doing this for 30 years, and I know what works and what
doesn’t. The stupid hospital better shut up and let me do what I know is
right and stop telling me how to be a doctor. My patients like me and
that is what counts. I’m sure voting Libertarian in the next election!
Financial Analyst: I have been tasked to save this hospital hundreds of
thousands of dollars this year, and this one change will save us a bundle.
Why are they all arguing? This change could save their jobs! Don’t they
get that it’s all about the money? I wish they’d just shut up and approve
the change so we could go get lunch.
****************************************************************************
Re-visit the roadmap that you began at the start of your program of
study. Complete information regarding this course. In the discussion,
reflect on how this course meets your career goals. What have you

gleaned from the course that will help you in your career path? Respond
to at least two other classmates.
****************************************************************************
Discuss your thoughts about the ethics of using informed consent vs.
blinding the subjects to the expected outcomes of the intervention.
Should they be told? How much should they be told? How would the
placebo effect be impacted if subjects are told which intervention is
being applied to them?
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