The document provides instructions for several assignments for an evidence-based research course. It includes instructions to interview a healthcare leader about how they use evidence-based research to drive changes. Students are asked to analyze the components of valid evidence-based research and write a report summarizing their findings from the interview. It also provides instructions for other assignments involving assessing research studies and applying statistical analysis techniques like t-tests, ANOVA, and regression analysis to research scenarios and examples.

1. HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week 2 Assignment Evidence-Based
Research Interview
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Evidence-Based Research Interview
Details:
Identify, analyze, and discuss the components that comprise a valid
evidence-based research study.
Based on the information compiled above, interview a health care
leader about his/her experiences related to using evidence-based
research to drive changes in practices in his/her facility.
Write a report (1,000-1,250 words) of your findings. Include the
following in your report:
1) The changes that the health care leader has been involved in
implementing.
2) How strong did the leader feel the research on the topic was? Why?

2. 3) Have they ever rejected research findings? Why or why not?
4) Include any concerns they have had or resistance they have
experienced when implementing changes based on research.
5) Analyze your findings as they apply to the components of
evidence-based research.
Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the
APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract
is not required.
This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the
rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the
rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the
assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the
assignment.
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HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week 6 Discussion 2
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3. What are the indicators for using a t-test? Create a research scenario
in which it would be correct to use a t-test, including the research
question, sample size, and dependent and independent variables.
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HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week 7 Discussion 1
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What are the indicators for using an ANOVA? Create a research
scenario in which it would be correct to use an ANOVA, including
the research question, sample size, and dependent and independent
variables.
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HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week 7 Discussion 2
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What are the indicators for using a regression analysis? Create a
research scenario in which it would be correct to use a regression
analysis, including the research question, sample size, and dependent
and independent variables?

4. ===============================================
HLT 540 Week 1 Discussion 1
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Why do you think many healthcare practitioners are often unwilling
to change practice patterns, based on research findings? Some
practitioners criticize evidence-based practice as “cookbook care.”
Considering these perceptions, how would you utilize your education
and experiences in planning the implementation of a major change?
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HLT 540 Week 1 Discussion 2
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Consider the question: “Why do physicians and nurses kill more
people than airline pilots?” Apply your critical thinking skills to this
argument and critique the statement. First, do you think it’s true? If it
is, what do you think about their rationale? How would you address it
if the question were posed to you in a forum?

5. ===============================================
HLT 540 Week 2 Discussion 1
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What kinds of extraneous variables (not cited in the studies) do you
think could have affected the relationships between the independent
variables and the dependent variables in both the Messina et al. and
Coyne et al. studies?
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HLT 540 Week 2 Discussion 2
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How effectively do you think the Coyne et al. study and the Messina
et al. study both used their review of literature to help the reader
understand why the research question was asked? How could they
have done it more effectively?
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6. HLT 540 Week 3 Assignment 1 Coyne and Messina Articles,
Part 1 Analysis
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Coyne and Messina Articles, Part 1 Analysis
Details:
1) In a paper (1,000-1,250 words), compare and contrast the major
elements of the reports by Coyne et al. and Messina et al., listed in the
Module 2 Readings.
2) Complete the “Coyne and Messina Articles Analysis.” Study the
information in the right-side column related to the Coyne, et al. study,
which identifies the required elements as found in the reading.
Complete the information for the Messina et al. article by identifying
the required elements from the article.
3) Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in
the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An
abstract is not required.

7. 4) This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the
rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the
rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the
assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the
assignment.
Coyne and Messina Articles Analysis
As an example guideline, review the study components in the left-side
column of the table below. Read the study by Messina et al., and build
the data in the right-side column with the key components in that
study.
Research Question:
Coyne: Do size and ownership type make a difference in the
efficiency and cost results of hospitals in Washington state?
(Highlight p.164, second column, starting 15 lines from bottom to
seven lines from bottom.)
Messina:
How did the research question emerge from the review of literature in
the article?
Coyne:

8. Built on an earlier study by Coyne on performance differences
between multi-facility systems and independent hospitals using two
cost measures. Cited studies that used a range of variables to measure
differences in hospital performance, and noted that prior findings
have been inconclusive in regard to hospital size, although economies
of scale were found.
Messina:
Independent Variables
Type:
Coyne:
Hospital size and hospital ownership structure.
Categorical
Messina:
Dependent Variables
Type:

9. Coyne:
Efficiency measures – continuous variables.
Cost measures – continuous variables.
Messina:
Design Elements
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HLT 540 Week 3 Assignment 2 Assessing a Research Study
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Assessing a Research Study
Details:
1) Choose a research study article of interest to you.

10. 2) Refer to the study you choose and complete “Assessing a Research
Study.”
3) Identify an article that directly references your chosen study and
compare it to your findings. Does this article refute or confirm the
study’s findings?
4) Write a paper (750-1,000 words) that analyzes and summarizes
your findings.
5) Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in
the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An
abstract is not required.
6) This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the
rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the
rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the
assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the
assignment.
Assessing a Research Study
Review the study components in the left-side column of the form
below. Refer to the study you chose, and complete the data in the
right-side column with the key components in that study.

11. Research Question:
How did the research question emerge from the review of literature in
the article?
Independent Variables
Type:
Dependent Variables
Type:
Identify and Define the Study Design Elements:
Quantitative vs. Qualitative:
Sample Size
Method of sample selection: Explanation.
Identify and define the experimental and control groups?
Reliable and valid data instruments? Explain.

12. Describe analysis.
What statistics were used?
Did the researchers’ conclusions make sense, did they answer the
research question, and did they appear to flow from the review of the
literature?
Did they explore control of extraneous variables?
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HLT 540 Week 3 Discussion 1
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Given that there is a documented advantage to the use of an
experimental and control group design, discuss why other designs are
frequently used, and the situations that may prompt the use of one.
Did they explore control of extraneous variables?
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HLT 540 Week 3 Discussion 2

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Discuss your understanding of the concept of internal validity in a
research study, and the impacts of several errors or biases that can
reduce the study’s validity.
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HLT 540 Week 4 Assignment Coyne and Messina Articles
Part 2 Statistical Assessment
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Coyne and Messina Articles Part 2 Statistical Assessment
Details:
1) Write a paper of 1,000-1,250 words regarding the statistical
significance of outcomes as presented in Messina’s, et al. article “The
Relationship between Patient Satisfaction and Inpatient Admissions
Across Teaching and Nonteaching Hospitals.”

14. 2) Assess the appropriateness of the statistics used by referring to the
chart presented in the Module 4 lecture and the resource “Statistical
Assessment.”
3) Discuss the value of statistical significance vs. pragmatic
usefulness.
4) Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in
the APA Style Guide located in the Student Success Center. An
abstract is not required.
5) This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the
rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the
rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the
assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the
assignment
===============================================
HLT 540 Week 4 Discussion 1
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Why do you think so many people have problems with using,
interpreting, or applying statistics in making business decisions?

15. ===============================================
HLT 540 Week 4 Discussion 2
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As you have learned to evaluate different research studies, what
elements seem the most important to you for evaluation of the
research’s quality? Why?
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HLT 540 Week 5 Assignment 1 Broyles Textbook Practice
Exercise
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Broyles Textbook Practice Exercise
Details:

16. Complete “Practice Exercise 1” (page 157) and “Practice Exercise
11” (page 180) in the textbook. For the data set listed, use Excel to
extract the mean and standard deviation for the sample of lengths of
stay for cardiac patients. Use the following Excel steps:
1) Enter the data set into Excel.
2) Click on the Data tab at the top.
3) Highlight your data set with your mouse.
4) Click on the Data Analysis tab at the top right.
5) Click on Descriptive Statistics in the analysis tool list.
6) Find the mean and standard deviation of the data sets.
7) Send the results to instructor via e-mail, along with your analysis of
the description of the data set.
APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.
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HLT 540 Week 5 Discussion 1

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Discuss the concept of the normal distribution, why it is important,
and what you think it means.
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HLT 540 Week 5 Discussion 1
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Discuss the concept of the normal distribution, why it is important,
and what you think it means.
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HLT 540 Week 5 Discussion 2
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When students talk about “grading on the curve,” how does that apply
to the normal distribution?

18. ===============================================
HLT 540 Week 6 Assignment 1Yeung Analysis
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Yeung Analysis
Details:
1) Refer to “The Use of Electro-Acupuncture in Conjunction with
Exercise for the Treatment of Chronic Low-Back Pain” by Yeung,
Leung, and Chow.
2) Complete “Yeung Analysis Worksheet.”
3) Examine the question the researchers were trying to answer and
write an essay (500-750 words) that explains why you feel the t-test
was chosen. Choose one of the other tools studied so far in this course
and explain why it would not provide relevant findings.

19. 4) Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in
the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An
abstract is not required.
5) This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the
rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the
rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the
assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the
assignment.
Yeung Analysis Worksheet
What was the research question?
What were the independent variables?
What was the dependent variable?
What was the sample size and how was it chosen?
What was the experimental design and use of control group?
Were the instruments of measurement shown to be reliable and valid?

20. What data types were included?
Describe the statistics used, what they were used for, and the results.
What were the researchers’ conclusions? How did they answer the
research question(s)?
How was error controlled?
Did you see any concerns with the research study? If so, what?
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HLT 540 Week 6 Assignment 2 Correlation between Two
Variables
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Correlation between Two Variables
Details:
Use Excel to do a correlation between the following variables:

21. 1) X – 2,5,5,6,6,7,8,9
2) Y – 1,2,2,3,4,4,5,5
This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the
rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the
rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the
assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the
assignment.
===============================================
HLT 540 Week 6 Assignment 3 T-Test for Two Sample
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T-Test for Two Sample
Details:
A drug company is measuring levels of oxygenation in patients after
receiving a test medication. As the researcher, you are interested in
whether Group I, which received the medication, has the same
oxygenation levels as Group II, which did not.

22. 1) Group 1: 2,3,3,4,4,7,8,9
2) Group 2: 1,2,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,8
Use Excel to run a t-test for two samples, assuming equal variances,
with an alpha value of 0.05. Run the t-test and note:
1) Are you doing a one-tailed test or a two-tailed test (Excel will give
you both)?
2) What is the probability that Group I is different from Group 2,
using the p value? Is it significant against the benchmark of p < .05?
APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.
This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the
rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the
rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the
assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the
assignment.
===============================================
HLT 540 Week 6 Discussion 1

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Discuss the differences between the concepts of correlation and
causality, and why it is critically important to make sure that the
differences are understood?
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HLT 540 Week 7 Assignment 1 Broyles Textbook Exercise 1
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Broyles Textbook Exercise 1
Details:
1) Use Excel to complete “Exercise 1” on page 247 (Regression
Analysis) in the textbook.
2) Answer the questions at the end of the exercise.
3) APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.

24. This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the
rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the
rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the
assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the
assignment.
===============================================
HLT 540 Week 7 Assignment 2 Broyles Textbook Exercise 7
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Broyles Textbook Exercise 7
Details:
1) Use Excel to complete “Exercise 7” on page 208 (ANOVA) in the
textbook.
2) Answer the questions at the end of the exercise.
3) APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.
This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the
rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the

25. rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the
assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the
assignment.
===============================================
HLT 540 Week 7 Assignment 3Roddy and Ganz Assessments
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Roddy and Ganz Assessments
Details:
1) Use “Roddy and Ganz Worksheets” to complete an assessment of
the research studies: “Evidence-Based Clinical Guidelines: A New
System to Better Determine True Strength of Recommendation” by
Roddy et al., and “ICU Nurses’ Oral-Care Practices and the Current
Best Evidence” by Ganz et al.
2) In a paper (1,000-1,250 words), analyze and support whether you
believe that the changes recommended are statistically valid and
sound enough to make practice changes in a hospital.

26. 3) Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in
the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An
abstract is not required.
4) This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the
rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the
rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the
assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the
assignment.
Roddy Analysis Worksheet
Using the worksheet below, complete an assessment of the following
article.
Roddy, E., Zhang, W., Doherty, M., Arden, N. K., Barlow, J., Birrell,
F., et al. (2006). Evidence-based clinical guidelines: A new system to
better determine true strength of recommendation. Journal of
Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 12(3), 347-352. Retrieved
from.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=a9h&AN=20870724&site=ehost-
live&scope=site”>http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.
ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=20870724&site
=ehost-live&scope=site
What was the research question?

27. What were the independent variables?
What was the dependent variable?
What was the sample size and how was it chosen?
What was the experimental design and use of control group?
Were the instruments of measurement shown to be reliable and valid?
What data types were included?
Describe the statistics used, what they were used for, and the results.
What were the researchers’ conclusions? How did they answer the
research question(s)?
How was error controlled?
Did you see any concerns with the research study? If so, what?
Ganz Analysis Worksheet

28. Using the worksheet below, complete an assessment of the following
article.
Ganz, F., Fink, N., Raanan, O., Asher, M., Bruttin, M., Nun, M., et al.
(2009). ICU nurses’ oral-care practices and the current best evidence.
Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 41(2), 132-138. Retrieved
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HLT 540 Week 8 Assignment 1 Proposal Development Paper
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HLT 540 Week 8 Assignment 1 Proposal Development Paper
Write a proposal paper (1,250-1,500 words) for a major change
project that you would like to lead.
Identify a health care issue that interests you and explain why.
Develop a rationale using evidence-based research, including:
1) The background.

29. 2) Statistical findings.
3) Probable stakeholders.
4) Logical conclusions.
Design an implementation plan for the project, including:
1) A communications plan.
2) Creation of a design and implementation team by roles.
List the strategies you would use to lead the team to success and
identify potential obstacles that may be faced, along with plans to deal
with them.
Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the
APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract
is not required.
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HLT 540 Week 8 Assignment 2 Stakeholder Scenario

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HLT 540 Week 8 Assignment 2 Stakeholder Scenario
1) Read and complete “Stakeholder Scenario.”
2) Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in
the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An
abstract is not required.
Stakeholder Scenario
Goal: To convince a group of people to use a specific, new type of
antibiotic for patients pre-operatively in order to decrease surgical
wound infections.
Scenario: You are a healthcare administrator that is trying to
introduce a change in practice to a group of stakeholders. Your goal is
to help them understand the rationale and need for the change, and to
get a sense of the areas of resistance to the change. The change under
discussion is to implement a new antibiotic to be given one hour
before surgery starts as a way of reducing post-op wound infections.
The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Studies (CMS) have
indicated that timely pre-op application of specific antibiotics is
becoming a requirement and will be a publicly reported indicator on

31. the CMS Web site for your hospital. Thus, institution of this new
procedure is something you really need to pull off.
As the administrator in this scenario, you will hear the initial
responses of each of the stakeholders. You will then be presented with
several options for your response. Select the option you think is most
effective.
Review the stakeholders’ responses to the option you selected.
According to their own perspectives and prerogatives, the
stakeholders will respond in different ways to each choice. Your goal
is to achieve some level of buy-in to the change.
Issues:
The antibiotic is new and people aren’t familiar with it.
Requires administration within one hour of the actual surgery start
time.
Requires administration by IV.
Adds a step to the busy pre-op nurse’s work load.
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HLT 540 Week 8 Discussion 1

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Re-visit the roadmap that you began at the start of your program of
study. Complete information regarding this course. In the discussion,
reflect on how this course meets your career goals. What have you
gleaned from the course that will help you in your career path?
Respond to at least two other classmates.
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HLT 540 Week 8 Discussion 2
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Discuss your thoughts about the ethics of using informed consent vs.
blinding the subjects to the expected outcomes of the intervention.
Should they be told? How much should they be told? How would the
placebo effect be impacted if subjects are told which intervention is
being applied to them?