panama canal layout and working phenomon

1. By
Tejavathu Srikanth

2. 1.INTRODUCTION
2.HISTORY OF PANAMA
3.CANAL LAYOUT
4.GATUN LOCKS
5.MIRAFLORES LOCKS
6.PEDRO MIGUEL LOCKS
7. GATUN DAM
8.OPERATIONS
9.CONCLUSION

3.  The Panama Canal (Spanish: Canal de Panamá) is an artificial 82 km
(51 mi) waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with
the Pacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and
is a conduit for maritime trade.
 The main objective to built this panama canal to decreases the
distance between the san Francisco to New York
 The Approximate distance between the SAN FRANCISCO to NEW
YORK is 12000 miles(around the SOUTH AMERICA)
 By constructing the PANAMA CANAL distance between SAN
FRANCISCO to NEW YORK is approximately 4000 miles(through
the panama canal)

4.  It is 1904theodore Roosevelt is president and the united states is fast
becoming one of the most powerful nation in the world. such recent
inventions as the telephone and the automobile make 3000 mile wide
country seems a lot smaller
 Imagine you are living on east cost your family is having clothing business
and want to sell clothes to new stores in san Francisco , of course . The
clothes can’t be loaded in planes , there aren’t any planes , and trains are
more expensive for shipping goods
 So your family is decided to send the clothes by ships around the trip of
south America can easily take two months of duration , and many ships are
destroyed by terrible storms

8.  Early proposals in Panama: The earliest mention of a canal across the Isthmus
of Panama occurred in 1534, when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of
Spain, ordered a survey for a route through the Americas that would ease the voyage
for ships travelling between Spain and Peru. Such a route would have given the
Spanish a military advantage over the Portuguese
 French construction attempts(1881–1894): The first attempt to construct a
canal through what was then Colombia's province of Panama began on January 1,
1881. The project was inspired by the diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps,
 United States construction of the Panama canal(1904–1914): The US
formally took control of the canal property on May 4, 1904
 On May 6, 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed John Findley Wallace,
formerly chief engineer and finally general manager of the Illinois Central Railroad,
as chief engineer of the Panama Canal Project

9. A Marion steam shovel excavating the
Panama Canal in 1908
The Panama Canal locks under
construction in 1910
The first ship to transit the canal, the
SS Ancon, passes through on 15 August
1914

11. USS Missouri passes through the canal in 1945. The Iowa-class
battleships were designed to be narrow enough to fit through.

13. GATUN LOCKS
Artificially created in 1913, Gatun Lake is an essential part of the Panama Canal,
providing the millions of litters of water necessary to operate the Panama Canal
locks each time a ship passes through. At the time it was formed,
 Gatun Lake was the largest human-made lake in the world
The impassable rainforest around the lake has been the best defence of the
Panama Canal. Today these areas remain practically unscathed by human
interference and are one of the few accessible areas where various native Central
American animal and plant species can be observed undisturbed in their natural
habitat.

15. MIRAFLORES LOCKS
The size of the locks determines the maximum size ship that can pass through.
Because of the importance of the canal to international trade, many ships are built
to the maximum size allowed. These are known as Panamax vessels. A Panamax
cargo ship typically has a deadweight tonnage (DWT) of 65,000–80,000 tonnes,
but its actual cargo is restricted to about 52,500 tonnes because of the 12.6 m
(41.2 ft) draft restrictions within the canal. The longest ship ever to transit the
canal was the San Juan Prospector (now Marcona Prospector), an ore-bulk-oil
carrier that is 296.57 m (973 ft) long with a beam of 32.31 m (106 ft)
The 2006 third set of locks
project has created larger locks,
allowing bigger ships to transit
through deeper and wider
channels.
The allowed dimensions of ships
using these locks increased by 25
percent in length, 51 percent in
beam, and 26 percent in draft, as
defined by New Panamax metrics

17. PEDRO MIGUEL LOCKS

19.  The Gatun Dam is a
large earthen dam across
the Chagres River in Panama,
near the town of Gatun. The
dam, constructed between 1907
and 1913, is a crucial element of
the Panama Canal; it impounds
the artificial Gatun Lake, which
in turn carries ships for 33
kilometres (21 mi) of their
transit across the Isthmus of
Panama. In addition, a hydro-
electric generating station at the
dam generates electricity which
is used to operate the locks and
other equipment in the canal.

21. locomotives

24. Point
Coordinates
(links to map & photo sources)
Atlantic Entrance 9.38743°N 79.91863°W
Gatún Locks 9.27215°N 79.92266°W
Gamboa Reach 9.11774°N 79.72257°W
Bas Obispo Reach 9.09621°N 79.68446°W
Las Cascadas Reach 9.07675°N 79.67492°W
Empire Reach 9.06104°N 79.66309°W
Culebra Reach 9.04745°N 79.65017°W
Cucaracha Reach 9.03371°N 79.63736°W
Paraiso Reach 9.02573°N 79.62492°W
Pedro Miguel Locks 9.01698°N 79.61281°W
Miraflores Lake 9.00741°N 79.60254°W
Miraflores Locks 8.99679°N 79.59182°W
Pacific Entrance 8.88846°N 79.52145°W

25. CAPACITY&SPECIFICATIONS
The canal is currently handling more vessel traffic than had ever been
envisioned by its builders. In 1934 it was estimated that the maximum
capacity of the canal would be around 80 million tons per year; as noted
above, canal traffic in 2015 reached 340.8 million tons of shipping.

27. CONCLUSION
 So the conclusion of this topic is to extend the canal, for feather use
also
But it may be a big challenge to the civil engineer to over come this
problem because of the situation of the canal.
On those days it will take many year to construct , due to lack of man
and machinery , but now a days we are having Morden machineries
So I think this challenge is not much easy to us
The panama canal is one of the important landmark and it is
considered by some 8th wonder of the world

28. By
Tejavathu Srikanth
B.Tech, Final Year, Civil Engineering