This talk was delivered during June of 2021

1. Nutrition and Nutrient Review, and Planning
Guide – Plant-based or Vegan Diets
The 8th annual national Plant-based Prevention of Disease (PPOD)
Conference, June 25, 2021
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
 Tim Radak, RDN, DrPH, MPH
Academic Coordinator - PhD Public
Health Program, Core Faculty
College of Health Professions
Walden University
timothy.radak@mail.waldenu.edu

2. Background
Current: PhD in Public Health Academic Coordinator/Faculty
College of Health Professions, Walden University
Previous:
Assistant Professor of Nutrition and Dietetic Internship Director
College of Health Sciences, Appalachian State University
Senior Research Program Manager
Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA
Director of Nutrition
Physician's Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington DC
Loma Linda University – M.P.H.,Dr.PH, RDN -Leader in investigating relationship between
vegetarian diet and health and disease outcomes. Post-doc at U of C Davis/WHNRC.
Credentialed as a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist for 21 years.
John McDougall M.D. Program - Interned
Studying, doing research, and publishing in the fields of Nutrition and Chronic Disease for
over 20 years with a particular focus on plant foods for minimizing disease and
optimizing health. Published in 2013 the first ever entire chapter in academic text on
plant based diets for food and ecology text.

3. Nutrition and Nutrient Review, and Planning Guide
⁕Plant-based or Vegan Diets⁕
 1) Describe and understand the nutritional and nutrient
benefits of a well-planned vegan diet. Why is this diet
optimal for health and disease prevention AND the best
health-care solution?
 2) Describe and understand nutrition and nutrients of
potential concern in Omnivore diets in order to attain
optimal nutrition status and disease prevention in Plant-
based Vegan Diets
 3) Discuss available vegan health promotion
research and support materials.
 Disclosures--
Nothing to disclose

4. First – a moment of recognition

5. First, why a vegan or plant-based diet? A Healthcare
Solution – Plant-based Diets
Plant Based Diets - Vegetarian/Vegan Diets – Tend to result in:
 lower BMI (Crowe, 2013), less caloric intake (Farmer, 2011)
 less risk for obesity or overweight (Berkow, 2006, Fraser, 2009)
 less incidence or risk of type 2 diabetes (Tonstad, 2011, 2013; Jardine, 2021)
 Less risk for dementia, better mood scores, less depression (Giem, 1993;
Beezhold, 2010; Beezhold, 2014; Link, 2008; Shen, 2021)
 less CHD/IHD (Fraser, 1999, 2009), CVD and CVD/IHD mortality (Key, 1999, Fraser, 2009;
Glenn, 2019) . Vegans (males) showed better protection for all-cause mortality,
IHD, and CVD (Le, 2014).
 less all cause mortality (Orlich, 2013)
 less all cause mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients (Chauveau,
2019)
 less cerebrovascular disease or stroke (Kwok, 2014; Kappagoda, 2006; Chiu 2020)
 lower incidence of high blood pressure (Crowe, 2013)
 lower pro-inflammatory markers and immune biomarkers, C-reactive
protein (Craddock, 2019; Yu. 2014; Franco-de-Moraes, 2017; Shah, 2018; Fontana, 2007; Haghighatdoost, 2015;
Paalani, 2011; Eichelmann, 2016; Menzel, 2020)

6. First, why a vegan or plant-based diet? A Healthcare
Solution – Plant-based Diets
Cont’d - Plant Based Diets - Vegetarian/Vegan Diets – Tend to result in:
 some of the highest disease fighting biomarkers, increase in
phytochemicals/antioxidants (Craig, 2009; Miles, 2019)
 increased fiber intake (Rizzo, 2013), less diverticulitis (Crowe, 2011),
 more nutrient density (Farmer, 2011)
 lower pathogenic dietary factors: saturated fat, cholesterol, LDL-C (Dewell,
2008; Craig, 2010)
 less production of TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide), and HO-1 (heme-oxygenase-
1), both atherosclerotic risk factors (Chiu, 2020; Xu, 2010; Cinegaglia, 2020)
 similar bone health to omnivores with adequate calcium (Mangel, 2014)
[Dr. Laura Pridemore - Pediatric Evidence of Dietary Effects on Growth Rates, Bone Health and Common Illnesses]
 less gallstones/disease (Pixley, 1985; Chang, 2019)
 less incidence of gout (Chiu, 2020)
 less pollutants in vegan diet (organochlorine
concentrations) (Arguin, 2010)

7. First, why a vegan or plant-based diet? A Healthcare
Solution – Plant-based Diets
Cont’d - Plant Based Diets - Vegetarian/Vegan Diets – Tend to result in:
 some of the highest gut equol production (a soy isoflavone metabolite)
(Barnard, 2021; Wu, 2016; Setchell, 2006)
 less long term hospitalization/medical costs/medication usage (Crowe, 2013;
Knutsen,1994; Lin, 2019; Dos Santos, 2021)
 increase in longevity (Le, 2014)

8. First, why a vegan or plant-based diet? A Healthcare
Solution– Plant-based Diets
Plant-Based Diets (Vegan or Vegetarian Diets) - Therapeutic
Significant volume of research suggests favorable or positive effects from
plant based diets on most chronic diseases or disease risk factors:
 CHD/CAD (Koertge, 2003, Esselstyn, 2014)
 Hypertension (Berkow, 2005; Lindahl, 1984)
 Diabetes (Trapp, 2010; McMacken, 2017; Kelly, 2020)
 Diabetic neuropathy (Crane,1994)
 Renal Disease/chronic kidney disease (CKD) (Cases,2019; Joshi, 2020)
 Obesity (Gardener, 2005, McDougall, 2014)
 Metabolic syndrome (Turner-McGrievy, 2014; Marrone, 2021)
 Some cancers (Fraser, 2009, Lanou, 2010)
 Menopausal Symptoms (Barnard, 2021)

9. First, why a vegan or plant-based diet? A Healthcare
Solution– Plant-based Diets
Plant-Based Diets (Vegan or Vegetarian Diets) - Therapeutic
Significant volume of research suggests favorable or positive effects from
plant based diets on most chronic diseases or disease risk factors:
 Depression and quality of life (Agarwal, 2014)
 Osteoarthritis (Clinton, 2015)
 Migraine (Bunner, 2014)
 Rheumatoid Arthritis (Alwarith, 2019; Hänninen, 1999; Kjeldsen-Kragh, 1999; McDougall, 2002)
 Reducing inflammatory markers (Menzel, 2020; Sutliffe, 2015; Shawh, 2018; Elkan, 2008;
Eichelmann, 2016; Jaceldo-Siegl, 2018)
 [Dr. Andrew Freeman - Plant-based Diets in 2021: The Data Keep Pouring In]
 [Dr. Brie Turner-McGrievy- Past, Present, and Future: Two Decades of Plant-
based Diet Research]

10. First, why a vegan or plant-based diet? A Healthcare
Solution– Plant-based Diets
Plant-Based Diets (Vegan or Vegetarian Diets) - Therapeutic
A bit more about reducing inflammatory markers because…
 Inflammation linked to diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular
disease, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease,
asthma, autoimmune and neurodegenerative disordersand chronic
obstructive lung disease (Furman, 2019).
 How Beneficial? One example.
 Fiber rich plant based diets in gut convert fiber to SCFA which are anti-
inflammatory.
 And, specialized colonic microbes also break down plant cell walls and
release “phytochemicals” such as the polyphenols, anthocyanins,
phenolics, and flavins, all of which also have anti-inflammatory,
antioxidant, and antineoplastic properties (O'Keefe, 2019).

11. Why a vegan or plant-based diet?
 Other non-nutritional reasons too
 Baroni, 2007 “vegetarian and vegan diets could play an important role in preserving environmental resources
and in reducing hunger and malnutrition in poorer nations”.
 [Sherene Chou, MS RDN: “Rethinking Sustainability through Food and
Social Justice” ]

12. First, why a vegan or plant-based diet? A Healthcare Crisis
Solution
 How much does an unhealthy lifestyle (including poor diet) cost us?
 Heart Disease: $317 billion
 Obesity: $147 billion
 Diabetes: $245 billion
 Hypertension: $46 billion
 Stroke: $34 billion
 Cancer care $157 billion

13. First, why a vegan or plant-based diet? A Healthcare Crisis
Solution
 How much does an unhealthy lifestyle (including poor diet) cost us?
 Three-quarters of health care spending
goes to treat preventable chronic illnesses
(Bodai, 2018; Schmidt, 2016; Chapel, 2017).
 85% of the nation’s $3.5 trillion annual
health care expenditures are for people
with chronic and mental health
conditions(Fleischhacker, 2021).
 80% of chronic conditions could be avoided
through the adoption of healthy lifestyle recommendations (Bodai, 2018).
 Recent Kaiser Family Foundation research survey of employers predicts
healthcare costs will become unsustainable within the next 5-10 years
highlighting a broken healthcare system (Waddill, 2021).

14. First, why a vegan or plant-based diet? A Healthcare Crisis
Solution
 How much does an unhealthy lifestyle (including poor diet) cost us?
 Diet is now the #1 risk factor in the US for mortality and morbidity
 US Burden of Disease Collaborators, The State of US Health, 1990-2016: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Among US States. JAMA. 2018 Apr
10;319(14):1444-1472.

15. What constitutes a well-planned vegan/plant-based diet
 Variety of minimally processed/whole food, nutrient dense fruits,
vegetables, beans and legumes, grains, nuts and seeds (minimal
processed food)
 Variety and diversity in each of the above categories will help ensure
adequate protein, calcium, iron, zinc, selenium, and other vitamins,
minerals, macronutrients.
 Reliable source of
Vitamin B-12 (preferably Cyanocobalamin – more stable,
better efficacy, and better for oral supplementation than
Methylcobalamin types, and caution if supplement
via multi-vitamin that includes B-12) (Rizzo, 2016)
 Source of Iodine – grains and some vegetables and fruits but is
dependent on soil composition. Best option is occasional
seaweeds “sea vegetables” (don’t overdo it) which
absorb iodine from seawater. Avoid iodized salt
due to health effects of sodium. (bonus: EPA, Zinc)

16. What constitutes a well-planned vegan/plant-based diet
 Variety of minimally processed/whole food, nutrient dense fruits,
vegetables, beans and legumes, grains, nuts and seeds (minimal
processed foods)
 Source of Vitamin D – main source dependent
on sunlight exposure, latitude, age, skin
type and degree of exposure i.e. clothes, work in office.
 Essential Fatty Acids – moderate Omega 6 intake (easy when limiting
refined vegetable oils and processed products containing them), not for
inflammation reasons but to reduce effect on Omega 3 incorporation

17. Omega 3 (α-Linolenic acid) – Sample meal without
walnuts, chia, flax or algae, or significant oil or fortified
foods
 Breakfast
Oatmeal – 1 ½ cups cooked .063g
½ cup red raspberries .0775g
1 slice wheat bread .045g
margarine – none
1 cup soymilk .19g
 Lunch
Salad –
Spinach 2 cups raw .082g
Broccoli 1 cup raw .057g
Cauliflower ½ cup cooked .104g
Tomato 1 cup chopped .005g
½ cup pumpkin seeds .033g
Avocado pureed ½ c .128g
Italian salad dressing 1 Tbsp .211g
Vegetarian baked beans 1 cup .13g
 Dinner
1 cup cooked Kale .438g
1 cup cooked kidney beans .375g
1 cup cooked brown rice .022g
1 1/2 cup cooked yam .018
1 oz pretzels .08g
1 cup blueberries .086g
 Snack
1 cup cherries .036
 Adequate Intakes
Males 1.6g/day
Females 1.1g/day
 Total for sample meal 2.19g

18. What constitutes a well-planned vegan/plant-based diet
 How important is variety?
 Ex. Intestinal immune cells have specific receptors and proteins for
individual phytochemicals found in various F and V that enhance and
sustain intestinal immune function within the gut and specific F and V act
to reduce risk of colon cancer in separate and specific areas of the colon
(Veldhoen , 2012; Annema, 2011; Murakami 2012).
See: https://nutritionfacts.org/video/the-broccoli-receptor-our-first-line-of-defense-
2/
 [Dr. Leah Frame- Nutrition and the Gut Microbiome]

19. A well-planned vegan/plant-based diet

20. What constitutes a poorly-planned vegan/plant-based
diet?
 Not following the previous slide recommendations closely enough…
 Example: B12 deficiency meta-analysis (Veg/Vegans) 0% - 86.5%
adults/elderly, 45% in infants, 0% - 33.3% in children/adolescents, and
from 17% -39% among pregnant women (Pawlak, 2014)
 “Junk food vegan” Dunk’in Donut to vegan donut, beef
burrito to cheese burrito, Breyers ice cream to vegan
Breyers, standard cookie to Oreo, etc.
Could addictive nature and convenience of
SAD foods lend to increased intake as a vegan?
 Over reliance on meat analogues – use as transitional/treat
 Processed and “fast” food (Sodium ↑ CVD) (Wang, 2020)
 Switching from butter to plant-based substitutes (coconut oil)
may actually be worse in terms of saturated fat
(ex 1 Tsp 12 g sat fat or 58% daily value)

21. What constitutes a poorly-planned vegan/plant-based
diet
 Research on vegan diets – Are we underestimating the power of plant-
based vegan diets from available research studies?
How much more improvement in findings and outcomes if participants
were truly following a whole foods, minimally processed diet???

22. Possible reasons for a poorly-planned vegan/plant-
based diet
 Not following meeting a patient where ‘they are’
 To understand this it is first helpful to give attention to
1. the diet previous to making the switch to a plant based diet
2. attention to the psychological stage or readiness to make a significant
change such as diet.
 “The present state of prevailing dietary practices, plant based or otherwise, in the
United States and increasing swathes of the world, may be summed up in one
word: calamitous. The modern, animal-food-centric, highly processed diet is
devastating to planetary and public health alike” (Katz, 2019 -Plant-Based Diets for Reversing
Disease and Saving the Planet: Past, Present, and Future)
ForwardFood, CBORD, Powering Up with Plant-Strong Programs. ForwardFood.org

23. Possible reasons for a poorly-planned vegan/plant-
based diet
 Not following meeting a patient where ‘they are’
 To understand this it is first helpful to give attention to
1. the diet previous to making the switch to a plant based diet

24. Possible reasons for a poorly-planned vegan/plant-
based diet
 Not following meeting a patient where ‘they are’
 To understand this it is first helpful to give attention to
1. the diet previous to making the switch to a plant based diet
 Processed foods (consumption of processed, convenience foods, with a
long shelf-life) – dominate the US diet
 A national US study found ultra-processed
foods (processed foods “engineered” to be
high in fat/oils, salt, sugar) made up over
half of daily calories and contributed a
staggering 89.7% of the energy intake from
added sugars (>10% total energy from added sugars)
(Martínez Steele, 2016)

25. Possible reasons for a poorly-planned vegan/plant-
based diet
 Not following meeting a patient where ‘they are’
 Sodium, fat, dairy/cheese (casomorphine - opioid peptides), refined
carbohydrate (Addictive)
– Foods with highest addictive-like qualities: pizza, French fries and
cheeseburgers, ice-cream, cookies, potato chips, chocolate (Schulte, 2015)
 Added oils (oil is a processed food)
 Poor sources/intake of Vitamin B12, D, Zinc, Selenium,
Iron, Iodine, Calcium, over reliance on Omega 6
 Non diverse dietary intake (that may rely on taking supplements to meet
nutrition needs)
 Minimal and low diversity: fruit and vegetable, whole grains, legumes
 Said another way: maintaining a western style diet
minus animal products

26. Possible reasons for a poorly-planned
vegan/plant-based diet
 Not following meeting a patient where
‘they are’
 Despite much nutrition info, most are
confused about nutrition, MD/RD’s
contradict each other; marketing:
main driver of education??
 The most important problem is our
poor lifestyle choices based on
misinformation (Bodai, 2018).
 Marketing a known unhealthy product in
dietitian magazine and with a slight towards
vegetarians…
 “Deli meats are pre cooked convenient
sources of protein…in fact the Iron and
Zinc are more bioavailable than vegetarian
sources!
 “processed simply means prepared”

28. Fruit and Vegetable intake in USA
 Year 2015 - Approximately 12% of US adults
consumed the recommended number of
servings for fruits (was 13.1% in 2013) (CDC, 2017).
 In 2015, more than 37% of adolescents and
40% of adults said they ate fruit less than once
a day (CDC, 2017).
 2015 - Approximately 9% of US adults consume the recommended
number of servings for vegetables (was 8.9% in 2013) (CDC, 2017).
 2015, 39% of adolescents and 22% of adults said they ate vegetables
less than once a day (CDC, 2017).
 91% did not meet vegetable
intake recommendations!

29. Vegetable intake in USA
 Quality and Quantity are both important…
 Half of the vegetable intake (51%) comes from potatoes or tomatoes,
most of which is in the form of fried potatoes or chips or pizza or pasta
sauce (Guthrie, 2014).

30. Fruit and Vegetable intake in USA – lacking diversity
USDA Economic Research Service –Ag and Food Statistics, April 2017
https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/83344/ap-075.pdf?v=42853

31. Possible reasons for a poorly-planned vegan/plant-
based diet
 Psychological readiness or willingness to change also affects quality of
vegan/plant-based diets/habits.
 No amount of pamphlets, facts,
and discussion are effective
unless we are meeting a patient
where they are psychologically.
Prochaska, J.O., DiClemente, C.C., & Norcross, J.C. (1992). In search of how people change: Applications to the addictive behaviors. American
Psychologist, 47, 1102-1114. PMID: 1329589.
[Round Table: What Blocks the Benefits of Plant-based Whole Foods? Not
Affordable? Poor Access? Seen as Bland/Boring? Chair: Renae Thomas, MD,
Lily Correa, MPH RDN DipACLM, Dawn Hilton-Williams, BA]

32. Possible reasons for a poorly-planned vegan/plant-
based diet
 Impact of COVID-19. During pandemic 40% of Americans struggled with
mental health in some form (Czeisler, 2020).
 Will the US be similar to Poland when data arrives?
 Dietary Choices and Habits during COVID-19 Lockdown: Experience
from Poland - Aleksandra Sidor , Piotr Rzymski
 Over 43.0% and nearly 52% reported eating and snacking more,
respectively, and these tendencies were more frequent in overweight and
obese individuals. Almost 30% and over 18% experienced weight gain
(mean ± SD 3.0 ± 1.6 kg) and loss (-2.9 ± 1.5 kg), respectively. Overweight,
obese, and older subjects (aged 36-45 and >45) tended to gain weight more
frequently, whereas those with underweight tended to lose it further.
Increased BMI was associated with less frequent consumption of
vegetables, fruit, and legumes during quarantine, and higher intake of meat,
dairy, and fast-foods. An increase in alcohol consumption was seen in
14.6%, with a higher tendency to drink more found among alcohol addicts
 Recent Investigations of Public Health Nutrition and COVID-19 in Developed
Countries – Caroline Um – June 2021 American Society for Nutrition -
decrease in healthy foods, vegetables whole grains in US

33. Possible reasons for a poorly-planned vegan/plant-
based diet
 Impact of COVID-19. Some positive news
Those following a plant-based diet had 73 percent lower odds of experiencing a
'moderate-to-severe' course of COVID-19 compared to meat-eaters
 Actor Bronson Pinchot
During quarantine – removed all junk food
from refrigerator and pantry and replaced
with healthy vegan food, minimal exercise: 60#.
Struggled with weight fluctuating since age 6
and for first time is stable from following
vegan diet.

34. Figure
Other considerations when recommending plant-based
diets
Radnitz C, Beezhold B, DiMatteo J. Investigation of lifestyle choices of individuals following a vegan diet for health
and ethical reasons. Appetite. 2015 Jul;90:31-6. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.02.026. Epub 2015 Feb 25.
•Meeting a patient where they “are”
•Recent international online survey, Fruit and Vegetable Intake For from
US. 245 vegans (45 for health reasons (HEA), 201 for ethical reasons
(ETH))
•Very good intakes overall. Fruit intake significantly greater in those who
choose to follow vegan diet for health reasons

35. Dietary Guidelines and Diagrams
 Adapt existing and possibly familiar guidelines/diagrams - A Plant Based Diet
more closely resembles what the current dietary recommendations are for
intakes of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans/legumes, intake of
saturated fats, than any other diet (Farmer, 2011).
 Add: healthy seasonings i.e. herbs/spices/nutritional yeast, Braggs or coconut
aminos, balsamic vinegar
 Dr. McDougall sauces/dressings: https://www.drmcdougall.com/health/education/recipes/mcdougall-recipes/?cat-
id=9&cat-name=Dressings+%26+Sauces
 Starting with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015–2020: Healthy
Vegetarian Eating Pattern “This Pattern can be vegan if all dairy choices are
comprised of fortified soy beverages (soymilk) or other plant-based dairy
substitutes.” p.86

36. Plant based Resources
 Modified Food Guide Pyramid for Lactovegetarians and Vegans - Colleen A. Venti and
Carol S. Johnston http://jn.nutrition.org/content/132/5/1050.full.pdf+html
 Vegetarian Food Guide Pyramid – Loma Linda University http://www.vegetariannutrition.org/6icvn/food-
pyramid.pdf
 Vegetarian Food Guide Pyramid – Oldways Preservation Trust https://oldwayspt.org/traditional-
diets/vegetarian-vegan-diet
 Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics – Position Paper on Vegetarian Diets
https://www.eatrightpro.org/-/media/eatrightpro-files/practice/position-and-practice-papers/position-papers/vegetarian-diet.pdf
 USDA Food and Nutrition Center – Vegetarian Nutrition https://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/vegetarian-
nutrition
 PCRM - Nutrition Guide for Clinicians https://nutritionguide.pcrm.org/nutritionguide
 Tuso, PJ, et al. Nutritional Update for Physicians: Plant-Based Diets. Perm J. 2013 Spring;
17(2): 61–66
 Hever J. Plant-Based Diets: A Physician’s Guide. Perm J. 2016 Summer; 20(3): 15-082.
 Bodai, et al. Lifestyle Medicine: A Brief Review of Its Dramatic Impact on Health and
Survival. Perm J. 2018;22:17-025
 Counseling Vegan Clients – Matt Ruscigno, MPH, RD - Today's Dietitian
https://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/1017p20.shtml
 The Plantrician Project -PlantPure Rx – 10 day food-supported
immersion program that introduces patients to the health benefits of a
whole food, plant-based diet. https://www.plantpurenation.com/pages/plantpure-rx

37. Plant based Resources
 Excellent free Print Resources for patients from American College of Lifestyle Medicine
https://www.lifestylemedicine.org/ACLM/Tools_and_Resources/Print_Resources.aspx

38. In the right direction
 Major organizations have endorsed/supported plant-based diets
– American Institute For Cancer Research
– Academy Of Nutrition And Dietetics
– American Heart Association
– American College of Cardiology/AHA - clinical practice
guidelines - Primary prevention of CVD
– American Diabetes Association
– Kaiser Permanente
– Aramark - serves nearly 2 billion meals/yr - launched a major plant-forward initiative
 The American Medical Association’s House of
Delegates has adopted a resolution calling on
hospitals to provide plant-based meals and
remove processed meats from menus. And the
AMA has also written a letter last year to the
USDA to indicate in the dietary guidelines that
meat and dairy are optional.
 In Lebanon, a hospital a few months ago
become the first to use a 100% entirely vegan menu

39. In the right direction
 Nielsen reports (prior to COVID-19) that more than 39 percent of consumers in
the US are trying to incorporate more plant-based foods into their diet.
 Interest continues to ↑ (environment,
health, ethics, animal welfare). Sales of
plant-based foods ↑ 27% in 2020
[Lily Correa - Guiding Patients’ Long-term Success, One Plate at a Time]
[Jasmol Sardana - “Creating Lasting Behavior Change: How to Speak with Our Patients
about Diet and Lifestyle”]

40. In the right direction
• This article provides insights to
aspects of diet and chronic
illness and discusses how the
plant-based movement could
redefine current understanding
of chronic disease. The ethical
justifications for recommending
of a plant-based diet are
analyzed.
• The article concludes that not
advocating for plant-based
nutrition is unethical and
harms the planet and patients
alike.
Storz MA. Will the plant-based movement redefine
physicians' understanding of chronic disease? New Bioeth.
2020 Jun;26(2):141-157.

41. Nutrition and Nutrient Review, and Planning
Guide – Plant-based or Vegan Diets
The 8th annual national Plant-based Prevention of Disease (PPOD)
Conference, June 25, 2021
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
 Tim Radak, RDN, DrPH, MPH
Academic Coordinator - PhD Public
Health Program, Core Faculty
College of Health Professions
Walden University
timothy.radak@mail.waldenu.edu

42. References – N = 101
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Multiethnic Adult Population in the Corporate Setting Reduces Depression and Anxiety and Improves
Quality of Life: The GEICO Study. Am J Health Promot. 2014 Feb 13.
 Alwarith J, Kahleova H, Rembert E, Yonas W, Dort S, Calcagno M, Burgess N, Crosby L, Barnard ND.
Nutrition Interventions in Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Potential Use of Plant-Based Diets. A Review. Front
Nutr. 2019 Sep 10;6:141.
 Annema N, Heyworth JS, McNaughton SA, Iacopetta B, Fritschi L. Fruit and vegetable consumption and
the risk of proximal colon, distal colon, and rectal cancers in a case-control study in Western Australia. J
Am Diet Assoc. 2011 Oct;111(10):1479-90.
 Arguin H, Sánchez M, Bray GA, Lovejoy JC, Peters JC, Jandacek RJ, Chaput JP, Tremblay A. Impact of
adopting a vegan diet or an olestra supplementation on plasma organochlorine concentrations: results
from two pilot studies. Br J Nutr. 2010 May;103(10):1433-41.
 Barnard ND, Kahleova H, Holtz DN, Del Aguila F, Neola M, Crosby LM, Holubkov R. The Women's
Study for the Alleviation of Vasomotor Symptoms (WAVS): a randomized, controlled trial of a plant-
based diet and whole soybeans for postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2021 Jul 12.
 Baroni L, Cenci L, Tettamanti M, Berati M. Evaluating the environmental impact of various dietary
patterns combined with different food production systems. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007;61(2):279–186
 Beezhold BL, Johnston CS, Daigle DR. Vegetarian diets are associated with healthy mood states: a
cross-sectional study in seventh day adventist adults. Nutr J. 2010 Jun 1;9:26. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-
9-26.
 Beezhold B, Radnitz C, Rinne A, DiMatteo J. Vegans report less stress and anxiety than omnivores.
Nutr Neurosci. 2014 Nov 21.
 Berkow SE, Barnard ND. Blood pressure regulation and vegetarian diets. Nutr Rev. 2005 Jan;63(1):1-8.
 Berkow SE, Barnard N. Vegetarian diets and weight status. Nutr Rev. 2006 Apr;64(4):175-88.
 Bodai B et al. Lifestyle Medicine: A Brief Review of Its Dramatic Impact on Health and Survival. Perm J
2018;22:17-025.

43. References
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