Flight stimulator

1. --Presented by
Sreehari.K (PRK22AE1002)
( Dept. of Aerospace Engineering)
Flight Stimulator and its Applications in Aviation
Operations
MODELING AND SIMULATION OF AEROSPACE VEHICLES

2. CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Definition and concepts
3. Flight Stimulator Principles
4. User role in Flight Stimulator
5. Stimulator Flight Data Validation : Excercise
Conclusion
Reference

3. 1. Introduction
Civil Aviation Accident statistics by National Transportation and Safety
Bureau

5. Flight Stimulator and its Importance
• The need for flight simulators arises from the inherent risks associated
with aviation.
• Pilots need to be trained extensively to handle a wide range of scenarios
and emergencies that can occur during flight.
• However, training in actual aircraft can be expensive and dangerous.
• Flight simulators provide a safe and cost-effective way to train pilots on
a variety of aircraft types and scenario
• Flight simulators are used to investigate accidents and incidents in the
aviation industry , by recreating the conditions leading up to an accident
or incident, investigators can gain a better understanding of the
contributing factors and identify potential solutions to prevent future
occurrences

6. Historical Milestones
The first flight simulator was built in 1910 -1930s by Edwin Link, who was
inspired to create a device that would enable pilots to practictrument flying. Link's
"Pilot Maker" used pneumatic controls to simulate the feel of an aircraft in flight.
Then its upgraded to Link Trainer

7. A modern airline flight simulation training device (FSTD) is shown below where
the panels replicate the aircraft displays and centre pedestal, with
additional displays providing course material in the form of diagrams, illustrations
and video clips, focusing on the training of the operation of the aircraft systems
rather than flying skills.

9. 3. Basic concepts and Definition
Definition of Flight Stimulator:-
A flight simulation is the dynamic representation of the behavior of a vehicle
in a manner that allows the human operator to interact with the simulation.
• The dynamics are modeled mathematically by Newton's and Euler's laws,
whereas the immersion of the operator occurs by sensory stimulants.
• A flight simulation can mimic any manned vehicle, from single
propeller-driven pleasure craft to hypersonic aircraft and spacecraft.
The equipment or device which performs flight stimulation is termed as
‘Flight Stimulator’

10. Flight Dynamics: Flight dynamics refers to the study of the forces and moments
that affect the motion of an aircraft. Flight simulators use mathematical models of
flight dynamics to simulate the behavior of an aircraft in different flight conditions.
Aircraft Systems: Aircraft systems refer to the various components and subsystems
that make up an aircraft, including the engines, avionics, flight controls, and
environmental systems. Flight simulators simulate the behavior of these systems to
provide a realistic simulation of aircraft operations.
Motion and Cockpit Systems: Motion systems refer to the hardware and software
that simulate the movement of an aircraft in flight. Full-motion flight simulators use
hydraulic or electric actuators to simulate the movements of an aircraft, while fixed-
base simulators use visual displays and motion platforms to create a realistic
simulation.Cockpit systems consists of various advanced instruments for navigation
and performance indication
Validation and Verification: Validation and verification refer to the process of
ensuring that a flight simulator accurately replicates the behavior of an aircraft and
its systems. This involves rigorous testing and evaluation to ensure that the simulator
provides a realistic and accurate simulation of aircraft operations.

11. 3. Flight Stimulator Principles
• Newtonian Mechanics based Modeling
• Eulers Law and Aerodynamic + Flight Dynamic Modeling and principles

12. Aircraft Degree of Freedom
Pitch: The aircraft's movement up or down along the lateral axis, controlled by the aircraft's
elevators.
Roll: The aircraft's rotation around the longitudinal axis, controlled by the aircraft's ailerons.
Yaw: The aircraft's rotation around the vertical axis, controlled by the aircraft's rudder.
Surge: The aircraft's movement forward or backward along the X-axis, controlled by the aircraft's
throttle.
Sway: The aircraft's movement left or right along the Y-axis, controlled by the aircraft's control
surfaces and flight control system.
Heave: The aircraft's movement up or down along the Z-axis, controlled by the aircraft's flaps,
landing gear, and other control surfaces

13. The equations of motion of an aircraft, the longitudinal and lateral
dynamics of an aircraft can be simulated by modelling the underlying
differential equations.

14. Arrangement of Flight stimulator

15. 6.2 Schematic Layout

16. Flight Stimulator effectiveness
• Training transfer is used to indicate the effectiveness of training in a simulator .If
the number of hours of airborne training needed to achieve a specific level of
performance is reduced by synthetic training, the training transfer is positive.
• A poor simulator, an hour spent in the simulator might result in additional time being needed
to train in the aircraft, resulting in negative training transfer.
• A widely used measure of training transfer (as a percentage) is given by
where Tc is the amount of airborne time needed by a control group and Te is the amount
of airborne time needed by an experimental group to reach a specific criteria
where Xe is the time spent in the training device. TER value equates the number of hours
spent in the trainer to equivalent training in an aircraft

17. Advantages of Flight Simulators:-
• Cost-effective training: Flight simulators provide a cost-effective and safe way to train
pilots without the need to use a real airplane. This is especially important for new pilots
who need to gain experience and build their skills without risking themselves and others.
• Realistic training environment: Modern flight simulators offer highly realistic
simulation of real-world flight conditions, including weather, air traffic control, and
emergency scenarios. This allows pilots to practice in a safe and controlled environment
before facing the real thing.
• Improved safety: By providing pilots with the opportunity to practice various scenarios
and emergencies, flight simulators help to improve safety in aviation. This is because
pilots are better equipped to handle unexpected situations, reducing the risk of accidents.
• Increased efficiency: Flight simulators allow pilots to practice specific maneuvers and
procedures repeatedly, improving their efficiency and reducing the time it takes to
complete certain tasks. This can be especially helpful for airline pilots who need to
complete their flights as quickly and efficiently as possible.
• Reduced environmental impact: By reducing the need for actual flights for training
purposes, flight simulators also contribute to a reduction in carbon emissions and other
environmental impacts associated with aviation.

19. Flight simulators can be used as a research tool in many areas of aviation, including
aircraft design, human factors, and aviation safety.
• Aircraft Design: Flight simulators can be used to simulate different aircraft
designs and configurations to evaluate their performance and handling
characteristics. This type of research can help to improve the safety and
efficiency of aircraft design.
• Human Factors: Flight simulators can be used to study human factors, such as
pilot performance and decision-making, in different flight scenarios. Researchers
can use flight simulators to evaluate the effects of stress, fatigue, and other
factors on pilot performance
• Aviation Safety: Flight simulators can be used to simulate different types of
aviation accidents and incidents to evaluate the effectiveness of safety
procedures and equipment. For example, researchers can use flight simulators to
evaluate the effects of different emergency procedures on the outcome of an
emergency landing.
• Air Traffic Management: Flight simulators can be used to simulate air traffic
management scenarios to evaluate the effectiveness of air traffic control
procedures and technologies.

20. 4.User role in Flight Stimulator
Users can take on different roles depending on the type of training or simulation
being conducted. The user roles can vary depending on the complexity of the
simulator and the level of training required. Here are some common user roles in
flight simulators:
Pilot/Copilot: The pilot is the most common user role in a flight simulator. The
pilot uses the simulator to practice various flight scenarios, such as takeoff,
landing, and emergency procedures. The simulator provides a realistic
environment to simulate different weather conditions and situations, which helps
the pilot to improve their skills and confidence in flying.
Air Traffic Controller: Air traffic controllers use flight simulators to simulate
different scenarios and practice communication with pilots. This helps them to
improve their skills in managing air traffic and handling emergencies.
Maintenance Technician: Maintenance technicians use flight simulators to
practice diagnosing and repairing aircraft systems. This helps them to gain
experience and improve their skills in maintaining and repairing aircraft systems

21. 5. Stimulator Flight Data Validation : Excercise
The position model of a full scale Civil Aircraft B737-400 stimulator
developed by Thales Aerospace is given by the algorithm based A
second-order linear least squares fit as
x(M ) = 3.175 + 0.505M + 0.672M*2
If the stimulator displays the value of Mach M =0.75 , at time t=0.5
seconds in CRZ phase.
Validate the stimulator Airspeed data with that of real flight velocity
range from 1-3 m/s.

22. CONCLUSION
Flight simulators provide a safe, cost-effective, and efficient way for pilots to
gain experience and improve their skills, while also contributing to improved
safety and reduced environmental impact in aviation.
By using flight simulators as a research tool, researchers can improve the
safety, efficiency, and effectiveness of aviation technologies and procedures.

23. REFERENCES
• David Allerton , Principles of Flight Stimulation , 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
• Barshi, I., & Freeman, F. G. (2012). Human performance in aviation. Academic Press.
• Boeing. (2021). Boeing Flight Simulator. Retrieved from https://www.boeing.com/services/training-and-
flight-services/flight-simulator.page
• Federal Aviation Administration. (2018). FAA Flight Simulator Qualification. Retrieved from
https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/AC_120-40C_Chg_1.pdf
• Gaba, D. M. (2014). The future vision of simulation in healthcare. Quality and Safety in Health Care,
23(Suppl 1), i2-i10.
• NASA. (2021). Research Aircraft. Retrieved from https://www.nasa.gov/aero/research-aircraft
• Reed, S. J., & Holbrook, J. (2018). The effectiveness of flight simulation training in enhancing pilots’
safety knowledge, skills, and attitudes: A systematic review. Journal of aviation/aerospace education &
research, 27(1), 39-48.
• United States Air Force. (2018). Air Force Simulator Enterprise. Retrieved from
https://www.af.mil/Portals/1/documents/AF%20Simulator%20Enterprise%20One%20Pager%20FINAL.p
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