This document summarizes several modern techniques for predicting earthquakes, noting that while none are 100% accurate, research is ongoing. It defines earthquakes and the components of a valid prediction: date, time, location, magnitude, and probability. Several prediction methods are described, including monitoring radon emissions, seismic activity, hydrochemical changes, GPS data, animal behavior anomalies, and using machine learning to analyze historical data. However, the document concludes that scientists have not found reliable signals to predict earthquakes far enough in advance to warn people due to limitations of current understanding of earthquake science.

1. Devanandan P S
1 MSc Applied Geology
MES Ponnani college
Modern techniques for prediction
of earthquakes.
Submitted by

2. Background
• Earthquakes occur where tectonic plates meet, called faults
• Methods for predicting earthquakes on these faults vary, none of
them being 100% accurate
• Unfortunately, current techniques do not have a high enough
accuracy to be able to accurately predict earthquakes

3. What is Earthquake?
Any trembling of earth’s surface that follows a release of energy
in the earth’s crust, generated by a sudden dislocation of a
segment of crust, or by a volcanic eruption, or at times by man-
made explosions, is defined as an Earthquake (Pakiser 1991;
Abbot 1998; Bolt 1999).
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4. what constitute a valid prediction
Date and time
Place of occurrence
Magnitude
Confidence estimate (probability)

5. Earthquake Prediction Methods
1.Radon Emissions
Seismic Monitoring and Early
Warning Systems
Hydrochemical & water
level Changes
GPS and Satellite Data
Animal Behavior and Anomalies
Machine learning and Ai
It has been observed that quantities of
radon, a radioactive gas, is emitted from
fissures in rocks before an earthquake.
Deployment of seismometers, devices that
measure ground motion caused by seismic waves
• Chemical changes in groundwater have been
found in certain earthquake sites.
• Changes in groundwater levels can also be a
sign of earthquake
GPS technology allows scientists to measure the
movement of tectonic plates over time, scientists
can identify areas likely to experience
earthquakes
some studies suggest that certain animals
might exhibit unusual behaviour before
earthquakes.
Machine learning and Ai can be trained to predict
the likelihood of earthquakes based on historical
data, seismic activity, and other relevant factors
Drawback : Early stage of development

6. Conclusion 11
• Scientist have not been able to find a signals to say that a earthquake is
coming (Vibrations can be detect just before an earthquake occurs doesn't
give enough time for people to escape )
"Recent advances ... make the routine prediction of
earthquakes seem practicable.”
--Stuart Crampin

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