Research report on Participatory Learning and Action pla report

Report of the Research on
Participatory Learning and Action
19 villages in 2 Provinces,
Svay Rieng and Prey Veng province
CEDAC, December 2007

List of Abbreviation
IOM : International Organization for Migration
NGO : Non Governmental Organization
CEDAC : Cambodian Center for Study and Development in Agriculture
PLA : Participatory Learning and Action
RHAC : Reproductive Health Association of Cambodia
UNICEF : United Nation International Children’s Emergency Fund
RPRP : Rural Poverty Reduction Project
IFAD : International Fund for Poverty Reduction
WFP : World Food Program
IPM : Integrated Pest Management
VAHW : Village Animal Health Worker
VCD : Village Development Committee
ADHOC : Cambodian Human Rights and Development Association

Table of Contents
I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1
II. Methodology of the study ...................................................................................................... 2
1. Formation of the research team ................................................................................................ 2
2. Training workshop for research team ....................................................................................... 2
3. Site selection and data collection method ................................................................................ 2
III. Result of the study .............................................................................................................. 6
1. Village data .............................................................................................................................. 6
2. Village historical background .................................................................................................. 9
3. Health and disease treatment .................................................................................................... 9
4. Situation of drinking water ..................................................................................................... 12
5. Education ................................................................................................................................ 12
6. Description of poverty and wealthy of rural people ............................................................... 14
7. Village map ............................................................................................................................ 16
8. Income generation activity and seasonal calendar ................................................................. 17
8.1. Rice cultivation .............................................................................................................. 20
8.2. Vegetable growing ......................................................................................................... 22
8.3. Livestock husbandry ...................................................................................................... 23
8.3.1. Chicken raising ...................................................................................................... 23
8.3.2. Bee .......................................................................................................................... 23
8.3.3. Fish raising and fish trapping ................................................................................ 24
8.3.4. Pig raising .............................................................................................................. 24
9. Income and expense ............................................................................................................... 25
9.1. Income from on-farm activity ........................................................................................ 25
9.2. Income from off-farm activity ........................................................................................ 25
10. Other expenses ................................................................................................................... 27
11. Resource flow ..................................................................................................................... 27
12. Venn Diagram .................................................................................................................... 28
13. Problem tree analysis and problem ranking ....................................................................... 30
IV. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 38
V. Recommendation .................................................................................................................. 38
VI. ANNEX .................................................................................................................................... 40
1. Individual interview with the villager .................................................................................... 40
2. Name list of the studied village .............................................................................................. 42
3. Number of participants in the group discussion ..................................................................... 43

List of Figure and Table
Figure 1: Map of the study area ........................................................................................................... 4
Figure 2: Map of study communes and villages .................................................................................. 5
Figure 3: Example of the participatory mapping of Por village ......................................................... 17
Resource flow ..................................................................................................................................... 28
Table 1: Number of household and population .................................................................................... 6
Table 2: Data of village land resource ................................................................................................. 7
Table 3: Distance from the village to ................................................................................................... 8
Table 4: Main disease occurring in the village .................................................................................. 11
Table 5: Situation of education in the village .................................................................................... 13
Table 6: Wealth ranking’s criteria in Chantrea commune, ................................................................ 14
Table 7: Wealth ranking’s criteria in Thnaot commune .................................................................... 14
Table 8: Wealth ranking’s criteria in Daun Keng commune, ............................................................ 15
Table 9: Wealth ranking’s criteria in Prey Tung commune, .............................................................. 15
Table 10: Result of wealth ranking .................................................................................................... 15
Table 11: Percentage of wealth ranking ............................................................................................. 16
Table 12: Agriculture activity calendar of the villagers in Chantrea commune: ............................... 18
Table 13: Agriculture activity calendar of the villagers in Thnaot commune ................................... 18
Table 14: Agriculture activity calendar of the villagers in Daun Keng commune ............................ 19
Table 15: Agriculture activity calendar of the villagers in Prey Tung commune .............................. 19
Table 16: Comparison between wet season rice and dry season rice on the rice field of 1 ha .......... 20
Table 17: Type of chemical fertilizer and price of the products ........................................................ 21
Table 18: Type of chemical pesticide used in the study area ............................................................. 21
Table 19: The detail expenses of dry Season rice of Mr. Pang Vey .................................................. 22
Table 20: the domestic vegetable and imported vegetable ................................................................ 23
Table 21: Income from on-farm activity ............................................................................................ 25
Table 22: Income from off-farm activity ........................................................................................... 25
Table 23: Other family’s expense ...................................................................................................... 27
Table 24: NGOs and Institutes exist in the village ............................................................................. 28
Table 25: Problem ranking ................................................................................................................. 31
Table 26: Solution to deal with the problems .................................................................................... 32
Table 27: Income and expenses on rice production in Chantrea commune ....................................... 34
Table 28: Income and expenses on rice production in Thnaot commune .......................................... 35
Table 29: Income and expenses on rice production in Daun Keng commune ................................... 36
Table 30: Income and expenses on rice production in Chantrea commune ....................................... 37

- 1 -
I. Introduction
Migration is mostly occurred in the poor condition families, especially the families live in Svay
Rieng and Prey Veng province. In those provinces, due to low agricultural productivity so that the
villagers migrate to work outside the village and some villagers conduct labor selling. Most of the
villages in those provinces face to natural constraints that are unable them to produce enough food
for family consumption. Additionally, they lack of appropriate technique to increase the agriculture
productivity so that it is difficult to ensure that they have capacity of producing enough food for
family consumption. At the same time of low agriculture productivity, villagers are using much
external agricultural input so the production cost is high to loss their benefit of their effort.
Due to farming is not able them to live in the proper lives, the off-farm activity especially migration
work is considered as the main source of income for the families. The migration mostly didn’t
provide good result for their family, including children will be not educated well meanwhile they
have to migrate with their parents and the parents themselves do not pay attention to their children’s
study. Currently, there are many people especially the people live in the rural are living under the
poverty line. In the context of migration, the people who considered as the vulnerable people are the
member of the poorest families, especially women, and children.
Those vulnerable people can face to many difficulties such as, labor exploitation, human trafficking,
losing the chance to join in many social services, for example children are not able to join in
education program and the illiteracy is continued to longer time.
At the present time, many NGOs and the government sectors have tried very much effort to deal
with the migration issue, the issue of poverty, but there are still 35% of people living under the
poverty line. To cope with this problem, IOM (International Organization for Migration) in
collaboration with CEDAC (Cambodian Center for Study and Development in Agriculture) have
been studying the village situation by using PLA tool (Participatory Learning Approach) in 19
villages, 4 communes, 2 provinces (Svay Rieng and Prey Veng).
The objectives of the study are presented as follows:
- To prepare and implement PLA methodology surveys in target villages.
- To identify vulnerable families and communities for the implementation of targeted poverty
alleviation interventions.
- To provide recommendations for targeted poverty alleviation interventions.
The intervention should be concrete and measurable.
- To identify indicators and activities for monitoring and evaluation purposes.
- To submit final PLA reports to IOM with proposed recommendations for poverty alleviation
activities.

- 2 -
II. Methodology of the study
1. Formation of the research team
The study team is composed of 10 researchers, including 8 researchers are the young graduates of
CEDAC and other 2 researchers are the CEDAC’s staff in Svay Rieng province. All researchers
were formed into 5 different groups; each group consists of 2 people. Each group is responsible to
research in their responsible villages after the activity plan was discussed and arranged for each
group.
Each group is responsible for making appointment with villagers, conducting individual interview
with 12 villagers in each studied village, village data collection from the village chief as well as
organizing group discussion among the villagers during the plenary meeting. During the group
discussion with villagers, one of them in the group will act as the facilitator and another one is
reporter. At the weekend, each group is responsible to write up the field note or village report. Both
of the researchers in one group worked together to sum up all quantitative and qualitative
information.
Additionally, the research team has one team leader. The research team leader is responsible to
manage and to give direction to all researchers, especially to provide more support on the
methodology if the research team members face to difficulties. The reflection meeting and weekly
planning is facilitated by the team leader with the participation of team members.
2. Training workshop for research team
Before the field research had been started officially, one 5-day training workshop was organized by
CEDAC on the topic of Participatory Learning Approach (PLA). Mr. Sam Vitou, training director of
CEDAC, is the main trainer of this training workshop. 20 participants, including the research team
members, the officials of department of women affaire, vice district governors of each studied
province, Svay Rieng and Prey Veng province were invited to join the training.
All 8 techniques of PLA tool that are mainly involved in the research were trained. During the
training session, the participants have exchanged their knowledge and practical experience among
each other. All of the unclear points were explained in detail by the trainer.
To make sure that the research team members understand well about each technique of PLA tool,
one field practices was organized in Thom village, Som Yong commune, Kampong Ror district,
Svay Rieng province. The field practice is a good way to link between the theories that participants
have learned in the class to the reality of their practice in the field. As the result, participants are
clearer about the tool thanks to they have done the reflection meeting to improve the way of doing
the research.
3. Site selection and data collection method
The studied villages consist of 19 villages in 4 communes, 4 districts, 2 provinces (Svay Rieng and
Prey Veng). The criteria of the studied villages are the villages proposed by IOM (International
Organization for Migration). The studied villages in Svay Rieng are located along the Vietnam
border (most of people conduct dry season rice that use high external agriculture inputs) and the
villages in Prey Veng exist of many villagers migrate to work in Thailand.

During the first day of the research, each research group met with the village chief to collect the
village data. At that time, we registered all the data information accordance to the need, if some
village chiefs who have no village data, the researchers will to ask for it at the commune hall.
Specifically, we need to list all the household families in the village so that we will be easy to do the
wealth ranking during group discussion at the next day. At the second day, we facilitated group
discussion with the various participants invited by the village chief. For the day after, we conducted
individual interview with 12 villagers, including 3 are the rich, 3 are the medium, 3 are the poor, and
other 3 are the poorest.
All the data from individual interview was used to verify with the data we have collected through
group discussion. Generally, the researchers could check and verify which one is more reliable.
Additionally, it was difficult to make appointment with the villagers in the studied villages of Prey
Veng Province meanwhile the villagers were busy with rice harvesting.
- 3 -

- 4 -
Figure 1: Map of the studied area

Figure 2: Map of Study Communes and Villages
- 5 -
III.

- 6 -
IV. Result of the study
1. Village data
The geographic location of the studied village located along Vietnam Border and the villages that
there are many people migrate to work in Thailand. According to the below data, the average
number of family in a village is 218 family, with average population of 1013 people, including 536
women or around 53% of the total population.
Table 1: Number of household and population
N
Name of
village
Number of
household
family
Number of
total
population
Number
of women
Number
of
children
Number
of girl
Nb.of
window
Nb.of
family
have no
labor
Nb.of
handicap
people
Nbof family
has
migrated
member
1 Chhoeu Teal 277 1367 735 242 125 73 - 5 79
2 Kork Roka 189 998 489 429 200 33 0 7 123
3 Boeung
Choar
509 2817 1534 984 496 385 10 7 70
4 Prey Tung 317 1538 850 606 314 54 10 3 102
5 Khna 464 2378 1249 958 482 39 2 20 304
6 Tadok 148 619 307 229 104 53 9 5 70
7 Svay
Sokhom
122 537 284 226 119 29 0 3 52
8 Por Py 193 860 424 NA NA 22 NA 3 87
9 Boeung Kak 182 738 380 260 125 55 11 4 51
10 Chuor Pha-
Av
208 917 43 328 176 43 6 4 57
11 Thom 175 765 401 328 138 24 3 5 50
12 Khang Koeut
Vat
126 617 306 234 103 34 13 5 59
13 Por Ma-Am 168 796 406 263 122 30 8 2 80
14 Por 114 505 294 221 130 21 15 7 79
15 Prey
Roboeus
162 705 379 286 186 29 3 10 65
16 Chantrea 162 836 479 364 214 32 1 3 27
17 Teng Mao 272 1218 625 546 277 68 7 10 8
18 Kor Tek 236 1059 505 446 264 50 50 5 33
19 Sen Tor 130 619 302 285 122 33 9 7 16
Total 4149 19249 9151 7235 3697 1107 157 115 1412
Average 218.37 1013.11 508.39 401.94 205.39 58.26 9.24 6.05 74.32
Max 509 2906 1534 984 496 385 50 20 304
Min 114 505 43 221 103 21 0 2 8
Note: NA : Not Available
The average number of widow in a village is 58 families or 27% if compare to the average total
families per villages. Furthermore, there are approximately 2.75% of the total population is the
handicap people. Additionally, in average there are around 74 families or 34% of the total
households per village do migration work. It is found that in Khna village there are 304 families out
of 464 are doing migration work especially they go to Thailand and Phnom Penh. Therefore, there
are only 8 families out of 272 in Teng Mao village doing migration. It is different aspect when the

villagers in the studied villages of Svay Rieng are not often migrated to work outside the village, but
the villagers in Prey Veng has high proportion to of people doing migration.
- 7 -
Table 2: Data of village land resource
N Name of village Total
village land
(ha)
Wet
season
rice land
(ha)
Dry
season
rice land
Total land
for
homestead
(ha)
Surface
of lake,
stream
(ha)
Cham
kar/farm
Yard
Forest
land
Nb.of
landless
family
Nb.of
family have
no
residential
land
1 Chhoeu Teal 418 223 0 69 2.3 0 10 16 0
2 Kork Roka 337 286 0 51 1 0 0 1 0
3 Boeung Choar 603 499 0 99 0 0 0 83 8
4 Prey Tung 449 378 0 71 1.5 0 0 10 0
5 Khna 582 487 0 95 0 0 0 9 0
6 Tadok NA 156 7 NA 7 NA NA 5 8
7 Svay Sokhom 186.5 127.5 3 50 6 0 0 4 0
8 Por Py 200 189 0 11 14 0 0 6 0
9 Boeung Kak 273 263 0 10 15 0 0 20 5
10 Chuor Pha-Av 604.5 314 0 62.8 223 0.7 0 3 4
11 Thom 616.5 282 55 10 15 1.5 1 5 0
12 Khang Koeut
Vat
249 171 0 35 0 0 0 4 5
13 Por Ma-Am 316 110 154 15 38 0 0 4 0
14 Por 382 229 0 33 5 0 0 6 6
15 Prey Roboeus 406 0 313 93 0 0 0 2 2
16 Chantrea 1206 273 315.64 55 117.5 0.8 1.07 14 3
17 Teng Mao 1706 345.25 292 62.8 223 0.7 4 6 6
18 Kor Tek 1322 387 605 85 200 5 40 10 5
19 Sen Tor 1305.95 365 75 33 141.7 0.7 0 11 2
Total
11,162.45 5,198.45
1,819.64 940.60
989.00 9.40
56.07
219.00 54.00
Average
620.14 273.60
95.77 52.26
58.18 0.52
3.12
11.53 2.84
Max
1,706.00 499.00
605.00 99.00
223.00 5.00
40.00
83.00 8.00
Min
186.50 - - 10.00
- -
-
1.00 -
Note: NA : Not Available
In the study areas, the average land area of the village is 622 ha. The rice cultivated land cover on
289 ha or 46.46% if compare to the total village land. With the average number of rice farmer
family is 94.97% per village, so in average there each household own 2.2 ha of rice land. Therefore,
the highest rice land holding is the household located in Chantrea district which is the rate of 4.84 ha
per household. The lowest rice land holding of the household is Sithor Kandal district which is 0.93
ha per family. Most of the villagers do rainy season rice except in Prey Roboeus village where there
is no rainy season rice land. They do only dry season rice. In average there are 95.77 ha of dry
season rice land in the study areas. Most of them are located in Svay Rieng province.

Regarding to the data in table above could tell us that there is high rate of agriculture landless
families which is in average 11.53 (5.26%) families per village. In Boeung Chor village there is the
highest rate of agriculture landless families in which 83 households or 13.76% have no agriculture
land.
- 8 -
Table 3: Distance from the village to
N Name of village To
commune
hall (km)
To
district
hall(km)
To
provincial
hall(km)
To
national
road(km)
To
school
(km)
To
market
(km)
To
commune
hospital
(km)
To district
hospital
(km)
1 Chhoeu Teal 0.8 3 30 12 0.8 10 4 5
2 Kork Roka 3 6 41 18 0 15 6 20
3 Boeung Choar 0.5 4 30 13 0.5 7 3 4
4 Prey Tung 1 5.5 33 33 0.5 8 0 5.5
5 Khna 0.8 5 40 40 0.2 7 0 5
6 Tadok 4 10 30 3 3.5 4 4 10
7 Svay Sokhom 4.5 15 36 1.5 1 6 1.5 15
8 Por Py 2 12 32 16 12 7 2 12
9 Boeung Kak 4 13 30 1 1 3 4 15
10 Chuor Pha-Av 7 18 39 29 1.2 1.5 7 18
11 Thom 1 15 60 20 1 15 1 20
12 Khang Koeut Vat 0.6 14 44 21 1 12 0.6 14
13 Por Ma-Am 2 12 37 8 0 8 2 8
14 Por 2 12 40 16 1 16 2 16
15 Prey Boeus 3 20 50 15 0.2 4 3 20
16 Chantrea 1 7 60 24 0.5 24 24 5
17 Teng Mao 1 16 60 24 1 24 24 5
18 Kor Tek 3 10 60 40 18 10 6 10
19 Sen Tor 2.5 13 65 25 2.5 26 7 25
Total
43.70
210.50 817.00
359.50
45.90
207.50 101.10 232.50
Average
2.30
11.08 43.00
18.92
2.42
10.92 5.32 12.24
Concerning to the accessibility to the public health service, villagers usually go to the commune
hospital and they go to the private medicine for disease treatment. In case of the serious disease,
they will to the district or provincial hospital that located about 5.32 km from their village.
Therefore, in Chantrea and Teng Mao village the distance from village to the commune health
center is 24 km. In Khna and Prey Tung village the health center is located in the village.
Remarkably, the villagers who live along the Vietnam border like to cure their disease in Vietnam
hospital because the distance is closer. Importantly, they trust on the effectiveness of disease
treatment of Vietnamese doctor than Cambodian.
Involving of the state school, children can go to study at primary school located in the nearby
village, it is around 1-2 km from their village. It is to note that among the studied villages, there are
only 2 villages that have primary school inside their own villages. The secondary and high school is
located far about 10-18 km from the village so that children/students are difficult to travel unless
they have bicycle and motorbike. Moreover, the village road is difficult for travel, both in dry season
and rainy season. The road is damaged due to heavy lorry, cattle across the road, and has no good
care taking have been made frequently.

- 9 -
2. Village historical background
Most of the village in Cambodia as well as the studied villages are named accordance to the
geographic location and village history. Most of the villagers were officially formed since a long
ago, for example they were created since the before the French colony regime.
Regarding to the result of group discussion among the villagers, there were different events
happened in the village, most of the events were relevant to natural disaster such as:
- 2006-2007: There is destruction of "Brown Plant Hopper” on seedling and on rice field.
Especially, the rice field located along Vietnam border.
- 2004: a canal with the length of 3500m was constructed in Sen Tor village (Svay Rieng
province)
- 2003: After the first national election since 1993, there were some NGOs working in the
villages such as Seth Koma program, etc.
- 2000: There was a big flood and after the flood there are many cattle died because of not
enough feed and disease infection.
- 1997: There were some insects damaged rice
- 1996: There were some villagers used electric fish shocking to catch fishes in which there is
nobody used previously.
- 1983: Land distributed from Krom Samaki to the villagers. After the Pol Pot regime,
villagers have no rice field individually, but they could use it in the collective way that was
called “Krom Samaki”.
3. Health and disease treatment
There are several kinds of diseases are mostly occurred in the village, those are: tuberculosis,
stomachache, Intestine fever, hepatics, dengue fever and other women diseases. There are some
other diseases but frequently effected to the people so they did not included in the table below. The
expense on disease treatment is also high if compare to other expenses in the family. The families
that have members infected by chronic disease are not able to upgrade the livelihood because most
of the income is gradually expense for disease treatment.
In case of tuberculosis, there is an average about 23.61% of villagers infected with this kind of
disease but thanks to the national program of the ministry of health, many people are being cured so
that the percentage of tuberculosis is being decreased. The villagers are not allowed to pay any
money but they only pay for food and transportation by themselves. Additionally, the level of
disease occurred on women is also high, when most of women are lack of understanding on health
care and disease treatment. Most of the time, they know that they are sick but they don’t intend to go
to hospital, unless the disease getting seriously then they go to hospital. Moreover, in an average
24.33% of children in the study villages are infected by dengue fever.
On the other hand, 52.4% and 23.42 of the villagers face the disease of stomachache and intestine
fever respectively. It is found that the disease mainly happened in the villages where people do dry
season rice. The causal reason of these diseases can be significantly the effect of huge use of
chemicals, especially chemical pesticide in rice cultivation, especially farmers who cultivate dry
season rice at the villages along Vietnam border. Most of the people seem to know that they are
unhealthy due to the chemical pesticide but they have no other alternatives besides using it to protect

their rice from damaging of pest and insects. Along with the use of chemical pesticide, villagers are
not good understanding on the way to use it properly. For example, they spread pesticide down
current of the wind, without wearing any protecting clothes, smoking while spraying the pesticide,
pesticide bottle and package is not kept safely places, etc.
- 10 -

Table 4: Main disease occurring in the village
- 11 -
N Name of village
Nb.of total
household
Family
Type of disease
Tuberculosis Stomachache Intestine fever Hepatitis Dengue fever Women disease
% Expense % Expense % Expense % Expense % Expense % Expense
1 Chhoeu Teal 277 - - - - - - - - 2 25000
2 Kork Roka 189 1 0 42 200000 5 50000 0 0 3 10000 11 200000
3 Boeung Choar 509 34 0 - - 15 200000 - - 35 300000 - -
4 Prey Tung 319 1 0 50 1000000 1 400000 0 0 10 100000 - -
5 Khna 464 10 0 - - 15 100000 - - 20 300000 10 170000
6 Tadok 150 3 3000 4 5 90 200000 10
7 Svay Sokhom 122 10 0 30 600000 3 60 400000 9
8 Por Py 193 50 300000 10 200000 45 400000 40 150000
9 Boeung Kak 178 5 30 5
10 Chuor Pha-Av 208 3.8 0 12 200000 80 400000 85 450000 7.2 90000
11 Thom 175 5 0 10 1000000 3 1000000 15 300000 50 50000
12 Khang Koeut Vat 126 5 0 30 400000 2 200000 80 200000
13 Por Ma-Am 168 28 10000 6 160000
14 Por 114 50 0 90 500000 10 300000 10 440000 90 300000
15 Prey Boeus 162 35 0 50 35 35
16 Chantrea 162 50 50000 20 250000 5 150000
17 Teng Mao 272 2 200000 50 400000 2 250000 3 210000
18 Kor Tek 236 35 0 75 400000 44.57 2600000 22.28 125000 80 100000
19 Sen Tor 130 65 0 75 450000 30 600000 3 750000 90 100000

12
4. Situation of drinking water
Among all of studied communes, we see that Chantrea commune faces to lack of hygiene water for
consumption because the water from drilled well is not able to drink meanwhile the taste is salty and
acidity. The inhabitants use water from pond for drinking. One village usually has only one
community pond so that villagers can use the water from it for drinking. However, the pond is not
able to provide enough water throughout the year. Meanwhile, the community pond is dry out
during the dry season, the villagers use water from their own pond and there are also some villagers
who have no pond ask for water. In idea, they dig drilled well in purpose of using the underground
water but the taste is not able them to use it for drinking.
For the other 3 studied communes, they seem to have enough water for drinking by using the
underground water from drilled well. But they still lack of understanding on the hygienic water as
currently many people drinking water without boiling. Most of the people said that, health is
considered as the main issue in their villages.
On the other hand, villagers are still poor in using jars for storing the raining water. Based on the
direct observation, only few households of the total families in the study villages have more than 2
jars. Most of the villagers drink the water from drilled well immediately.
Case 1: Drinking water usage of the villager
Keut Nor is, 54 years old, a villager in Teng Mao village. The situation of water use in his family is
also similar to the other families in his village. He uses the water from pond and raining water, he
doesn’t have water from drilled well for drinking due to the water from drilled well is not able to use
for drinking. If it is used for clothing, the clothes will be red. The raining water is able to use for the
period of 3 months only, some villagers have 4 jars for storing the raining water.
In the village, there is only one community pond that is able to support for 50 families and there are
only 60 families ponds were dug. He said that many people confront to health problem by drinking
such water, especially people don’t cook it before drinking. Along with the problem of human
health, animal also faces to difficulty to find water for drinking. Meanwhile, there is a lot of poison
water in the field due to the huge amount of chemical pesticide utilization. There is also problem of
the bottles and packages are not kept in safety place.
5. Education
There is only 86.87% of children in the village have attend school and 6.27% are not able to go to
school since their family is poor, lack of labor force in the family, the school is located far from
house. It is also found that 4.10% of the children are outside the school. Notably, some of the
household head are illiterate so they don’t pay more attention to the study of their children. Most of
children leave the class at primary school. Instead of studying, the children/students will be involved
in doing off-farm activity to earn more money to support for their family’s need.
It is to note that there are 2.19% of children accompany with their parents to do migration work
outside the villages, those kinds of children will be lack of education opportunity as the other
children in the village. Definitely, the percentage of graduated student from secondary school could
not find job after graduation is 45.59%. Moreover, in Por, Por Ma'am and Prey Roboeus the

percentage of secondary school student could not find job is completely high if compare to other
villages, the figure shown that 100%, 99% and 95% respectively. This rate is not encouraged the
families send their children to school while the job opportunity is low.
13
Table 5: Situation of education in the village
N Name of
village
Nb.of
kindergarten
Illiteracy
class
Training
on
health
% of
children
go to
school
% of
children
don’t
go to
school
% of
children
migrated
for work
% of
children
outside
School
% of
graduated
could not
find job
Nb.of
school
in the
village
Nb.of
vocational
training in
the
village
1 Chhoeu
Teal
0 0 1 85 10 0 0 1 0 1
2 Kork
Roka
0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 1 0
3 Boeung
Choar
0 0 1 85 15 0 0 75 1 0
4 Prey
Tung
0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 1 0
5 Khna 0 1 0 90 10 1.4 0 0 2 0
6 Tadok 0 0 1 81.22 7.42 4 17 NA 0 0
7 Svay
Sokhom
0 0 1 80 20 3 1 50 0 1
8 Por Py 0 0 0 90 10 0 0 50 1 1
9 Boeung
Kak
0 0 1 93.31 2.69 1.92 NA 0 0 1
10 Chuor
Pha-Av
0 0 1 100 0 1.4 0 0.4 0 0
11 Thom 1 1 1 99 2 2 0 1 0 1
12 Khang
Koeut
Vat
0 1 1 90 10 3 10 90 0 0
13 Por Ma-
Am
1 0 1 100 0 3 0 99 1 0
14 Por 1 0 1 80 3 5 5 100 0 1
15 Prey
Roboeus
1 0 1 70 5 5 30 95 1 0
16 Chantrea 0 1 0 93.03 6.96 6.96 2.86 NA 1 0
17 Teng
Mao
1 1 1 29 2 2 3 3 0 0
18 Kor Tek 0 1 95 5 1 2 85 0 0
19 Sen Tor 1 1 1 90 10 2 3 80 0 0
Average 0.32 0.37 0.72 86.87 6.27 2.19 4.10 45.59 0.53 0.47
52.63% of the studied villages have primary school, 31.57% of the studied villages have
kindergarten. Additionally, ICS is an organization that has supported to the primary school in some
villages of the study area. Relating to kindergarten is set up with the training by village based
teacher, but it is not so good progress while the teacher cannot teach due to disease and other
teachers are out of financial support from the project, for example the kindergarten in Por village,
Thnaot commune, Svay Rieng province.
There is no NGO or institutes that working on regular basis by providing the health education
service to villagers, except RHAC does health campaign in the village for one to two time per year.
But there are some NGOs or institutes working to provide capacity building to villagers on the
different field such as literacy class, agriculture, etc. For instance, RPRP (IFAD) support on
agriculture technique, UNICEF and VATANAK PHEAP supports to kindergarten, WFP also

provide lunch for children at the state school, and the department of rural development of Svay
Rieng also provides literacy class for adult people in the village.
6. Description of poverty and wealthy of rural people
From the group discussion of various participants, the most important criteria used to classify the
poverty categories are: rice cultivated land, type of house, number of cattle, agriculture equipment,
amount of estimated income and food security. In the reality, the size of rice cultivated land is
difference from village to another village. Notably, the rice cultivated land for farmers live in the
villages along Vietnam border is larger than villagers in Prey Veng province.
Table 6: Wealth ranking’s criteria in Chantrea commune,
14
Criteria
Detail criteria or indicator to identify each type of family
Rich Medium Poor Poorest
Food security
Enough food and
able sell
Just only enough
for family
consumption but
not able to sell
Short of food for
consumption at
least 3 months
Short of food for
family
consumption at
least for 6 month to
throughout the year
Rice field size >5 ha-15 ha 4-5 ha 1-2 ha < 1 ha or landless
Type of house Tile house Zinc house Leaf house Cottage
Agriculture
Tractor, machine
equipment
cart,
Ox cart Plow, harrow No any equipment
Income > 20 million riel 10-13 million riel 5-6 million 0.5-1 million
Cattle >10 cattle 5 cattle 2-3 cattle No
Saving and debt
Have money for
lending
Have ability to
repay the money to
money lender
They are in debt
but they are able to
earn some money,
however it is not
able to repay totally
They are in debt
and no ability to
repay at all
Labor force in
farming
Rent the labor
workers to work for
them
Rent the labor
worker but not so
much
Selling labor to the
other families
Selling labor to the
other families
Table 7: Wealth ranking’s criteria in Thnaot commune
Criteria
Food security
Enough food and
able sell
Lack of rice for
family’s
consumption about
2-3 months
Short of food for
consumption at
least 8-10 months
Lack of rice for
family consumption
through out the year
Rice field size > 3ha 1.5-2 ha <1 ha Landless families
Agriculture
Tractor, machine
equipment
cart,
Ox cart Plow, harrow No any equipment
Income > 10 million riel 5-10 million riel 3 million <1 million
Cattle > 5 cattle 3-5 cattle 1-3 cattle No
Saving and debt No debt No debt
They are debt about
300000-400000 riel
They are debt about
400000-700000 riel

Table 8: Wealth ranking’s criteria in Daun Keng commune,
15
Criteria
Food security
Enough food and
able sell
Just only enough
for family
consumption but
not able to sell
Short of food for
consumption at
least 3-4 months
Short of food for
family
consumption
throughout the year
Rice field size 3-5 ha 2-3 ha 1-2 ha Landless
Type of house Tile house Zinc house Leaf house
Cottage on the land
of the other people
Agriculture
equipment
Tractor, machine
cart,
Ox cart, Plow,
harrow
No No
Income > 5 -10 million riel 3-5 million riel 1-2 million 0.5-1 million
Cattle >5 cattle 3 cattle 1 cattle No
Table 9: Wealth ranking’s criteria in Prey Tung commune,
Criteria
Food security
Enough food and
able sell
Just only enough
for family
consumption but
not able to sell
Short of food for
consumption at
least 3-6 months
Short of food for
family
consumption at
least for 6 month to
throughout the year
Rice field size 2-3 ha 1-2 ha <1 ha Landless
Agriculture
Tractor, machine
Motor pump, Ox
Plow, harrow, No
equipment
cart,
cart
Income > 10 million riel 5 million riel 1 million 1 million
Cattle 3-5 cattle 2 cattle No No
As the result of group discussion with the village chief, women and men, elder people in the village,
we can come up with the following result of livelihood categories as bellows:
Table 10: Result of wealth ranking
N Name of village
Nb.of total
family
Type of family
Status of household
1 Chhoeu Teal 277 49 91 117 20 16¤, 73Δ, 18*, 4¢,74O, 79 Ö
2 Kork Roka 189 11 99 63 15 53¤, 33Δ, 2*, 7¢, 124Ö
3 Boeung Choar 423 10 158 245 10 192¤, 89Δ, 10*, 7¢, 106O, 70
Ö
4 Prey Tung 314 15 134 155 10 156¤, 54Δ, 10*, 3¢, 102Ö
5 Khna 464 24 362 66 12 139¤, 39Δ, 12*, 10¢, 3O,
300Ö
6 Tadok 150 7 98 30 9 83¤, 20Δ, 9*, 7¢, 23Ö
7 Svay Sokhom 122 6 61 47 8 50¤, 29Δ, 2*, 3¢, 52Ö
8 Por Py 193 15 83 92 3 84¤, 31Δ, 16*, 3¢, 0O, 87 Ö
9 Boeung Kak 179 13 55 90 20 89¤, 45Δ, 15*, 7¢, 51Ö
10 Chuor Pha-Av 272 14 205 47 6 103¤, 46Δ, 28*, 5¢, 2 O,57Ö
11 Thom 172 28 96 36 12 100¤, 42Δ, 7*, 8¢, 24Ö
12 Khang Koeut
Vat
126 20 59 29 18 83¤, 43Δ, 15*, 4¢, 60Ö
13 Por Ma-Am 168 4 49 93 20 60¤, 30Δ, 14*, 2¢, 4O, 80Ö

14 Por 114 7 62 28 17 15¤,7¢, 79Ö, 25Δ, 2 O, 14*
15 Prey Boeus 137 12 60 45 20 87¤, 29Δ, 3*, 2¢, 50Ö
16 Chantrea 162 4 37 99 22 83¤, 32 Δ, 9*, 4¢, 12 O, 25 Ö
17 Teng Mao 272 14 211 40 7 184¤, 68Δ, 18*, 10¢, 2 O, 8Ö
18 Kor Tek 236 13 98 80 45 128¤, 53Δ, 12*, 0¢, 33 Ö
19 Sen Tor 130 22 32 59 17 83¤, 20Δ, 9*, 7¢, 23Ö
16
Total
4,100 288 2,050 1,461 291
1,788¤, 801Δ, 223*, 100¢,
205O, 1,327Ö
Average 215.79 15.16 107.89 76.89 15.32
% 7.02 50.00 35.63 7.10
Note: ¤ Ordinary family, Δ Widows, *number of elder people, ¢ handicap people, O Migration
nation wide, Ö Migration abroad
Table 11: Percentage of wealth ranking
Status of the hh ¤ Δ * ¢ O Ö
Total
1,788.00
801.00
223.00
100.00
205.00
1,327.00
Average
94.11
42.16
11.74
5.26
10.79 69.84
%
43.61
19.54
5.44
2.44
5.00 32.37
Note: hh: Household
According to the result, the number of poorest family is 291 families or equal to 7.10% of the total
households in the study villages. Most of them are the landless families or the families who have
land under 0.3 ha. There are 205 families or 5% do migration works in the country especially in the
main town of Cambodia, and most of them are poorest families. Moreover, there are 1,327 families
0r 32.27% do migration to the neighboring countries such as Vietnam and Thailand. In the study
villages it is also found that there are 801 families or 5.44% have widows' members.
7. Village map
The village map was developed by participation of the village chief, inhabitants, women, elder
people who know well about the geographic area of the village. All the village resources are
included in the map such as rice field, lake and other water channels as well as the physical
infrastructures. The sample village map of Por village is presented as follows:

Figure 3: Example of the participatory mapping of Por village
After drawing the village map, it is good to see the potential of each village, especially the natural
potential. Specifically, all of the houses were placed on the map with the codified number so that it
is able to identify the families’ name and categories of their livelihood. All the village maps were
included in the village report.
8. Income generation activity and seasonal calendar
There are 2 different main activities done by the villagers, usually activities that they do in the wet
season are on-farm activity and in the dry season is off-farm activity. Majority, the migration work
is done in the dry season after the rice cultivation was finished. Additionally, the poorest families
also selling labor for rice transplanting for the other families inside the village as well. But after rice
transplanting is completed, they migrate to work outside the village.
It is to note that there are different types of migration done by the villagers in different studied
villages, some of them migrate to Vietnam, some of them migrate to look for work in crowded
places such as Phnom Penh, and some of them migrate to work in Thailand. Furthermore, some
families even they are at the medium level but they still do selling labor because they prefer to earn
more money if they have finished their own farming.
Based on the information from the village wealth ranking, there are averagely 32.27% of the total
household families in the village are doing migration work, including migration to Thailand, other
17

places as well as selling labor in Vietnam. The following is the agriculture activity calendar of the
villagers in different communes:
Table 12: Agriculture activity calendar of the villagers in Chantrea commune:
Activity Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Remarks
Wet season rice
18
Dry season rice
Frog
Fish
Pig
Chicken
Duck
Bee
Fruit tree
Vegetable
From the activities calendar it found that in Chantrea commune people do both rainy season rice and
dry season rice. The rainy season rice mainly starts from May to December. Due to the good
condition for doing dry season rice villagers start their activities from mid of rainy season to do their
dry season rice. They start from October and end up in February. It is found that farmers do fishing,
raise chicken, pig and duck and grow fruit tree all year round. Additionally, during the very drought
period of the year March and April some people do collecting honey bee in the bushes areas.
Moreover, some farmers grow vegetable during rainy season which is mainly for home
consumption.
Table 13: Agriculture activity calendar of the villagers in Thnaot commune
Activity Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Note
Wet season rice
Dry season rice
Natural Fish
Trapping
Fish raising
Pig
Chicken
Vegetable

In Thnaot commune is mostly the same as Chantrea commune in which people doing both rainy and
dry season rice. They do wet season rice only around 6 month because they mostly use the early and
medium variety rice. The most popular rice seed is mainly bought from Vietnam. And for the dry
season rice they use totally the HYV (High Yielding Variety). The seed is also bought from
Vietnam. Additionally there are several households raise fish and there are many households do
fishing. Pig and chicken raising and vegetable growing are pragmatically apply by most of the
households.
Table 14: Agriculture activity calendar of the villagers in Daun Keng commune
Wet season rice
19
Dry season rice
Cucumber
growing
Fish raising and
fish trapping
Pig
Chicken
Sugar cane
Watermelon,
Mung Bean
Sugar palm
In this commune there are several on-farm activities has been done by the villagers. Villagers grow
cucumber on the rice field and some on the back yard from November to March. They also grow
sugar cane on their back yard May to December. Notably, after harvest rice there are several people
grow water melon and mung bean on their rice field. The growing starts from January to March.
Moreover, most of the households around 84% (data from household interview) are doing palm
sugar production. The activities mainly start from the end of rainy season (November) up to the
early of rainy season rice. (April).
Table 15: Agriculture activity calendar of the villagers in Prey Tung commune
Wet season rice
Dry season rice
Fish trapping
Pig
Chicken
Sugar palm
Vegetable

From the result of the study it is found that in Prey Tung commune villagers do not practice dry
season rice. Moreover, the villagers also grow vegetable from October to April in which they grow
only for home consumption. There is only several of them got surplus and sell their products.
20
8.1. Rice cultivation
Around 94% of the household are the rice farmers, except the landless families. In average, farmers
have rice field of 2.29 ha per family. In case of the rich family, the rice field size is big up to 10 ha
or over than 10 ha per family.
Based on the result from group discussion and individual interview, the wet season rice is cultivated
between May and December, but the dry season rice is conducted between October and March.
For dry season rice cultivation, villagers in the studied village of Svay Rieng province mostly do it
because dry season rice the main income for their families, they harvest their rice for selling to
Vietnamese trader. It has been observed that villagers in the studied villages of Prey Veng province,
the livelihood of people are based on rainy season rice cultivation. Dry season rice is only done with
the families who have drilled well for watering their rice or families how have rice field close to the
water sources such as lake, stream, pond, etc. Or, we can call the dry season rice in other work
“receding rice” because they usually do it after harvesting of the wet season rice when the water
level is low down.
In case of the wet season rice, villagers use their own traditional seed so they don’t have any
expense. But for the dry season rice, villagers have to buy rice seed, named “IR” from Vietnam.
Technically, farmers conduct rice transplanting for wet season rice, but no transplanting for dry
season rice, it means that they broadcast the rice seed directly on the field without transplanting.
Table 16: Comparison between wet season rice and dry season rice on the rice field of 1 ha
Type of expense Wet season rice Dry season rice
Rice seed 70 kg = 0 riel 140 kg = 122500 riel
Chemical fertilizer 150 kg = 330000 riel 250-350 kg = 550000-770000 riel
Chemical pesticide 25000 riel 50000 riel
Plowing 50000 riel 50000 riel
Water pumping 0 riel 89000 riel
Rice transplanting 75000 riel
0 riel (broadcast the seed directly
without transplanting)
Rice harvesting 0 riel 125000 riel
Total 480 000 riel 1 306 500 riel
Use of chemical fertilizer and pesticide
It is noted that farmers buy rice seed, chemical fertilizer and pesticide, and they sell their harvested
rice to Vietnam after harvesting. So, it means that the money flow to Vietnam when farmers use so
much agriculture materials and money will flow out more and more when farmer sell their harvested
rice to Vietnamese middleman.

21
1. Type of chemical fertilizer
According to the study it is found that villagers used several type of chemical fertilizer especially
those products is imported from Vietnam. Following are the name and price of chemical fertilizer.
Table 17: Type of chemical fertilizer and price of the products
N Name of fertilizer Formula Price (riel/sack)
1 DAP 16.46.0 137500
2 UREA 46.0.0 82500
3 NPK 16.16.8.13S 110000
4 NPK 20.20.15 105000
5 KOMIX ??? 70000
2. Type of chemical pesticide
Table 18: Type of chemical pesticide used in the study area
N Name of pesticide N Name of pesticide
1 ALPHA 16 K-T ANNONG
2 ANPHATOX 5EC 17 MASTER-CRO
3 BATAK 18 NIBAS 50ND
4 BADANG 19 NOMIDA 10WP
5 BASSAN 50 EC 20 REGENT
6 BIG RO & RAN 600WP 21 SHA CHONG SHUANG 90W
7 BUYTYL 10WP 22 SHALING SHUANG 50WP
8 CHITO DEMAX 23 SHA LING SHUANG 50WP
9 CYPERKILL 25 EC 24 TIN-Italy Super 300.5 EC
10 DAMIN 500DD 25 THUOC TRU CO
11 DEMAX 601 26 TRIPAY SOEC
12 DANTOTSV 27 558
13 DUNG SUPER 300EC 28 VIRAAT 23 EC
14 FAIFOS 25EC
15 FLASH
Case 2: Rice cultivation by villager
Sim Samean is, 38 years old, a farm in Sen Tor village of Svay Rieng province. There are 7
members in his family. The total rice field is 4.5 ha with 3 buffaloes. He added that the rice yield
was not good during the last 3 years due to drought. The rice varieties that he uses are: Raing Chey,
Nean Meang, Krem, and IR. Among the whole rice field of 4.5 ha, he broadcasted IR on the rice
field of 0.2 ha only. He spent 584,500 riel for the production cost. As the result, he could harvest
only 2000 kg due to the damage of pest insects.
Case 3: Cultivation of dry season rice, Chantrea village
Pang Vey is, 49 years old, a farmer in Chantrea village, Chantrea commune, Chantrea district, Svay
Rieng province. He has 2 ha of dry season rice land with the cultivation of IR variety.

He uses the imported IR variety from Vietnam. He broadcast the seed of 480 kg on the rice field of 2
ha. He plows the rice field and then he dries it for 15-20 days. After that, he harrows the rice field
for broadcasting the rice seed.
Totally, he uses 600 kg of chemical fertilizer (12 sacks) on the field of 2 ha. In detail, 1 week after
seed broadcasting, he spreads 50 kg for 1 ha. About 20 days after the first spreading, he uses 100 kg
for 1 ha and 45 days later, he use 150 kg for 1 ha. Therefore, he uses chemical fertilizer 3 times
during the period of rice cultivation.
Relating to the protection of insects, he starts to use chemical pesticide after one week of
broadcasting. The quantity of pesticide is used depend on the level damage by insect, if there are
many insects in rice field, he will use much pesticide as well. Generally, he spreads chemical
pesticide from 6-7 times since the broadcasting to harvesting.
Table 19: The detail expenses of dry Season rice of Mr. Pang Vey
Type of expense Quantity Price/unit Total expense (riel)
Rice seed 480 kg 700 336,000
Petroleum for plowing 30 liters 2600 78,000
Petroleum for water pumping 20 liters 3500 70,000
Chemical fertilizer 12 sacks 90000 1,080,000
Pesticide 17 liters - 312,000
Total expense 1,876,000
As the result, he could harvest 4000 kg/ha and the price of rice for one kilogram is 700 riel, so he
could get the income of 2,800,000 riel totally. Therefore, the gross income is (2800000-1876000) =
924,000 riel
22
8.2. Vegetable growing
In case of vegetable growing, majority of inhabitants grow vegetable, such as amaranth, bottle
gourd, cucumber, water convolvulus, wax gourd, sponge gourd, lemongrass etc. only the wet season
because they have enough water and the vegetable product is only used for family’s consumption so
that they are not able to earn money from vegetable selling.
In the dry season, there are several families in a village grow vegetable for family’s consumption
and some of them are able to sell vegetable to make further income. In average they can grow about
3 months (especially in the dry season) and enable to make average income of 790,000riel (data
from the hh interview). It is to note that only the families that have drilled well or big pond or many
ponds that enable to grow vegetable in the dry season. In case of Chantrea commune, the water from
pond is kept for drinking so that they have not enough water for growing vegetable.
To fulfill the need of the villagers, there are many imported vegetable from Vietnam with the
average of 60 kg/day for one village.

Table 20: the domestic vegetable and imported vegetable
Imported vegetable Domestic vegetable (produced in village)
Cucumber Amaranth
Green petiole Papaya
Potato Potato
Water convolvulus Taro
Onion Egg plant
Tomato Wax gourd, bottle gourd, sponge gourd
Carrot Cucumber
Lemon Water convolvulus
Case 4: Vegetable growing by Keo Phum, Sen Tor village
Keo Phun is, 49 years old, a farmer in Sen Tor village of Svay Rieng province. There are 9 members
in his family, but family’s labor is only 4 members. The main sources of family’s income are rice
cultivation, grocery, livestock, and vegetable growing. He usually grow vegetable in the wet season
only, started from July to January depend on the duration of each vegetable. The kind of vegetable
that he mostly grows are water convolvulus, egg plant, papaya, amaranth, spicy, those kinds of
vegetable are able to find in the village so he doesn’t need to buy.
The main purpose of vegetable growing is to supply for the family’s need and distribute to some
other neighboring families. In they dry season, he couldn’t grow vegetable due to lack of water. He
has pond but the water from pond is used for drinking only.
23
8.3. Livestock husbandry
8.3.1. Chicken raising
Villagers like to raise poultry such as chicken and duck. 77.83% of family raises chicken with the
average 5 hen per household. The maximum hen can be reached up to 50 especially in Daun Koeung
commune. Most of the chicken may used for wedding plan and any other ceremonies. The income
from selling chicken per year is varying between 100000 and 450,000 riel. Most of the produced
chicken is used for family consumption. Furthermore, chicken are mostly died by infected disease
especially in April and May of the dry season and January and February of the wet season.
Case 5: Chicken raising by Vong Sabarn, Seng Tor village
Vong Sabarn is, 52 years old, a farmer family in Sen Tor village of Svay Rieng province. His family
consists of 5 members. The main income activities are rice cultivation, house construction worker
within the village. Additionally, he also raises chicken but the result is not good due to disease
infection, for instance Newcastle, pox, and some chicks are eaten by mice. As the result, he could
produce from 50-60 chicken per year and they are used for family consumption.
8.3.2. Bee
There are 41 families mostly in Daun Koeung commune do collecting honey bee especially during
the dry season. Averagely, they earn 300,000 riel per year and some households could collect and
sell the honey up to 1 million riels. They can find bee for 2 and 3 months during the dry season only.

Normally, they sell the honey to middleman inside their village and honey is brought to sell in
Phnom Penh.
24
8.3.3. Fish raising and fish trapping
20% of household families in the village do fish trapping. In the studied villages of Svay Rieng
province, villagers can catch the fishes almost throughout the year thanks to there are lakes or
natural stream in the village. Generally, they could catch about 50 kg of fish per family and it is
mainly used for own family consumption. After rice harvesting in February and March, villager
catch their fish from the pond by pumping. During this period, fishes are collected and they could
get income of 243,000 riel for one family per year.
8.3.4. Pig raising
60 families or 28% of the whole number of families in the studied village raise pig. The number of
pig is 1-2 pig per family and in case of the rich family; the maximum number is 8 pigs per family.
Pig also confronts to disease infection especially in the dry season (April and May). The income
from pig for one family is 400,000 riel per year.
Case 6: Pig raising by Sim Srey, Cheu Teal village
Sim Srey is, 47 years old, a farmer in Cheu Teal village, Prey Tung commune, Sithor Kandal
district, Prey Veng province. There are 4 members in her family. She has 1 ha for rice field, 0.06 ha
for homestead area. In case of the draft animal, she has 3 buffaloes. Besides rice cultivation, she also
raises pig integrated with wine distillation. She raises 8 pigs and spends 4 months to grow up pigs
for selling. During the raising period, she has spent some input as follows:
- Piglet: 320,000 riel
- Vaccination: 10,000 riel
- De-worming: 3,000 riel
- Feed: 340,000 riel
- Rice bran: 127,000 riel
- And residue rice from wine distillation (no payment)
In total, she paid 800,000 riel. As the result, she had sold all pigs and got the income of 1,800,000
riel, so she could earn 1,000,000 riel.

25
9. Income and expense
9.1. Income from on-farm activity
There are various on-farm activities done by the villagers. The average income of those activities is
presented as follows:
Table 21: Income from on-farm activity
N Economic activity Income (riel)
Maximum Medium Minimum
1 Rice cultivation 25,000,000 7,500,000 1,000,000
2 Vegetable growing 300,000 158,000 25,000
3 Natural fish trapping 350,000 24,3000 15,0000
4 Pig raising 1,000,000 700,000 500,000
5 Chicken 300,000 100,000 20,000
6 Bee 1,000,000 450,000 72,000
In comparison between wet season rice and dry season rice, farmers could earn more benefit from
dry season rice even though they spend much money for the production cost.
In relating to the natural fish, villagers just only catch them for family’s consumption so it does not
spend more money to buy fish.
On the other hand, some villagers of the studied village of Prey Veng province usually grow the
watermelon after in the rice field after rice harvesting season. But the farmers can do like that can be
considered from the medium families so that they have own capital to buy motor pump and dig
drilled well for watering their crop in the dry season.
9.2. Income from off-farm activity
For the poorest families, the family’s income is highly depended on the off-farm activities. In short,
the income from off-farm activity is higher than the income from on-farm activity as they have no
land or a small piece of land for rice cultivation.
Table 22: Income from off-farm activity
N Economic activity
Income (riel) Number of
family
Percentage
Maximum Medium Minimum (%)
1 Grocery 2,737,500 127,500 912,500 35 16.5
2 House construction worker 500,000 300,000 200,000 29 13.68
3
Traditional Khmer
medicine
300,000 200,000 100,000 NA
4 Midwife 150,000 60,000 30,000 NA
5 Seasonal migration 5,400,000 2,880,000 3,600,000 113 53.30
Source: Household interview
Case 7: Income from off-farm activity of Heng Sophun, Kork Tek village
Heang Sophun is, 37 years old, a farmer in Kork Tek village, Chantrea commune, Chantrea district,
Svay Rieng province. His wife is Sek Sokha and there are totally 5 family members.

4 members among the total family members are the family’s labor force. The economic activities are
rice cultivation, fishing, and selling labor to work in Vietnam. He said that he has been selling labor
in Vietnam for 7 years due to the poverty.
He normally works as labor seller in Vietnam from March to July, and he go there about 5-15 days
per each. Generally, he does rice harvesting, carry rice to container, and cut some plants. To
reimburse with his work, he could earn averagely around 15000 riel per day (8 hours). However, he
needs to spend for disease treatment, wedding, festival, and tuition fee of their children. He thinks
that he is also able to get more money in his own village but he lack of water source that is not able
to produce more yield. He added that if we have irrigation system (canal), we will be able to
produce more income from vegetation and livestock husbandry.
26
Case 8: Income from selling labor in Vietnam
Mao Kadean is, 37 years old, a farmer in Kork Tek village. Her main crop is traditional rice in the
wet season only; she could not cultivate dry season rice as the other families because she has no
water source. Her family is seriously short of food due to the rice harvest is too low. To cope with
her family’s problem, all of her family’s members even the children at the young age of 12, 12 and
15 years old sell labor seasonally in Vietnam from April to May. During one day, they could earn
5000 riel. Working as the labor seller in Vietnam, they face to some difficulties such as they are
punished to say that they work late and sometimes they are not paid any money, it has no rest time
as they have to work immediately after lunch, the working hour is started form 7AM and finish at
5PM.
In case of they cut the shrub, called “Smach”, they need to carry it heavily, bitten by snake and other
poison insect, etc. However, she thinks that Vietnam is a good place for the poorest families to earn
money. She said that she could only get income from a few fishes and chicken and most of the time
they are not good result. She wanted to raise some animal but she no enough start-up capital. Every
year after rice harvesting, her family normally go to work in Vietnam and the income is used to
spend for rice, piglet, chick, and other materials such as shoes, knife, hammer, clothes, etc.
Case 9: Income situation of migration work in Thailand
Chem Phal is, 42 years old, a villager of Por Pi village, of Prey Veng province. In her family, there
is a son who migrated work in Thailand because she observe that the other people who used to go to
Thailand have improved their livelihood that is why she allowed his son to go there to work on the
fishing boat. As saying, he (son) could earn 3500 bath (around 350000 riel) per month.
Unfortunately, he didn’t receive the salary for working after 2 months, so he decided to back home.
Case 10: Situation of fishing boat worker in Thailand
Mom Ti is, 71 years old, a farmer in Por Pi village, Prey Veng province. She has son who have
migrated to work in Thailand and up to now it is already 7 years that he have never went back home.
Mom Ti knew that her son is working on the fishing boat but she didn’t know how the life is. His
son could only send 10000 baths (around 1000000 riel) to hear for the duration of working there for
7 years. Mom Ti has known that her son could not earn more income due to the quantity of fish is
decreased.

Case 11: Reason for decision to migrate for work in Thailand
Deuk Chaim is, 70 years old, a farmer in Por Pi village. His son and daughter in law have migrated
to work in Thailand. Anyway, he didn’t know what they do in Thailand as well as the income they
could earn. Every year, they send to him around 20000-30000 baths (2 to 3 million riel) per year. He
added that migration work in Thailand can increase the livelihood of his family. However, he also
wanted his son go back home but the son doesn’t want to go back with the reason that working in
own country is difficult to find a job.
Case 12: Income of migration work in Thailand
Chea Inn is, 48 years old, a farmer in Por Pi village. He has 2 sons are working on the fishing boat
already for 8 years in Thailand. He knew that they could earn from 3500 to 4500 baths per month,
but his sons send to him only 3000 baths per year. At the present, he has not received more money
from his sons.
27
10. Other expenses
Generally, villagers spend from 2000 to 3000 riel per day for food, such as vegetable, fish, meat,
sugar, salt, etc. additionally, 88 families among 212hh or 41% of the total household family in the
study village lack of rice for family consumption. Own rice production is not able to feed the whole
family so they need to buy more rice to meet their family’s need. In case of IR cultivation, they
actually spend so much money on chemical fertilizer, chemical pesticide, and rice seed. They bought
these materials from Vietnam so they have to sell their harvested rice for repaying their debt to
Vietnamese merchant. By doing so, they lack of rice for family consumption. At the same time, the
villagers spend much money for disease treatment; it can be the effect of huge use of chemicals in
rice cultivation.
Table 23: Other family’s expense
N Type of expense
Expense (Riel)
Maximum Medium Minimum
1 Food 1080000 720000 252000
2 Children tuition fee 1200000 840000 360000
3 Clothes 400000 150000 100000
4 Rice 800000 568000 260000
5 Disease treatment 5000000 477000 20000
6 Festival 150000 100000 50000
7 Wedding 600000 230000 50000
11. Resource flow
According to the group discussion with villagers on the resource flow, the number of market that
connected to the village is divided by 4 categories: local market, commune or district market
provincial market, city market like Phnom Penh and international market like Thailand and
Vietnam. It is to note that villagers are also connected to the market in Phnom Penh as well.

28
Figure 4: Resource flow
Selling labor and Migration work,
paddy rice, cattle, fish, vegetable,
disease treatment, etc,
Porter in the
garment
factories,
etc
Generally, the resources that flow out from the village are rice paddy (dry season rice); the paddy
rice is exported to Vietnam. Fishes, pig, vegetable especially only in the wet season is exported to
the local markets and some natural vegetable is also exported to Vietnam but imported with many
chemical vegetable. At the same time, the huge amount of agriculture materials such as chemical
fertilizer, chemical pesticide, rice seed, petroleum for pumping are flew into the villages.
Notably, the villagers also move to work as labor seller in Vietnam, but majority of them come back
to stay home at the evening.
12. Venn Diagram
There are 13 NGOs and institutes working in the studied villages. Generally, there are 3 or 4 NGOs
working in one village. Those NGOs are mainly working on the field of agriculture, education,
health etc. Additionally, there are some local organizations were set up and running in the village,
such as saving group, pagoda committee, village development committee, etc. All of them are
presented as follows:
Table 24: NGOs and Institutes exist in the village
Name of institute Main activity Date of start Remarks
Cambodia Red Cross Urgent help/relief 2000
Kork Tek, Chantrea, Prey
Beous,
ICS
Support the education of the
rural children
2002
Teng Mao, Sen Tor, Kork Tek,
Chantrea, Boeung Kak,
UNICEF Community kindergarten 1996, 2001
Sen Tor, Khang Keut Vat, Prey
Beous, Boeung Kak,
SETH KOMA
Health, agriculture, hygiene
water
1997 Por,
WFP
Infrastructure, lunch for school
children
2004 Por Pi,
Village
Local market
(commune & district
level)
Provincial
Markets
Vietnam border
& Thailand
Phnom Penh
Chemical fertilizer,
pesticide, petroleum,
Some vegetables,
fruit, rice, meat, etc.
Clothes, paddy rice,
construction equipment,
bicycle, TV, medicine,
Grocery, etc.
Paddy, chicken,
duck, pig, fruit, porter,
Clothes, motor pump,
Motorbike, machine
cart, grocery for
selling, agriculture
equipments, gold,
etc

PRASAC Credit service 2005
29
Teng Mao, Kork Tek,
Chantrea, Por, Thom, Khang
Keut Vat, Prey Beous, Por Ma-
Am, Chuor Pa-Av, Svay
Sokhom,
ACLEDA Credit service 2005
Teng Mao, Kork Tek,
Chantrea, Por, Khang Keut Vat,
Prey Beous, Por Ma-Am, Por
Pi, Chuor Pa-Av, Svay
Sokhom,
POL ROTH RONG REUNG Credit service 2007 Por, Prey Beous,
AMK Credit service 2007 Por Pi,
IOM
Human trafficking, especially
women and children
2005
Sen Tor, Kork Tek, Chantrea,
Khang Keut Vat, Por Ma-Am,
Boeung Kak, Svay Sokhom,
RHAC Reproductive health 1998 Prey Beous,
VATANAK PHEP
Saving group, kindergarten,
Small business
2003 Por,
KADSAP
Improvement of agriculture
productivity
2007
Por, Thom, Khang Keut Vat,
Por Ma-Am,
CEDAC Saving group, agriculture 2005 Por Pi, Svay Sokhom,
RPRP/IFAD Agriculture 2005
Teng Mao, Sen Tor, Prey
Beous, Kork Tek, Boeung Kak,
Por Pi, Chour Pa-Av, Svay
Sokhom,
IPM Agriculture 2005 Por Pi,
Department of rural
Literacy class
development
2003 Sen Tor, Boeung Kak,
Village Animal Health Worker
(VAHW)
Livestock husbandry 2000
Sen Tor, Chuor Pa-Av, Svay
Sokhom,
Pagoda committee Pagoda development 1979 Chantrea, Por Pi,
VDC (village development
General development in the
- Sen Tor,
committee)
village
Commune development
committee
General development in the
commune
- Sen Tor,
Midwife Giving birth 2000
Teng Mao, Sen Tor, Por Ma-
Am, Boeung Kak,
Commune hospital center Public health service
Literacy class Informal education 2002 Kork Tek, Thom,
Teacher Education 1999, 2007
Sen Tor, Prey Beous, Boeung
Kak,
Primary school Basic education 1979
Chantrea, Por Ma-Am, Por Pi,
Svay Sokhom,
Village promoter
Training on vegetable, fruit
tree, rice farming and animal
husbandry
2007 Kork Tek,
Advocacy committee/ADHOC Land conflict and human right 2004 Teng Mao village, Chantrea
Saving group Saving and credit service 2006 Teng Mao, Kork Tek, Por Pi,
Police Security guarantee Sen Tor,
Referring to the data information on the table above, there are 4 credit agencies are working in the
villages but in case of the rice farmer family who cultivate the dry season along with Vietnam
border usually don’t borrow money from Cambodian credit agent because they borrow directly from
Vietnamese merchant without paying money immediately, they will pay when they harvest their
rice. On the other hand, RPRP is project funded by IFAD and implemented by department of

agriculture is also working closely with the villages as most of the studied covered by this project
both in Prey Veng and Svay Rieng province. Additionally, most of the studied villages of Prey Veng
province are covered by CEDAC.
It is to note that there is almost no organization working on the field of health service, except RHAC
that has done the campaigned to provide awareness to the people on reproductive health, but it is
rarely done throughout the year. Most of the women are confronting to health problem and they
actually need education to gain more knowledge. Moreover, there are a few farmer organizations
exist in the village but they are not self-financed or independence yet due to they are set up by the
support from outsiders (project, NGOs). Tangibly, the kindergarten school in Por village, Thnaot
commune, Kampong Ror district, Svay Rieng province, is not able to continue its activity
meanwhile the project implemented by VATANAK PHEAP was out of fund.
13. Problem tree analysis and problem ranking
The problem tree analysis meeting was conducted with the participation of different participants,
such as village chief, villagers, elder people, teachers, medicine, member of pagoda management
committee were invited to join the discussion.
Most of the problem raised the people are: food insecurity, lack of the appropriate of agriculture
technique, health, education of the young generation, drinking water, irrigation system, village road,
domestic violence, and lack of capital for agriculture investment.
30

The following provide the information of the problems raised by the villagers.
31
Table 25: Problem ranking
N Name of village
Type of problem
Canal
Irrigation
Dam
Disease/
health
center
Food
insecurity
Education
(kindergarten)
Marketing Drinking
water
Village
road
Agriculture
Technique/
High
external
input used
Draft
animal
Bridge Lack of
capital for
agriculture
investment
1 Chhoeu Teal    
2 Kork Roka  
3 Boeung Choar
4 Prey Tung   
5 Khna   
6 Tadok    
7 Svay Sokhom    
8 Por Py    
9 Boeung Kak    
10 Chuor Pha-Av    
11 Thom     
12 Khang Koeut Vat    
13 Por Ma-Am    
14 Por    
15 Prey Boeus     
16 Chantrea   
17 Teng Mao     
18 Kor Tek     
19 Sen Tor     
Total 11 10 13 11 2 3 9 7 1 1 1

Come up with the result of discussion, the problem of each village is mentioned with the synthesis
result as follows:
32
Table 26: Solution to deal with the problems
Problem Causal problem Solution
Lack of canal
(Irrigation system)
- Water run-off
- Damaged by buffaloes
- Lack of water dam
- Water gate, Water pipe
- Choose another way for buffaloes
- Construction of water reservoir
Disease (health)
- Lack of nutrition food
- Lack of commune health center
and physician
- Villagers lack of knowledge of
health care
- Effect by using chemical
pesticide, consume chemical food
- Lack of latrine
- Increasing of nutrition food
(vegetable)
- Drinking the cooked water
- Construct the health center
- Training on health care and
hygiene
- Motivate villagers to construct
the latrine
Food insecurity
- Landless or small rice field
- Drought, natural disaster
- Small rice field is cultivated
- Pest factors, damaged by pest
insects
- Use much chemicals for rice
production
- High of petroleum cost
- Soil fertility degradation
- Lack of appropriate technique
- Tree replanting
- Use botanical pesticide
- Reduce chemical fertilizer and
increase natural manure
- Provide capacity building to
farmers on appropriated
agriculture technique, integrated
farming
- Skill development and small
business
Lack of education
service, Many people are
illiterate
- Lack of human resource
- Lack of school, number of pupils
is increased
- Kindergarten is located so far
from village
- Ask for fund to construct the
kindergarten in the village
- Encourage and motivate local
people to be teacher
- Awareness to parents to send
their children to school
Marketing (No market
power)
- No farmer group
- Lack of capital for investment
- Form farmer/producer groups
- Farmer deposit money among
each other
Lack of hygiene
drinking water
- Lack of water source, Lake is
shallow
- Underground water from drilled
is not able to use
- Lack of jar for storing water in
the rainy season
- No capital to dig pond
- Dig the community pond and
family pond
- Unload soil of the lake
Village road is damaged
- Heavy van across the road
- Road is crossed by cattle
- Road is flooded
- Form the village road
management committee
- Put more water pipe across the

- Lack of management and care
taking
33
road
- Awareness on road care taking to
villagers
Lack of agriculture
technique
- Lack of agriculture development
agency
- Contact NGOs or government
sector to provide more capacity
building
Bridge
- Lack of capital to construct the
bridge
- Villagers can contribute own
money for the construction
- Fund raising from donors
Lack of capital for
agriculture investment
- Credit agencies currently serve a
high interest rate service
- Poverty so that there is not
enough capital for investment
- Attract the lower interest rate
credit agencies to work in the
village
- Set up collective saving group
among villagers
IV. Finding Analysis
In this section our attempt is to describe the economic activities in which could allow us to analyze
the strength, weakness, opportunity and threat of the household in the community.
After conducting the study, those 19 villages are classified into 4 typologies according to geography
and economic activities of the families. Based on the information from the research we found that
each commune has its own characteristic and activities which could help us to identify as a typology
for our analysis.
1. Chantrea commune
Rice cultivation
Dry season rice has been practiced by the majority of households in the commune. According to the
table below we can analyze that there are 37% of households in Chantrea commune could get
income from dry season rice. In average the income is 5,868,823.53 riels. This income is among the
highest income of the households. However, there is only 2.2% of the households in the commune
could get income form the selling of rainy season rice and the income is lower if compare to the dry
season rice.
Regarding to the chemical fertilizer and pesticide, it is found that there has been applied by most of
the farmers who do dry season rice. The expenses of both materials are about 3 million riels. For
chemical fertilizer the average application per ha is 10 sacks. From this figure it is found that the
amount of fertilizer used and the expenses of the buying fertilizer are 2 to 3 times higher than the
rainy season rice practice. Moreover, the application of pesticide on rice is strongly effect to the
health of farmers.

Table 27: Income and expenses on rice production in Chantrea commune
34
Categories Hh
Rice
land
income from
rainy season
rice
Income from dry
season rice
Expense on
chemical
fertilizer
Expense on
pesticide
Total 45
217.80 325,000.00 99,770,000.00 48,512,500 47,513,000
Average
4.84 325,000.00 5,868,823.53 1,470,076 1,638,379
% 100 2.22 37.78 73.33 64.44
Other income and expenses
In this commune the income from agriculture is characterized overwhelming of income from dry
season rice. So the average income from the agriculture is lower than the average income from the
dry season rice to 2,356,778 riels. On the other hand, the income from off-farm activities is lower
than the income from the agriculture. The average income from off-farm activities is 663,444 riels.
The main activities to get income are migration work and sell labour to Vietnam. Most of the people
work as labor seller in Vietnam, especially the poorest families, the landless families. Majority of
them just go to work there for a day long, but they come back to stay over night at their own house
at the village.
The economic activity of this commune is closely connected to Vietnam. The main family’s income
is the income from dry season rice. Rice farmers buy rice seed, chemical fertilizer and pesticide,
petroleum for pumping, etc. Unfortunately, they need to sell their harvested rice for repaying.
Furthermore, when they are sick, they mostly go to Vietnam hospital for disease treatment. So, a lot
of money flows to Vietnam.
In addition which contributing to the family economic, people could get plenty of fishes in the
commune, especially in the wet season because there are natural water bodies in the village such as
lake, stream, etc. But they lack of vegetable for consumption meanwhile the vegetable is imported
from Vietnam in a huge amount.
The major expenses in agriculture are chemical fertilizer and pesticide. Moreover, the seed is also
one of the most expenses for farmers because they need to buy seed from Vietnamese trader as the
agreement of buying their rice after the harvest. On the other hand the expense for household daily
need is very low. However, the expense on health care is higher or is about 543,056 riels in average.
The average expenses of the household are 846,541 riels. If we compare with the average expenses
of the households is around 64%.
Through the result about it is found that it match with the result of the problem identification of the
villagers during the PLA process.
Health and health care
The result from the PLA and household interview show that Chantrea commune is characterized by
lacking of hygiene drinking water. Villagers face to difficulty of using drinking water. Villagers use
the water from community pond and family pond for drinking. Most of them lack of drinking water
especially in the dry season. The problem is that the underground water from drilled well is sour that
is not able to drink. The casualty of lack of hygiene and drinking water make the villagers got many

diseases especially the disease with related to stomach and intestine. Villagers is also confront to
disease, for example tuberculosis and stomachache that can be the effect of using much chemical
pesticide, both using pesticide directly and consume the chemical food. It is to observe that the
tuberculosis tends to go down but the stomachache or intestine fever tends to increase.
In other case it is to note that many poor people are hired for pesticide spreading, especially during
the cultivation of dry season rice. They don’t understand how to spread chemical pesticide safely.
- Villagers lack of understanding on the advantages and benefit of using natural manure because
35
the cattle dung is not used.
- Lack of specific NGO to work on the field of health service in the village,
2. Thnaot commune
Rice cultivation
In this commune dry season rice has been practiced around 50% of households in the commune.
According to the table below we can analyze that there are 37% of households in Thnaot commune
could get income from dry season rice. In average the income is 2,176,400 riels. This income is
among the highest income from agriculture of the households. Moreover, there are around 9% of the
households in the commune could get income form the selling of rainy season rice and the income is
slightly lower if compare to the dry season rice.
Table 28: Income and expenses on rice production in Thnaot commune
Categories
Number of
interviewed
Hh Rice land
income from
rainy
season rice
Income from dry
season rice
Expense on
chemical
fertilizer
Expense on
pesticide
Total 53.00 98.67 9,140,000 43,528,000 40,915,000 8,950,000
Average 2.06 1,828,000 2,176,400 889,457 223,750
% 90.56
9.43 37.74 86.79 75.47
In Thnaot the income from agriculture is characterized overwhelming of income from dry season
rice. So the average income from the agriculture is lower the average income from the dry season
rice to 1,259,972riels. On the other hand, the income from off-farm activities is two times higher
than the income from the agriculture. The average income from off-farm activities is 2,616,063 riels.
The main activities to get income are migration work and sell labour to Vietnam. Most of the people
work as labor seller in Vietnam, especially the poorest families, the landless families. There is 24%
of villager do migration work in Vietnam and the average income per households is 2,277,363 riels.
The economic activity of this commune is closely connected to Vietnam because the input for
agriculture is mainly imported from Vietnam. The road access to Chantrea district is difficult so that
most of the villagers sell their products especially rice to Vietnam.
If we compare the utilization of chemical fertilizer of Thnaot commune and Chantrea we found that
the expenses of Chantrea is higher (around 60% higher) but it is difference in land size in which
average land size of Thnaot is more than 2 times smaller than Chantrea. However, if compare with

the utilization of pesticide there is significant note that in Thnaot commune people expense on
pesticide less than in Chantrea.
There are two critical activities which contributed to household income are gathering earthworm and
cow dung to sell to Vietnamese farmers.
36
Villagers is also confront to disease, for example tuberculosis and stomachache that can be the effect
of using much chemical pesticide, both using pesticide directly and consume the chemical food. It is
to observe that intestine fever tends to increase. Even there are some disease effected in the village
but the expenditure on health care is lower if compare to Chantrea. The average expense is 96,924
riels annually. Moreover, the villager is likely to drink wine and other alcohol. There is 67% of the
household members drink wine and the average expenditure is 67,908 riels annually. Through this
figure it is slightly higher than the expenses on health care.
3. Daun Keng commune
Rice cultivation
Despite most of the households in Daun Keng commune mainly grow rainy season rice but around
50% of the households also grow dry season rice too. According to the table below we can analyze
that there are 41% of households in the commune could get income from dry season rice. In average
the income is 392,224riels. And the income from rainy season rice is 684,457 riels. Through this
figure it is show that the income from rainy season rice is higher.
Table 29: Income and expenses on rice production in Daun Keng commune
Categories hh
Rice
land
income from
rainy season
rice
Income from dry
season rice
Expense on
chemical
fertilizer
Expense on
pesticide
Total
56
70.62
23,956,000 9,805,600 10,509,500 1,393,100
Average
1.33
684,457 392,224 456,935 39,803
%
94.64
63 45 41 63
In this commune there are several activities that have more people apply such as growing water
melon on the rice field, growing vegetable, growing sugar cane, palm sugar production and pig
raising. These activities are the sources of income for the households. Pig raising is the main income
from agriculture activities in which there are 26% of hh do this activities. The average income from
selling pig is around one million riels.
Even many households do rainy season rice but we found that there are highly expenses on chemical
fertilizer especially those who do dry season rice. In average each household spend around 456,935
riels annually and spend around 40,000 riels for pesticide. In total the expenditure on chemical

fertilizer and pesticide is around 500,000 riels which could not make the profit to farmers if they do
dry season rice.
In average each hh could get 1,617,779 riels of income from off-farm activities. There is no major
income from other off-farm activities except the ox cart carpenter and lottery seller in which they
could earn in average 1,018,485 riels and 590,845 riels respectively.
As we found from the data that there are many people do migration to Thailand but there is no major
income from this activities. It may have two major concerns: the first concern is that there is no
profit from the migration work to Thailand or it might be cheated. The second concern is that the
interviewees speculate the data. It means that they do not tell the thrust to the interviewer.
37
There is no major illness has been raised by the people in the commune. However, health care
expenditure of the families is relatively low if compare to other communes in Svay Rieng province.
The average expense is 102,909 riels per households annually.
4. Prey Tung commune
Different from other communes, people in this commune do not grow dry season rice. On the other
hand the average land size of the families is relatively lower than the other communes. The average
rice field size is 0.93 ha per household. However, the income from the rainy season rice high in
which there are 21% of the households get average income of 427,500 riels.
Table 30: Income and expenses on rice production in Chantrea commune
Categories hh Rice land
income from rainy
season rice
Expense on
chemical fertilizer
Expense on
pesticide
Total
58 51.40 5,130,000 9,773,000 4,500
Average 0.93 427,500 187,942 4,500
% 94.83 21 90 2
According to the data from household interview it is found that there is no major income from
agriculture activities. The average income from agriculture activities is 530,622 riels. However the
expense in agriculture input is relatively high. The average expense is 391,484 riels per household.
In this commune the migration work is could contribute to the main income to the households. There
is 27% of the households members does migration work. They go to Phnom Penh and Thailand. The
average income for each household is 2,409,750 riels.
There is no major illness has been raised by the people in the commune. However, health care
expenditure of the families is relatively higher if compare to Daun Keng commune. The average
expense is 102,909 riels per households annually.

38
V. Conclusion
According to the study, 100% of the villagers are Khmer ethnic, 94.97% of them rice farmers, 28%
raise pig, 40% raise chicken. There are 32% of households do the migration work to Thailand,
Vietnam and Phnom Penh. The number of poorest family is 291 or equal to 7.10% of the total
family in the village, including 801 widow, 100 handicap, 223 elders and 1327 people do migration
work.
Based on the result of group discussion with the villagers, the main problem of the village is
irrigation system (canal), disease and lack of health center as well as lack of hygiene water for
drinking (the water from drilled well is not able to use for drinking and lack of community pond and
family pond in the village), and another main problem is the shortage of food for consumption (food
insecurity).
In the village, there are 1327villagers do the migration work to Vietnam and Thailand due to the
earning income from agriculture is low that is not able to support their family’s need. Generally,
villagers say that they could earn more money if they go to work in Vietnam or Thailand that is why
they go there. For example, villagers in the studied villages of Prey Veng province, think that they
can earn more money through migration work in Thailand as they see the previous villagers who go
there can construct a bigger house by using money from their work in Thailand, so they want to go
to work in Thailand as well.
Importantly, rice farmers need to spend much money for the rice production cost because they use
much chemical fertilizer and pesticide. At the same time, they also spend much money for disease
treatment, most of the disease is stomachache, intestine fever, and especially women are facing to
many kind diseases. Too much expense on disease is not able them to improve their livelihood.
There are some NGOs/institutions work in the study village but the NGOs/institutions that provide
capacity building on improvement of sustainable agriculture as well as health education is very
limited.
VI. Recommendation
According to the result of the study especially based on the problems raised by villagers, we can
come up with the following recommendations:
- To cope with the problem of shortage of drinking water in Chantrea commune, Svay Rieng
province, the project on community pond should be developed. In implementing strategy, the
local villagers join their contribution in construction of the pond. At the same time, the
promotion of family pond should be included as well. The promotion on infiltration water
equipment can also be promoted to the people in those villages. The project can provide
more training on sanitation, for example, drinking of cooked water, encourage people to use
jars for storing the raining water.
- As currently, majority of farmers are using so much chemical pesticide and they are
confronting to the chronic disease caused by the effect of chemicals use. So, the awareness
raising and capacity building to rice farmers on sustainable agriculture is really necessary
importance especially the negative impact of chemical pesticide on human health and
environment. Additionally, farmer uses much external input for the cultivation so it could not
provide proper benefit from farming activity, the effective agriculture technique to improve

the productivity is strongly needed. For instance, the training on compost, green manure,
liquid compost, botanical pesticide, home gardening.
- Majority of women face to health problem so the training and capacity building on women
health is needed, the women group should be set up to study more detail and regular basis
among the group members. Alternatively, the campaign or forum on human health,
especially concentrated to women and children health is importantly conducted to mitigate
illness of those vulnerable people. Furthermore, the awareness raising on human trafficking
is possible to include as the topic of forum or campaign.
- Relating the group of people who migrate to work in Thailand, we cannot call them back
home but we can train and awareness raising among the people in the village, especially the
people who want to do migration work in Thailand. The safety migration is important.
- The sustainable agriculture techniques should be introduced to the people especially in
Chantrea and Kampong Ro districts because most the people have bigger land and they
should be able not to depend on agriculture input from Vietnam. They should be trained so
that they could produce more food to feed their family and not depend on the products from
Vietnam.
39

40
VII. ANNEX
4. Individual interview with the villager
Individual interview with Nut Sabat
Nut Sabat is, 49 years old, a farmer lives in Khang Keut Vat village, Thnaot commune, Kampong
Ror district, Svay Rieng province. There are 7 members in his family, including 4 members are the
family’s labor force as well as 3 members are doing the migration work.
He has rice field of 2.5 ha and other 0.25 ha for the homestead area, including 1 pond with the size
of 0.02 ha, 1 drilled well, 1 ox cart. Relating to animal, he has 4 buffaloes, 2 pigs, 2 hens and he also
raised pig for using as food for daily consumption but he now stops raising fish due to lack of water.
Relating to the family’s income, he gets only 320000 riel from the total annual income of on farm
activities, excluded the income from rice. The harvested rice is used for family consumption only.
He added that the agriculture productivity is not able to increase because of water shortage and lack
of appropriated agriculture technique to increase the productivity.
Interview with Ngan Eun
Ngan Eun is, 55 years old, a farmer in Khang Keut Vat village, Knot commune, Kampong Ror
district, Svay Rieng province. There are 8 members in her family, including 6 people are the
family’s labor force as well as 2 people among the family’s labor are migrated. She used to the
trainings organized by SETH KOMA, IOM, and UNICEF.
Relating to her own asset, she has 2 ha for rice cultivation, 1 ha for homestead, 1 drilled well and
one ox cart. She also likes to raise some animals such as 2 buffaloes for draft animals, 3 hens, 1
duck and 200 fishes (family fish raising). Around her homestead, there are papaya, potato,
eucalyptus tree, bamboo and other vegetables.
The following table mentioned about the comparison of income and expense of her family:
Type of income Income (riel) Type of expense Expense (riel)
Buffalo 1000000 Annual expense on food 365000
Chicken 80000 Rice 400000
Papaya 100000 Disease treatment 5000000
Potato 50000 Chemical fertilizer 360000
Eucalyptus tree 150000 Pesticide 30000
Bamboo 20000 Festival 100000
Mat 910000 Wedding 300000
Salary (commune council) 960000
Plowing, transplanting,
harvesting
250000
Income from migration work 6240000 Vegetable seed 10000
Chicken breed 10000
Animal vaccination 30000
Tuition fee for children 792000
Others (wine, battery…) 2837000
Grand total 9510000 Grand Total 10484000

She added that her family is more impoverished due to lack of water source for farming especially
for rice cultivation, lack of knowledge on the technique of agriculture such as rice cultivation,
vegetable growing, animal raising, etc.
41

42
5. Name list of the studied village
Provinces Districts Communes Villages
1. Prey Veng
1- Sithor Kandal Prey Tung
1. Chhoeu Teal
2. Kork Roka
3. Boeung Choar
4. Prey Tung
5. Khna
2- Kam Chai Mea Don Kung
1. Tadok
2. Svay Sokhom
3. Por Py
4. Boeung Kork
5. Chuor Pha-Av
2. Svay Rieng
1- Kampong Ro Thnaot
1. Thom
2. Khang Koeut Vat
3. Por Ma-Am
4. Por
5. Prey Boeus
2- Chantrea Chantrea
1. Chantrea
2. Teng Mao
3. Kok Tek
4. Sen Tar

6. Number of participants in the group discussion
43
N Name of village
Number to participant
Total Women
1 Chhoeu Teal 20 15
2 Kork Roka 28 10
3 Boeung Choar 22 6
4 Prey Tung 20 0
5 Khna 35 7
6 Tadok 14 5
7 Svay Sokhom 30 18
8 Por Py 21 13
9 Boeung Kak 5 1
10 Chuor Pha-Av 57 44
11 Thom 17 12
12 Khang Koeut Vat 31 22
13 Por Ma-Am 27 19
14 Por 19 17
15 Prey Boeus 44 13
16 Chantrea 29 16
17 Teng Mao 57 44
18 Kor Tek 23 16
19 Sen Tor 30 -

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