Annual report of the Climate Smart Agriculture Project in 2014 - SNV Cambodia

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Annual Progress Report
Climate Smart Agriculture Project
(CSA 1110664)
December 2014

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List of Acronym & Abbreviation
ADB Asian Development Bank
ACAO After Crops Affiliation Organisation
CARDI Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute
CCVIA Climate Change Vulnerability and Impact Assessment
CAVAC Cambodia Agricultural Value Chain Programme
CFAP Cambodian Farmer Association of Agricultural Producers
CFED Cambodian Farmer Economic Development
CIRAD Agricultural Research for Development
CIAT International Center for Tropical Agriculture
CSA Climate Smart Agriculture
CVAD Center for Vocational and Agriculture Development
DCA/CA DanChurd Aid/Christian Aid
FIRR Financial Investment Rate of Return
GDA General Directorate of Agriculture
HIT High Impact Training
IBC Inclusive Business for Cassava
iDE International Development Enterprises
LCB Local Capacity Builder
PADEE Project for Agricultural Development and Economic Empowerment
PDA Provincial Department of Agriculture
PME Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation
RUA Royal University of Agriculture Chamkar Dong
SNV Netherlands Development Organisation
UNDP United Nations Development Programme

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Contents
I. Introduction .........................................................................................................................4
II. Context Analysis and Project Background ..............................................................................5
2.1. Context Analysis..........................................................................................................5
2.2. Background of the Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Project in SNV-Cambodia.....................5
III. Project’s Activities and Results..........................................................................................6
3.1. Fertiliser on-farm trials and Dialogue with Stakeholders....................................................6
3.1.1. Fertiliser on-farm Trials .........................................................................................6
3.1.2. Dialogues with Stakeholders on Fertiliser Application Rate..........................................6
3.2. Climate Change Vulnerability and Impact Assessment (CCVIA)..........................................7
3.3. Cassava on-farm Trials in Tboung Khmum ......................................................................9
3.4. Organise Farmers’ Field Day for Cassava Growers and Vegetable Growers ........................ 10
3.5. Climate Change Awareness Raising Campaigns.............................................................. 11
3.6. Studies Carried out in 2014......................................................................................... 13
3.6.1. Options for Promoting Water-Use Efficiency ........................................................... 13
3.6.2. Study on Water Use Efficiency in Vegetable Production ............................................ 14
3.7. CSA End Year Project Workshop .................................................................................. 15
3.8. LCB Contracted by the CSA Project in 2014................................................................... 15
3.9. Assignment Agreement Between CSA Project and PDA-Svay Rieng .................................. 16
3.10. Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation (PME) ................................................................ 16
3.10.1. Baseline Survey............................................................................................... 16
3.10.2. Mission Support from Tshering and Adrian ......................................................... 16
3.10.3. CSA Project Team Meeting................................................................................ 17
3.11. Documentation and Publication ................................................................................ 18
IV. Project’s Achievement ....................................................................................................... 19
4.1. Output ..................................................................................................................... 19
4.2. Outcome................................................................................................................... 20
4.3. Impact ..................................................................................................................... 21
V. Lessons-learned ............................................................................................................... 22
VI. Conclusion & Recommendation........................................................................................... 22

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I. Introduction
SNV Netherlands Development Organisation is a non-profit, international development organisation
established in the Netherlands in 1965. SNV aims to alleviate poverty by enabling increased income and
employment opportunities and increasing access to basic services. The organisation currently works in 38
countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. SNV provides capacity development services to local
organisations in three sectors; Agriculture, Renewable Energy, and Water, Sanitation & Hygiene. SNV
started its operation in Cambodia in 2005 and currently works in those sectors which have been prioritised
and aligned with the Royal Government of Cambodia’s Development Plan.
The Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) programme is implementing in 4 Asian countries (Cambodia, Bhutan,
Lao PDR, and Nepal). The CSA is an approach that aims to sustainably increase agricultural productivity
and incomes, adapt and build resilience to climate change while reducing and/or removing greenhouse gas
emission (where possible). These practices should prioritise the strengthening of livelihoods, especially
those of small-holders, by improving access to services, knowledge, resources (including genetic
resources), financial products and markets.
SNV applies the CSA approach to integrate and address climate change issues within its agriculture sector,
bringing innovation, new expertise and offering that contribute to the long term sustainability of the
agriculture sector. SNV applies site specific assessments to identify suitable agricultural production
technologies and practices that are shaped by specific country context and capacities and the particular
social, economic, and environmental situation where it will be applied.
The SNV approach to CSA is based on a frame work that includes:
1) Climate change impact and vulnerability assessment: using PRA tools a participatory and
inclusive analysis is made of the climate change issues that impact on farmer production
systems, their communities and value chain actors;
2) Defining climate change scenarios: utilising existing weather and climate data as well as climate
change scenarios to define and understand the likely climate and weather future situation and
how these will affect farmers and the value chain;
3) Prioritise issues and identify appropriate CSA approaches: in consultation with communities,
value chain actors and stakeholders to review the information and data provided from the
previous activities to identify vulnerabilities and prioritise aspects of their production systems and
value chain which need CSA initiatives to promote resilience. SNV is applying this approach to its
multi-country CSA project in Bhutan, Nepal, Lao PDR and Cambodia.
In Cambodia Agriculture Program, SNV focuses on climate smart agriculture (CSA), working with small-
holder cash crops (cassava and vegetables value chains). The CSA-Cambodia project is implementing in
two provinces. Cassava value chain is selected for and vegetables value chain is selected for Svay Rieng.
The project expects to improve awareness / understanding about climate change impact on their
agricultural productions, especially cassava and vegetable production systems, and other livelihood
activities among the cassava & vegetable farmers as well as local authorities and stakeholders in its
targeted communities.
Objective of the report
This report is produced to show the progress and achievement of the CSA project in 2014. The report was
written by compiling all key activities and achievement of the project. Project results at different levels
(impact, outcome and output) presented in this report. PME is also shown in the report to show the project’s
progress / result in comparison with the project’s plan or expectation.

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II. Context Analysis and Project Background
2.1. Context Analysis
Cambodia has been rated as the most vulnerable country to climate change in the world due to a
combination of both the high risks of climate variability and its low economic capacity to adapt. Cambodia
will encounter a change of climate. There will be an increased risk of more intense, more frequent and
longer-lasting heatwaves in a warmer future climate. There is likely to be a decrease in the daily
temperature range in most regions. It is also likely that a warmer future climate would have fewer frost
days. Growing season length is related to number of frost days, and has been projected to increase as
climate warms. Along with the risk of drying, there is an increased chance of intense precipitation and
flooding due to the greater water-holding capacity of a warmer atmosphere. This has already been observed
and is projected to continue because in a warmer world, precipitation tends to be concentrated into more
intense events, with longer periods of little precipitation in between. Therefore, intense and heavy
downpours would be interspersed with longer relatively dry periods. Another aspect of these projected
changes is that wet extremes are projected to become more severe in many areas where mean precipitation
is expected to increase, and dry extremes are projected to become more severe in areas where mean
precipitation is projected to decrease (UN-sponsored Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 4th
Assessment Report of IPCC, 2007). Based on these estimates, it is projected that the mean temperature
will have risen by 0.3 to 0.6°C by 2025, 0.7 to 2.7°C by 2060 and 1.4 to 4.3°C by 2090. The expected
warming will be more severe from December to June. Under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) emission scenarios A1B, A2 and B1, it is expected that Cambodia’s annual average rainfall
will have increased by 31 percent by the 2090s (MRC 2010). Almost all provinces in Cambodia are
vulnerable due to their low adaptive capacity. Adaptive capacity seems to play an important role in changing
the spatial pattern of vulnerability. Low capacity has made Cambodia among the most vulnerable regions
despite its relatively low exposure to climate hazards (Yusuf & Francisco, 2009).
2.2. Background of the Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Project in SNV-Cambodia
In 2012/13, under the CSA programme, SNV cooperated with CFAP, IaW, and CDI to carry out pilot
projects, titled “promote vegetable production using water storage and supply systems enhancement” and
“promote rice production using wind water pump enhancement”. These two pilot projects contributed to
improve water storage and supply systems for vegetable and rice production in Svay Rieng province.
Particularly, with the support from the project, series of on-farm trials were conducted by RUA in Takeo
and Prey Veng with technical support from GDA and CARDI. The purpose of the trials was to find out
optimum rate of fertiliser application for wet and dry season rice production.
At the start of the year 2014, field assessments were conducted in Svay Rieng and Tboung Khmum to
select target provinces. As mentioned above, Svay Rieng province was selected for a pilot project in 2012,
called “Promote vegetable production using water storage and supply system enhancement” and another
project titled “promote rice production using wind pump water supply system”. As the CSA project was
consolidating on this experience, Svay Rieng was selected for the CSA project. IBC project has already
been implemented in Tboung Khmum since 2013 and a potential synergy was identified if the CSA and IBC
projects would be implemented in the same target areas. IBC strives to promote cassava value chain and
CSA mainly focuses on the improvement of resilience in cassava production and productivity. In 2014, the
CSA project mainly emphasized on water use efficiency, climate change awareness raising, improved
cassava production, etc. The project has worked on the improvement of water storage and supply systems
in vegetable production by introducing tarpaulin lining pond and Rovai pumps to vegetable growers and
wind pump technology to rice farmers in Svay Rieng. The project also introduced intercropping practices
to cassava growers in Tboung Khmum province. In the same year of 2014, the project worked on the
finalisation of the findings from the fertiliser on-farm trials and awareness raising on findings for relevant
stakeholders. Currently, more field trials being conducted by PADEE project to validate the findings. Detail
CSA project’s activities and results in 2014 will be presented in this annual report.
Under the core funding support from SNV, the CSA project is extended for another 11 months from January
to November 2015. It strives to achieve the three main objectives: 1) Consolidate its evidence base of
different CSA interventions across the four Asian countries to then integrate into the development of
marketable global Solutions; 2) Coordinate the development solutions related to climate change adaptation
(CCA) and resilience through the CCA and Resilience Solution Team; and 3) Leverage new funding and
partnership opportunities to position SNV to have its own self-financed CCA and resilience program by the
end of 2015 whilst also building a global reputation of excellence in this space. Specifically, for the CSA
project in Cambodia, the project will enhance farmers’ adaptive capacity to climate change through the
application of climate smart agriculture, support integration of climate change adaptation into local
development plans, improve livelihood and value chain, as well as knowledge development and
dissemination.

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III. Project’s Activities and Results
3.1. Fertiliser on-farm trials and Dialogue with Stakeholders
3.1.1. Fertiliser on-farm Trials
Degradation of soil fertilizer caused by natural disaster especially drought is also happened in Cambodia,
flood and high speed of water flow (damage of watershed) was created soil erosion, occasionally happen
caused of climate changes. The lack of understanding about fertilizer application and limitation of
knowledge about what type of fertilizer should use, when is the appropriate time to use fertilizer on the
rice crop cycle is another factor contributing to damage of soil fertility and loss in the economic return
among farmers.
The CSA project in cooperation with the Royal University of Agriculture Chamkar Dong (RUA), General
Directorate of Agriculture (GDA), and Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI)
carried out 2 trials on fertiliser application rate in rice production.
The objectives of the trials were to:
 Assess the optimum fertilizer application rates on the Prateah Lang soil type through the
comparison of different N P K rates;
 Determine the rice yield from different chemical fertilizer application rates and make a comparison;
 Determine the financial investment rate of return (FIRR) and
 Provide a better fertilizer recommendation rate for future use on the selected soil type.
The first trial of wet season rice production1
was conducted in the wet season of 2013 in Takeo province
and the second trial of dry season rice production was conducted in the dry season of 2014 in Prey Veng
province. The trials were conducted by 30 RUA students2
, land for preparing the trial plots provided by 9
farmers in the both provinces.
Two finding reports produced by RUA with technical feedback and comment from GDA and CARDI. Based
on the finding from the trials, the N rate between 60 to 120 kg ha-1 seems to be optimum with P 30 kg
ha-1 and K from 15 to 45 kg ha-1. Increasing P from 45 to 60 kg ha-1 respectively, affected the grain yield
negatively. It is also concluded that increasing the rate of P beyond 30 kg ha-1 at both 45 and 60 kg ha-1
does not increase the rice yield. Too much P may affect the crop performance. The optimum fertiliser
application does not only provide economic gains to farmers but it contributes as well climate smart in
agriculture and responds to the current climate change. It can protect soil degradation in farming practice
and reduce the emission of NO3 to the air through the minimization of chemical residue in environment.
3.1.2. Dialogues with Stakeholders on Fertiliser Application Rate
The dialogue on fertilizer on-farm trial was conducted on 21 March 2014 at the Conference room of the
Royal University of Agriculture- Chamkar Dong. There are 31 participants were participated in this dialogue.
They come from PADEE Project, PDA Director, Vice Director of PDA, District Agriculture and PADEE Advisor.
The objective of the dialogue were:
 To orient the approach and model/ protocol of the fertilizer on farm trial on rice plant with
relevance agencies to find out their opinions and attract their interest and future suggestion;
 Share the result of the fertilizer on-farm trial especially impact to rice plant (number of tiller,
productivity and economic investment rate of return…);
 Provide a better recommendation of the optimum fertilizer use for specific Prateshlang soil class
for wet season, photoperiodic variety, transplanting techniques;
 Find out what is the suggestion by participants for future trial activity on rice plant.
Summary suggestion or comment from the participants in the dialogue are listed below:
 Directors of the provincial department of agriculture in the PADEE targeted provinces, PADEE project
advisors demonstrated interest to integrate on-farm trials into the PADEE project. They noticed that
the on-farm trials conducted by RUA with technical support from GDA and CARDI are really useful.
1
Prateah Lang soil type, and Phka Rumduol were selected for the trials.
2
10 intern students and 20 volunteer students

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They also raised that PADEE has some budget available for the on-farm trials. This was taken up
between CSA and PADEE project and effectively PADEE continued with the trails in 2014.
 The participants raised that more trials should be conducted by using the same protocol in
order to verify and validate the initial findings. They mentioned that the findings from one cycle
trial is not sufficient, the trials should be conducted at least 2-3 time in different cultivation
season like wet and dry season;
 In regards to the protocol design, the participants raised that trial plots should only be selected
in the fields. There is no need to select trial plots in RUA station because they are not
represented the exact soil type and quality in the field, while RUA research center have been
using more experimentation and a lot of fertilizer remained in the soil that why productivity
from previous trial produced much higher than trial in the farmer field. The participants said
that many trials in RUA station have been conducted by students, varieties of fertilizers were
used that is why the soil quality is much better if compare to the soil quality in the fields. In
response, RUA will only do the trials in the field (not in RUA station) for the next trials, but the
number of replication will be increased from 3 to at least 4;
 Talking about who will lead the future trials, the participants wanted CARDI to take the lead
because CARDI is specialized and influent agency in providing recommendation on the fertilizer
application rate and the protocol. However, CARDI should cooperate with the provincial
department of agriculture and other stakeholders to ensure that relevant stakeholders are
involved in the trials process. In addition, some participants raised that SNV should work closely
with CARDI and PADEE to have on-farm trails implemented in the future. Mr. Kong Kea from
GDA also raised that SNV should try to mobilize resources / funds to support the future trials;
 Field trials should not only focus on fertilizer application, the participants wanted various trials
to be conducted such as, trial on the use of fertilizer, natural manure and combination of
fertilizer and the natural manure, etc. Some other participants raised about the use of bio slurry
to improve the soil fertility;
 Since the trial result show significant important, So next trial should be repeated the same
chemical fertilizer trial for many time (2-3 years experiment ) and continue with pilot trials on
farmer field to check and as well demonstrate the result of the research (PDA of Takeo );
 The fertilizer on trial should consider to conduct on the similar agro-ecology to avoid big error,
the trial should conduct on same soil type but in different provinces, like in Kandal province;
Photo 1: Participants in dialogue on fertiliser
application rate at RUA
Photo 2: Participants reading the finding report of
the trials
3.2. Climate Change Vulnerability and Impact Assessment (CCVIA)
There are different climate change assessment tools developed such as Vulnerability Reduction Assessment
(UNDP, 2008), climate vulnerability and capacity analysis (CARE, 2009), Vulnerability and Capacity
Assessment (IFRC, 2007), etc. These tools investigate the climate change vulnerability and impact at
community level. The SNV CSA project addresses issues of smallholder farmers in vegetable and cassava

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value chain. Therefore, our climate change vulnerability and impact assessment tools were developed to
fit our working condition – this means that the assessment tools were designed for specific crops in the
value chain.
The CSA project has developed a climate change vulnerability assessment tool with the integration of HIT
approach. The tools consists of 10 tools such as climate scenario mapping, direct field observation, crop
phenology, labour (gender aggregation), climatic calendar, timeline on major climatic events, vulnerability
mapping, stakeholder mapping, resource mapping, and livelihood profiling.
The objectives of the assessment tool is to:
 assess community perceptions on climate change effects in cassava production and vegetable
production;
 see the scenario mapping and awareness of the community on climate change;
 assess the potential adaptation measures taken by farmers at the local level on cassava
production and vegetable production;
 recommend the potential interventions to address the effects.
Actually, the tool was firstly compiled by CSA Nepal project team, but the CSA Cambodia conduct more
field exercise to test and validate the tools. The important was to make this tool more practical and user
friendly for the community, local partners, government agencies, NGOs, etc.
Table 1: Summary findings from the assessment in Tboung Khmum and Svay Rieng
•Subsistence vegetable production applied while vegetable was produced mainly for
the family consumption purpose and sell if surplus.
•In general, the vegetable production started from June to November, however, it
relied on availability of rainwater.
•Drought, pest insects and diseases, flooding were the major problems affecting
vegetable production in the studied area. Due to outbreak of pest insects and
diseases, use of agri-chemicals has increased, however it was not so effective to
cope with the problem.
•Women and men share the labour in vegetable production. According to discussions
with the women’s group, women and men share the total labour (working days) 50-
50. Women are much more involved in the harvesting and selling of the products, as
they are good at production classification and selling. Men are more involved in
ploughing soil/soil preparation because they have stronger physical strength. In
widow-headed families, the women are wholly involved in all of the planting
activities.
Summary findings from the assessment in Svay Rieng
•Pest insects and diseases was the main problem on cassava production followed by
the effect of prolonged drought, intense rain and increase in temperature. Witches
broom disease was discovered during the period of the study and the farmers did not
have technical knowledge and capacity to deal with that problem. Combination of
prolonged drought and increase in temperature put farmers at high risk in cassava
production.
•Some pest such as witches broom disease and mealy bug are major pest happened
on cassava production
•At the same time, the farmers have limited technical capacity in cassava crop
production technique, especially their limitation in soil nutrient management,
planting technique and pest management. The farmers mentioned that cassava yield
has decreased due to monoculture, no crop rotation and crop diversification practices
to maintain soil fertility
•Expense on cassava production cost was increasing (e.g. rental labour…) while
selling price of cassava was much fluctuated depending on the market demand. This
also put cassava farmers at risk if they don’t receive good price for their product.
Vietnamese traders have the most influence to determine the cassava selling price
because they were the main cassava collectors for international markets. The
estimated total ‘worker-days’ for cassava production was 141 days per hectare, of
which men contributed 60% and women 40%.
•IBC was the only project related to cassava value chain in the studied area.
Summary findings from the assessment in Tboung Khmum

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3.3. Cassava on-farm Trials in Tboung Khmum
Cassava is the second major cash crop to provide additional income for the farmer’s families especially for
those farmers who live in Tboung Khmum, Kampong Cham, Battambang, etc. However, the farmers have
limited knowledge of cassava growing. Mono-cropping is normally applied, this means that cassava is
planted in the same land for many year without crop rotation or intercropping. This practice contributed to
depletion of soil fertility and reducing of yield/productivity. Additionally, under the climate change impact
such as drought, flooding, associated pest insects and diseases, the farmers are more vulnerable under
these natural consequences. At the same time, field trials or demonstration sites where cassava farmers
can visit and learn from is very limited. This is considered as a bearer for the cassava farmers to learn new
knowledge in cassava production.
In June 2014, the CSA project cooperated with farmers in Tboung Khmum province to conduct cassava on-
farm trials by introducing intercropping method in cassava production. This intervention aimed to improve
the cassava production, which was aligned with the findings from the climate change vulnerability and
impact assessment. In the beginning, 18 cassava farmers voluntarily participated in the trials, but because
of the prolonged drought, some cassava died after planting and only 7 farmers could continue with the
trials. The objectives of the trials were: 1) To assess the yield and economic benefit between mono-cropping
and intercropping on cassava production, 2) To find the most appropriate crops to intercrop with cassava;
and 3) To document case studies or best practices for wider dissemination.
The trial protocol was designed in participatory way. The trial protocol was firstly developed by the CSA
project team and then a field meeting was organised with farmers in Tbong Khmum to finalize the trial
protocol with comment or feedback from farmers. Farmers involved in data recording with regular monthly
follow-up visit and support from the CSA project team. This helped farmers to improve their skills of data
recording.
Figure 1: Cassava trial process
Draft the trial
protocol
Meeting to
discuss cassava
trial protocol
with farmers
Farm visit
Trial
implementation
Organize farmer
field day to
exchange
learning
Data collection /
field monitoring
Reporting on
findings from the
trials for
dissemination

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3.4. Organise Farmers’ Field Day for Cassava Growers and Vegetable Growers
In total, the CSA project organised 3 farmer’s field days in Tboung Khmum and Svay Rieng province. In
total, 99 participants participated in the field days or approximately 33 participants in each farmer field
day. The purpose of the farmer’s field day was to provide opportunity for cooperating farmers, non-
cooperating farmers, local authorities and other local stakeholders to gain knowledge and experience from
the cooperating farmers and the project.
Two farmer’s field days were organised in Tboung Khmum on cassava on-farm trials, and 1 trial was
organised in Svay Rieng on vegetable production, water storage and supply systems.
The participants mainly discussed the water storage and supply systems as well as vegetable growing
practices in the field day organised in Svay Rieng and discussed about intercropping cassava on-farm trials
in the field day organised in Tboung Khmum. More detail discussed topics are presented below.
•The trials provided ideas for farmers to better their cassava production, to improve soil
fertility and diversified income sources as well as they have gained ideas to reduce
climate change vulnerability, but at the same time to increase their adaptive capacity
in dealing with the climate change impact.
•Through the intercropping practices, the farmers could have more bio-mass /organic
matter for improving soil fertility. According to interviewed farmers, their soil was
improved (e.g. soft and easy for the plant root to grow). On average, the weight of
cowpea was 0.7kg/m2 or 10tons/ha.
•Based on the trials, it shows that the soil fertility once the intercropping is applied. A
lot of organic matter returned to the soil that is good to maintain/improve the soil
fertility.
•The farmers acknowledge that the intercropping was good to apply in cassava
production as it provided diversified sources of food and incomes from the family. The
yield from legume could be used for the family consumption and also provided
additional income sources for the family. However, it was bit difficult to take care of
legume crops when they planted in farms a bit far from home, yield of the legume
crops could be lost.
•The farmers have learned how to do intercropping, e.g. the distance from one cassava
stem to another stem, planting method (which crop should be planted first, which
crops planted after, etc.), they also gained ideas to use fertiliser application.
•Other farmers who did not attend the trials as well as village chiefs, commune
councillors, and commune chief have learned about the trial practices.
Summary results of the (intercropping) trials
•The trial should start earlier in March or April because it is the appropriate time for
planting cassava. There are some rains, but not too much rain. The planting of
cassava in June is a bit late and it is also not a good time to plant cassava due to it is
already close to the dry spell in mid of July. Furthermore, there are more rain in June
so that the cassava is difficult grow due to the waterlogging. Cassava stems can be rot
in the condition of waterlogging.
•To ensure that the planting protocol is well applied by the participating farmers,
cassava planting day should be facilitated by the project staff. Cooperating farmers
who will do the cassava on-farm trials are invited to participate in the planting days.
By doing so, the farmers can learn how to the trials, and they can follow the trial
protocol. Based on the experience, the farmers were not able to follow the trial
protocol if they do it alone without direct support from the project staff.
•Regular data collection is very important for writing up the trial report. Field data
collectors should be hired to conduct regular data collection. It is good to involve PDA
staff in data collection so that they can monitor and learn the trial process. Then, it is
also easy for the project to mainstream good practices or successful experience into
the PDA extension programme.
•The project or farmers should look for healthy cassava cutting stems in advance. The
healthy cassava stems without pest insects and diseases significantly the growth of
cassava after planting. Additionally, treatment on cassava cutting stems should be
conducted before planting to eliminate the pest on the stems.
Some lessons-learned from the field trials

11. 11
The farmers, village chief and commune councillors and non-participating farmers have learned
intercropping method through participating in the farmers’ field days. They were interested in the
advantages of intercropping as it provided high amount biomass for soil fertility improvement, provided
additional food sources and income for the family that helped their families to reduce climate vulnerability.
At the same time, they also have learned improving points for intercropping application in next season. For
instance, proper time for planting cassava and legumes, selection of healthy cassava cutting stems, etc.
3.5. Climate Change Awareness Raising Campaigns
According to the climate change vulnerability and impact assessment, majority of the local people such as
villagers/farmers, local authorities (village chief & commune councillors) had limited understanding about
climate change concept (e.g. what climate change is, causes and impact of climate change, mitigation and
adaptation measure).
By the reasons above, the CSA contracted with Angkor Research and Consulting firm to conduct the climate
change awareness raising campaigns in Svay Rieng and Tboung Khmum provinces. The assignment started
from 1 July to 30 November 2014.
Objective of the climate change awareness campaign was to raise awareness and understanding about
climate change concept, climate change impact, mitigation and adaptation measures, etc. to cassava and
vegetable farmers, local authorities and other stakeholders in the CSA targeted communities.
Photo 2: Training on climate change Photo 3: On-farm demonstration
•Vegetable growing practices adapt to climate change impact
•Advantage of tarpaulin lining pond and Rovai pump in water storage and
supply
•Economic benefit of vegetable growing
Key topics discussed during the farmer's field day
in Svay Rieng
•Cassava growing practices/intercropping adapt to climate change impact
•Advantage of intercropping on cassava production
•Income and expense
Key topics discussed during the farmer's field day
in Tboung Khmum

12. 12
The climate change awareness raising campaign was carried out through different process:
Need assessment& pre-test was firstly conducted to understand the capacity and understanding as well
as training need of the target groups. The result from the need assessment was used for designing the
CC awareness campaign especially what contents / message to be used for the campaign. During the
training on climate change, 2 important message was trained to the target groups. Those are climate
change concept and climate smart agriculture (CSA). In addition to the training, on-farm application
practice demonstration is helpful for the target groups to learn from the experienced / successful
farmers in their communities. The target groups were invited to visit and learn from the farmers who
have successfully applied the climate smart agriculture in the village. Pilot farmers were selected to
continue transfer the message to other farmers / people in the village. This was helpful for
disseminating the message from farmers to farmers in the village. At the end of the campaign, post-
test was conducted to assess level of understanding or progress of the target before and after the
campaign.
•Review existing / relevant documents to the CSA project in order to gain
understanding about the CSA project (e.g., brief project document, climate
change impact and vulnerability assessment report, etc.);
•Discuss with SNV to look for innovative and creative manners of doing the
awareness raising campaigns.
•Prepare and finalise activity work plan in consultation with the CSA project
team;
•Conduct need assessment in the project’s targeted communities (Kampong
Cham and Svay Rieng provinces) to gain ideas for preparing the awareness
raising;
•Assess the best / effective communication channels based on the context of
the target groups in particular gender, literacy level and age;
•Develop outline & key contents for the awareness raising and finalise them
with the CSA project team;
•Organise awareness raising activities in the project’s targeted communities ;
•Conduct pre-test and post-test to assess the understanding of the community
people on climate change concept, climate smart agriculture, adaptive
measures, etc.
•Develop impact monitoring tools to assess the effectiveness of the campaign
for long term purposes;
•Write up an assignment report in cooperated with the feedback and comment
from SNV.
Key tasks carried out by Angkor Research and Consulting firm:
Need assessment &
pre-test
Training on climate
change
On-farm good
application practice
demonstation
Pilot farmer support Post-test
Monitoring and
evaluation

13. 13
3.6. Studies Carried out in 2014
The CSA project has put main focus on water storage and supply systems that are suitable for smallholder
farmers. To develop a knowledge package of water storage and supply systems in Cambodia, the project
conducted some studies on water storage and supply systems in Cambodia. The following are the studied
undertaken by the CSA project in 2014.
3.6.1. Options for Promoting Water-Use Efficiency and Storage Systems Among Smallholders
in the Face of Climate Change
The study on “Options for promoting water-use efficiency and storage systems among smallholders in the
face of climate change” was conducted in different geographic location of Cambodia but mainly focus on
the CSA project’s target provinces and CHAIN project in Kratie, Stung Traeng, Preah Vihear and Oddar
Meanchey.
Different options for water storage and supply systems were documented and compiled in one finding
report, those options were:
Table 1: Different technologies of water storage and supply systems
No. Technologies (water storage and supply systems) NGOs
1
Water distribution: Irrigation scheme rehabilitation, pumping station and
concrete canals
CAVAC
2 Water distribution: Drip irrigation combined with the use of plastic mulch iDE
3
Adapted cropping calendars and scheduled irrigation based on weather
prevision: Short cycle varieties and adapted cropping calendar
Oxfam
America,
DCA/CA,
French Red
Cross and ADB
4 Soil improvement and root growth development: No tillage and crop rotation CIRAD
5 Water supply: Small scale reservoirs (0.5ha to 1ha) French Red
Cross
Photo 4: Soy bean seedling with no tillage seeder Photo 5: Photo of a reservoir implemented by
French Red Cross in Oddar Meanchey
•To identify existing water-use efficiency and storage systems across different
geographical areas in Cambodia. The assessment should cover a range of
farming practices such as rice cultivation, cassava, and horticulture;
•Determine the success of the systems (implemented by both SNV and other
organisations) in terms of factors including; their ability to address water-use
and quality challenges among farmers, cost effectiveness, time savings, being
gender sensitive, availability on the market, the adopting rate of smallholder
farmers.;
•To document and then assist SNV in disseminating good practices to
stakeholders such as farmers, local leaders, project implementers, government
line departments and private sector representatives.
Objectives of the study:

14. 14
Photo 6: Drip irrigation with plastic cover Photo 7: Main concrete canal along former earth
canal, now used for drainage
As part of the study, a consultative workshop was organised at Sunway Hotel, in Phnom Penh to present
the findings as well as to collect feedback and comment from relevant people in order to finalise the report.
The workshop was chaired by Miss. Chan Phaloeun, Deputy Director General of the General Directorate of
Agriculture (GDA), Mr. Erik van Waveren, SNV-Cambodia Country director, and Ms Marieke van Schie, SNV
Agriculture sector leader. 44 participants (13 women) from different institutions participated in the
workshop, some of them (French Red Cross, Akay, CVAD) also made presentation in the workshop.
Photo 8: GDA deputy director general and SNV
country director and agriculture sector leader
chaired the workshop
Photo 9: Participant raised question in the
workshop
At the end of each presentation, participants put forth questions and made comments concerning various
water storage and application systems and their suitability and related adoption costs and maintenance.
The workshop was successful as the presentations elicited various comments and inquiries from
participant’s evidence of interest the presentation generated. The key presentation on the study findings
on water use efficiency and storage systems received positive critiques and suggestions from participants
and which will be useful in enrich the study report. It was also evident that majority of the participant work
with small holder farmers and were in harmony that water management for small holder agriculture
constitute a large portion for small holder resiliency to climate change.
3.6.2. Study on Water Use Efficiency in Vegetable Production
Water shortage for vegetable planting was a very challenging problem. The CSA project introduced the
tarpaulin lining pond to several farmers in Svay Rieng in 2012. End of 2012, one evaluation on the
performance of the tarpaulin lining ponds in term of water storage and water efficiency was conducted.
However, the CSA project would like to crosscheck the findings and this was the reason this data collection
was conducted again in 2014.
The CSA project cooperated with Cambodian Farmer Association of Agricultural Producers (CFAP) to collect
data. Eight vegetable farmer producers participated in the study, they were the farmers who used to
cooperate with SNV in a pilot project, titled “promote vegetable production using water storage and supply
system enhancement”. Those farmers already installed tarpaulin lining pond and Rovai pumps for their
vegetable production. So, this is easy for the CSA project to continue working with them for carrying out
this study.

15. 15
To ensure a good data collection, the CSA project contracted CFAP to work on the data collection. One CFAP
staff assigned to collect data every month, started from 1 September 2014 to 31 December 2014. A finding
report will be written separately.
As result of the study, the main conclusion can be provided as follows:
 Water from the tarpaulin lining ponds (approximately 100m3
) was not enough to use for vegetable
planting throughout the whole year. The lack of water contributed from other factors: use of water
for the other purposes3
and flow of sediment into the pond made the pond depth become shallow.
 The tarpaulin lining pond was not only used to store rainwater for vegetable planting but also used
for fish raising. Fish raising contributed to improved household food security of the rural farmers.
 The farmers were interested in the tarpaulin lining ponds while it provided better benefits compare
to the normal pond. However, availability and cost of the tarpaulin were a bearer to consider this
innovation. 67% of the interviewed farmers raised that they were difficult to access to good quality
agricultural inputs in their respective communities.
3.7. CSA End Year Project Workshop
The CSA project organised 2 end year workshops with a total of 70 participants (13 women). The
participants consisted of farmers, local authorities (deputy village chief, village chief, and commune
councillors), and representatives from NGOs, local partners, government line departments, input suppliers,
and other local stakeholders. The objective of the workshop was to share experiences and lessons learnt
so far while getting feedbacks to improve planning of the project the following year.
The workshops chaired by the deputy director of PDA-Svay Rieng, director of PDA-Tboung Khmum and
deputy district governor (Tboung Khmum). Various presentations were conducted in the workshops. The
CSA project team presented general background of the CSA programme, linkage between climate change
and agriculture, and key activities and resulted achieved by the CSA project in Cambodia. There were
different presentations made by input suppliers (input supply for cassava production in Tboung Khmum),
Natural garden (contract farming), CFED (Gender and youth in vegetable value chains), ACAO (Input supply),
etc. During the workshop, the participants discussed on production technique and value chain of vegetable
and cassava. This enabled them to gain more ideas for improving their production and marketing.
Table 2: Number of participants attended the end year workshops
N Province Number of participants
Total participants Number of women
participants
1 Svay Rieng 31 6
2 Tboung Khmum 39 7
Total 2 provincial
workshops
70 13
Based on the impression from the participants, they have gained more knowledge and lessons-learned
from the implementation of the climate smart agriculture project, especially they have known major
achievement accomplished by the CSA project in 2014. In addition, the participants would like this kind of
workshop more often organised next year. The workshop event was published on TVK-TV and Bayon-TV as
well as on the webpage of the Tboung Khmum Information Department.
3.8. LCB Contracted by the CSA Project in 2014
In 2014, the CSA project contracted 5 LCBs in 2014. The LCBs contributed in implementing the CSA project,
most of them involved in the study or implementation of water storage and supply systems.
3
e.g. kitchen utensil washing, clothes washing, cattle feeding, fish raising, etc.

16. 16
Table 3: LCB contracted by the CSA project in 2014
N Names /
Institution
Assignment title Duration of the contract
1 Mr. Seak Soly Context analysis: Climate change assessment
for rice, vegetable and cassava crops,
Finalising fertiliser on-farm trials,
Promote Dry Season Rice Production through
Water Supply System Enhancement
(Wind mill water pump)
Intermittent in the
duration from January to
December 2014
2 Ms. Kauv Ly Yann Options for promoting water-use efficiency
and storage systems among smallholders in
the face of climate change
28 October 2014 to
8 December 2014
3 Cambodian Farmer
Associations of
Agriculture
Producers (CFAP)
CFAP Field Facilitator to assist for
strengthening wind water management,
07 July 2014 to
30 November 2014
Data collection on water storage and supply
systems in vegetable production in Svay
Rieng Province
01 September 2014 to
31 December 2014
4 Cambodia
Development
Institute (CDI)
Technician for wind water pump repairing and
maintenance
07 July 2014 to
31 November 2014
5 Angkor Research and
Consulting firm
Climate change awareness for cassava and
vegetable farmers in Kampong Cham and
Svay Rieng provinces
07 July 2014 to
30 November 2014
3.9. Assignment Agreement Between CSA Project and PDA-Svay Rieng
To ensure a good cooperation / enabling environment in implementing the CSA project. One assignment
agreement signed between the CSA project and PDA-Svay Rieng. The duration of the assignment is from
14 November 2014 to 30 November 2015.
Objectives of the assignment agreement: 1). Improved understanding and adoption of climate smart
agriculture approach through organizing awareness raising campaigns, capacity building, market linkage
and supply chain development of good quality agriculture inputs, 2). Support local authorities (e.g.
commune councils) to develop and implement commune climate change adaptation plans. Training need
assessment will be carried out to assess gap and find out effective methods/mechanism to integrate the
climate change adaptation activities into local plans, and 3). Documentation and dissemination of project’s
good practices, development of manual/guidance for integrating climate change adaptation activities in
local plans.
3.10. Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation (PME)
3.10.1.Baseline Survey
A baseline survey was carried out by the CSA project. PDA-Svay Rieng and PDA-Tboung Khmum involved
in field data collection through the interview with sample farmers. Data collection from the baseline survey
will be used as baseline data for measuring project progress or change under the project intervention.
3.10.2.Mission Support from Tshering and Adrian on Gender Mainstreaming into the CSA
Project
The CSA project team received a mission support from Ms. Tshering Choden, Gender Expert, based in
Bhutan and Mr. Adrian Enright, CSA project manager from 10 to 12 September 2014. The objective of the
mission was to analyse gender issues in the targeted areas, to share knowledge and lessons-learned, to
discuss how can we measure the effectiveness in gender, and to make the CSA project more gender
sensitive.
A field trip to Svay Rieng was conducted from 10 to 11 September 2014 and then a meeting with the CSA
project team and relevant staff of SNV was conducted on 12 September 2014 at SNV office in Phnom Penh.

17. 17
3.10.3. CSA Project Team Meeting
In March 2014, the CSA project team attended a regional meeting in Katmandu, Nepal. The objectives of
the meeting were 1) To share progress of the CSA project, 2) To know the progress of CSA project in other
countries and 3) To prepare plan for 2014.
Photo 10: CSA regional meeting in Katmandu, Nepal
In addition, the CSA monthly meeting was regularly organised by the CSA project manager Mr. Adrian
Enright. The monthly meeting provided opportunity for CSA project team members to share the project
progress, successful experience/lessons-learned, challenge as well as cooperation and coordination among
the project team.
• Gender inequality issues highlighted: Challenges faced by the female
headed households; women’s participation in decision making at the
community: hinder adaptation to climate change, including the adoption
of climate-smart strategies (discussions and decisions on local commune
development plans).
• No women farmers’ groups/cooperatives/association leaders (if yes as
secretaries)
• Information on the female headed households gathered: poorer, lower
income, food shortage; physical disabilities, etc: which puts them at a
greater risk compared to the male headed hhs in terms of their coping
mechanisms to adverse effects of climate chnage.
Gender issues collected from the field trip:
•Working with the women in the vegetable value chain (marketing)
•Working with the women and men in the cassava value chain (enhance
women in visible aspects of the value chain)
•Integrate gender in the upcoming planned activities: How can we
ensure that the awareness raising activities do not exclude women’s
participation (venue, use of pictorial images: literacy issue, facilitators,
having separate groups of women and men if any discussions is
required)
Entry points for gender integration in CSA in
Cambodia based on the field visit:

18. 18
3.11. Documentation and Publication
In 2014, the CSA project team developed one video on tarpaulin lining pond and Rovai pump and also
assisted Ms. Monica Upadhyay, communication officer to shoot video of the CSA –Cambodia project in
Svay Rieng province
•CSA baseline report of the CSA project
•Climate change awareness raising need assessment report
•Options for promoting water-use efficiency and storage systems among
smallholders in the face of climate change
•Guideline for wind pump use and management (Khmer version)
•Climate change assessment for rice, vegetables and cassava crops
•Windmill water pump review mission and next action to be taken
Documentation
•Pumps and Ponds: Responding to Drought Attributed to Climate Change in
Cambodia
•Climate Change: Vulnerability and Impact Assessment / Cassava and
Vegetable Value Chains
Publication

19. 19
IV. Project’s Achievement
4.1. Output
Table 4: Project output
Outputs Target Actual
Climate change vulnerability and impact assessment tool developed 1 1
Vulnerability assessment report for vegetable growers 1 1
Vulnerability assessment report for cassava growers 1 1
Report with recommendation related to fertiliser application in rice during wet
season
1 1
Report with recommendations related to fertiliser application in rice during early
dry season
1 1
Multi stakeholder dialogue related to fertiliser application rate 1 1
Awareness raising training of farmer groups and local authorities 1 1
Number of people trained 600 533
Best practice documentation
Number of document 2 2 (being
finalised)
Climate change vulnerability and impact assessment tool developed
A climate change vulnerability and impact assessment tool developed by the CSA project with the
integration of HIT approach. The tool was used to conduct the climate change vulnerability and impact
assessment for vegetable growers in Svay Rieng and cassava growers in Tboung Khmum in February 2014.
After the field assessment, a combined assessment report was written and disseminated to relevant
stakeholders.
Report with recommendation related to fertiliser application in rice & multi-stakeholder dialogue
Two reports were produced with recommendation related to fertiliser application in rice during the wet
season and dry seasons. The findings from these reports were presented in the multi-stakeholder workshop
organised on 21 March 2014 at the Royal University of Agriculture (RUA). 31 participants participated in
this dialogue, included representatives from PADEE Project, PDA Director, Vice Director of PDA, District
Agriculture and PADEE Advisors. The participants in the multi-stakeholder dialogue have learned about the
findings discovered from the field trials conducted by the CSA project, and more importantly PADEE project
in cooperation with RUA has adapted the trial protocol and carried out more trials in its project areas.
Awareness raising training of farmer groups and local authorities
Climate change awareness raising campaign was organized as planned. 533 people (61% of the total
participants were women) trained and 555 people (342 women) approached by 15 pilot farmers (one pilot
farmer was selected in each project’s target village). Therefore, it is estimated that the total people who
benefited from the climate change awareness campaign was more than 1,000 people. The local people,
included farmers and local authorities have improved their understanding on climate change concepts and
climate smart agriculture practices through participating in the climate change awareness raising campaign.
According pre-test and post-tested conducted by Angkor Research and Consulting Ltd, the whole population
(n=183) had an average mark of 13.6/20 for the post-test (minimum: 6/20; maximum: 20/20, which
shows improvement compared to their knowledge prior to the training (an 84% increase in scores). None
of the farmers got a mark of 0/20 for the post-test; the minimal mark is 6/20. All of the farmers questioned
now know more about climate change related notions.
Best practice documentation
Two best practices are being documented. One for the water use efficiency in vegetable production and
another best practice is focusing on intercropping in cassava production.

20. 20
4.2. Outcome
Table 5: Project outcome
Outcome Target Actual
Improved awareness on fertiliser application rate for rice production
# of small holder farmers benefitting from VC strengthened 0 9
Climate Smart Agricultural planning by groups of targeted farmers based on
vulnerability assessment.
No of groups capable to support farmers to undertake assessments 1 2
Improved productivity through application of CSA techniques to Cassava farmers
# of farms who demonstratively adopted CSA technologies 938 233
Improved productivity through application of CSA techniques to vegetable
farmers
# of farms who demonstratively adopted CSA technologies 750 300
Enhanced public dialogue around CSA technologies in Cassava value chain
# of stakeholder dialogues around CSA techniques to influence the national policy
debate
1 1
Enhanced public dialogue around CSA technologies; Improved awareness on
fertiliser application rate for rice production
# of stakeholder dialogues around CSA techniques to influence the national policy
debate
1 1
Improved awareness on fertiliser application rate for rice production
30 students from RUA wrote their thesis on fertiliser application rate for wet season and dry season rice
production by using the findings from the trials supported by the project. Normally, bachelor students from
RUA normally need to write up their thesis and defend it in order to graduate university degree at the last
year of their university education. Additionally, at least 9 farmers who provided land for making the trial
plots have improved their awareness on fertiliser application rate for rice production. This would enable
them to disseminate their understanding to other farmers in their community through farmers-to-farmer
extension approach.
Climate Smart Agricultural planning by groups of targeted farmers based on vulnerability assessment
Number of groups capable to support farmers to undertake assessments: CFAP has gained their technical
capacity in carrying out the climate change vulnerability and impact assessment. CFAP attended the climate
change vulnerability and impact assessment (CCVIA) process from the beginning, especially CFAP
participated in carrying out the CCVIA for vegetable growers in Svay Rieng together with the CSA project
team. It is to note that CFAP has been supporting at least 17 local farmer associations in its target areas,
so it is possible for CFAP to transfer the climate change vulnerability and impact assessment tool to those
local farmer associations. Both PDA Svay Rieng and Kampong Cham were exposed to the assessment tools
developed through field trials. PDA Svay Rieng is currently implementing PADEE project with some aspects
of vulnerability assessment.
Improved productivity through application of CSA techniques to Cassava farmers
Number of farms who demonstratively adopted CSA technologies: As mentioned above, 233 farmers
adopted the CSA technologies introduced by the project. Training on CSA practices was included in the
climate change awareness raising campaign. This involved visiting good practice demonstration farms. To
improve quality of the training, it was not possible to reach all the targeted farmers. In addition, farmers
also can learned and improved their technical knowledge of cassava production through visiting and
learning from the farmers who carried out trials on intercropping in cassava production in Tboung Khmum
province.
Improved productivity through application of CSA techniques to vegetable farmers
Number of farms who demonstratively adopted CSA technologies: 300 farmers have learned vegetable
growing practices through attending the climate change awareness campaigns. Most of them are members
of vegetable producer groups. It is expected the vegetable growing practices can be transferred from
farmers-to-farmers through their group activities. It is not easy to reach the other farmers who benefited
through farmers-to-farmer training after the climate change training and awareness raising.

21. 21
Enhanced public dialogue around CSA technologies in Cassava value chain
Number of stakeholder dialogues around CSA techniques to influence the national policy debate: Together
with Inclusive Business for Cassava (IBC) project, one consultative workshop on cassava value chain
analysis was organised at meeting hall of PDA-Kampong Cham province. Relevant people at different levels
attended the workshop, included cassava farmers, middlemen, processors, PDA officials, CIAT technical
staff, and other relevant NGOs in the province. This would be a starting point for policy negotiation at the
provincial level, and it is expected that this will influence national policy on cassava value chain.
Enhanced public dialogue around fertiliser application rate for rice production
Number of stakeholder dialogues around CSA techniques to influence the national policy debate: Trials on
fertiliser application rate were conducted in Takeo and Prey Veng provinces involving 30 RUA students and
9 farmers and findings were shared in national dialogue. Those farmers involved have improved rice
productivity. It was assumed once the trials is finalised, the recommended application rate would be
disseminated through the government extension systems and RUA and therefore reach more farmers.
Further discussion on fertiliser application rate are expected to be followed up by PADEE project. The
findings made some recommendations on repeat of some aspects of the trials.
4.3. Impact
Table 6: Project impact
Impact Target Actual
Vegetable producers have increased resilience from CSA adaptation
and mitigation
number of men and women with increased resilience from CSA
adaptation and mitigation
Male 30 72
Female 30 48
Total 60 120
Cassava producers have increased resilience from CSA adaptation
and mitigation
Cassava producers have increased resilience from CSA adaptation
and mitigation
Male 20 63
Female 20 142
Total 40 205
Vegetable producers have increased resilience from CSA adaptation and mitigation
Number of men and women with increased resilience from CSA adaptation and mitigation: To assess
resiliency, indicators was scored in a range of 1 to 5 to give general level of resiliency. Interviewed farmers
scored on average 81% female and 85% males for these indicators. A score of 50% and above was
considered resilient. Out of 300 farmers reached by LCB, 50% considered active (150 farmers).80% have
some form of water storage structure (key component of the project) 120 farmers. Out of this number,
40% are female (48 farmers) and 60% male 72 farmers.
Cassava producers have increased resilience from CSA adaptation and mitigation
Cassava producers have increased resilience from CSA adaptation and mitigation: Impacts of the
intervention on Cassava farmers were limited to Climate change awareness as other indicators related to
technology adoption like cropping and productivity are yet to be realized (Cassava takes 8 months to be
harvested) and the crop is yet to be harvested). Basis for this particular resiliency assessment is on climate
change awareness raising campaign. Based on the awareness campaign, 233 farmers participated. (170
female and 63 male respectively. The scores show 84% of the women are resilient while 100% of men are
resilient. In that case 142 female farmers and 63 males farmers can be considered resilient. However, we
expect the actual number of farmers to go down after harvesting when it is possible to consider all other
aspects of indicators for resiliency.

22. 22
V. Lessons-learned
Based on experience in implementing the CSA project in 2014, some lessons-learned can be shown as
follows:
 It is good to implement the project with local partners. The project could achieve more result, and
at the same time we also contributed to improve knowledge and capacity of the local partners that
will lead to long-term sustainability of the project achievement.
 It was a bit late to start the cassava trials in Tboung Khmum. Normally, the cassava is planted in
March or April, but we conducted the trial in late June so we faced some challenges during the trials
such as drought, associated pest and diseases. Therefore, to avoid this problem, a trial plan with
clear timeframe need to be prepared and implemented. It is important for the project to have
enough time to implement and achieve its specific result within the limited time provided.
 It is good to work with local capacity builder / data collectors for the trials conducted by the project
in the project’s target areas. The LCBs would help to collect reliable and accurate data for analysis
and reporting. Data collection conducted by project advisor was not enough to ensure that sufficient
data would be collected.
 Clear monitoring plan, indicators need to be prepared from the beginning of the project
implementation. This would be helpful for the project staff to work on the PME if they clearly knew
what, when, how each monitoring activity would be carried out.
VI. Conclusion & Recommendation
Majority of the project activities and results were achieved as planned. At some points, the project has
achieved more result in comparison to the expected result, such as the number of vegetable growers and
cassava growers who improved their resilience to climate change impact. On contrary, in comparison to
the target put in the PME system, the project has achieved less in some results such as the number of
people who demonstrated the CSA technologies.
The climate change awareness raising campaign mainly contributed to increase number of people who
benefited from the project. The campaign contributed to improved understanding of local people and local
authorities on climate change concept and CSA approach.
It was able to see that there is a good engagement from local partners and stakeholders in implementing
the project. CFAP and PDA involved in carrying out some of the project’s activities such as baseline survey,
climate change vulnerability and impact assessment, etc.
In 2014, the project has worked with a wide range of stakeholders included government agencies, private
sector, and other relevant NGOs. This created a good enabling environment for implementing the project
on the ground.
Finding reports, assessment reports and climate change vulnerability and impact assessment tool
developed by the project are very useful for community, community based organisation, NGOs, government
institutions, and other relevant stakeholders to use for their daily works and future planning.
A clear plan, expected results and monitoring plan need to be well-prepared in advance to ensure that
the project will achieve more resulted as expected in 2015.
•Know about climate change
•understanding about climate smart agriculture
•Capacity to deal with pest and diseases
•Access to water
•Access to credit
•Application of intercropping
•Group activity
Criteria of the resilience