2. TWO FUNDAMENTAL TYPES OF REASONING
Inductive reasoning
• the process of drawing a general conclusion by observing a pattern
based on specific instances.
• Specific => General
Example:
Premise 1 -John is a boy
Premise 2 - John has long hair
Conclusion: All boys have long hair
3. TWO FUNDAMENTAL TYPES OF REASONING
Deductive reasoning
• refers to the process of taking the information gathered from
general observations and making specific decision based on that
information.
• General => Specific
Example:
Premise 1 - All students are smart.
Premise 2 - Joseph is a student.
Conclusion: Joseph is smart.
4. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INDUCTIVE AND
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
INDUCTIVE REASONING DEDUCTIVE REASONING
Observation based Theory based
Process of reaching conclussions based on a series
of observations
Process of reaching conclusions based on preiously
known facts
Conclusion may not be valid Conclusion are correct and valid
Used to form hypothesis Used to prove ideas
Draws general principle from specific instances Draws specific conclusions from general principles
Always involve uncertainly Certain and true
5. INTUITION, PROOF, AND CERTAINTY
Intuition
• The ability to understand something instinctively without the need
for concious reasoning without having an actual evidence of it.
Example:
Person 1: Sally is 54 years old her mother is 80, how many years ago
was Sally’s mother times her age?
Person 2: 41 years ago
