2. Introduction:
Tuberculosis is caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
It is an air borne disease and is spread through
droplet nuclei.
It mostly effects the lungs.
6. Staining:
High lipid and mycolic acid content makes staining
difficult.
Special staining techniques:
Acid fast staining
Auramine-Rodamine staining
Fluorescent microscopy
12. Risk factors for TB
HIV infection
Low socioeconomic
status
Alcoholism
Homelessness
Diseases that weaken the
immune system
Migration from a country
with a high number of cases
Crowded living conditions
13. Screening:
Tuberculin test or Mantoux test.
It produces false negative tests.
Interferon-γ release assays.
Chest Photofluorography.
The latter two techniques are expensive but results are
more reliable.
14. Drug resistant Tb:
Multi drug resistant Tb and Extensively drug resistant
Tb are major health issues.
These have resistance to the primary line of drugs
given to the patient
This has made the cure of Tb difficult.
16. Role of Diet:
Malnutrition aggravates the severity of infection
Chemotherapy effects nutritional status
Balanced diet is required to build immunity and to
fight against the disease.
Should increase intake of nutrients like proteins,
minerals and vitamins.
Along with drugs Balanced diet is required to fight the
disease.
17. Dietary management:
An all-fruit diet for three days. Take three meals a day
of fresh juicy fruits at five-hourly intervals.
A fruit and milk diet for further 10 days, adding a cup
of milk to each fruit meal.
After this a balanced vegetarian diet should be given
PRINCIPLE OF THE DIET is HIGH
CARBOHYDRATE, HIGH PROTEIN, LOW FAT, HIGH
CALCIUM which is non-oily and non-spicy.
AVOID Tea, coffee, sugar, white flour and products
made from them, refined foods, fried foods, flesh
foods, alcohol and smoking.
18.
19. Dietary recommendations:
Dietary Fat
Eat less than ten percent of calories from saturated fats
and less than 300 mg/day of cholesterol, and eat as few
trans-fats (hydrogenated fat) as possible.
Maintain total intake of fats/oils at between 20-35
percent of calories, with most fat coming from
polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat, such as
oily fish, nuts, and vegetable oils.
Regarding meat, poultry, dry beans, and milk or milk
products, choose lean, low-fat, or fat-free options.
20. Carbohydrates:
Eat fibre-rich fruits, vegetables, and whole grains as
often as possible.
Consume foods and drinks with little added sugars or
caloric sweeteners.
Protein:
Eat lean meats and poultry.
Eat a variety of protein rich foods, with more fish,
beans, peas, nuts and seeds.
Bake, broil, or grill food.
21. Vitamins:
Vitamin A, C, D should be
consumed more.
Minerals:
Calcium:
It is required for calcification of lesions.
Iron:
Deficiency leads to anemia which aggravates the
condition.
22. Sodium and Potassium:
Eat less than 2,300 mg (approximately 1 teaspoon of
salt) of sodium per day.
Choose low-sodium foods, and do not add salt when
cooking. Also, eat potassium-rich foods, such as fruits
and vegetables.
23. Prevention of Tuberculosis:
BCG vaccine is major part of Tb control programme.
Its efficacy is only 80%
RNTCP- Revised National Tb Control Programme
Recombinant tuberculosis vaccine is under trials