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1. BY-
SIDDHARTH SAKHARE

2. Contents
Blood and Blood vessels
Blood Coagulation
Heart
Circulation of blood
Conducting system of Heart
Nerve supply to heart
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
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3. BLOOD
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➢Main circulating fluid in human body. It is a fluid connective tissue.
➢It is Bright Red in colour with pH 7.4, heavier than water.
➢An average adult has about 5 L of blood.
➢It constitutes about 8% total body weight.
➢Blood is composed of Plasma (55%) and blood corpuscles (45%)

4. Plasma
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❑ It is straw coloured, slightly alkaline containing 90-92% of water, 8-10% solutes.
❑ The solutes are mostly proteins like serum albumin, serum heparin, serum globulin, fibrinogen
and prothrombin.
❑ Other solutes include glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol & nitrogenous waste.
❑ Gases like CO2 , O2 and N2 are present.
❑ Some regulatory substances like enzymes, hormones and inorganic substances like Bicarbonates
(CO2-), chlorides (Cl-) , Phosphates ( PO4
3-) , sulphates (SO4
2-) of Sodium ( Na+) , Potassium (K+) ,
Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+ ).

5. Types of Blood Corpuscles
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Erythrocytes (RBCs) Leucocytes (WBCs)
Granulocytes Agranulocytes
Neutrophils Eosinophils
MonocytesLymphocytes
Basophils

6. Erythrocytes
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➢ Erythrocytes are circular, biconcave, Non nucleated cells.
➢ 7um diameter , 2.5um thickness.
➢ Count –
Male = 5.1-5.8 million RBCs/cu.mm of blood
Females= 4.3-5.2 million RBCs / cu.mm of blood.
➢ Average life span = 120 days.
➢ Process of formation of RBCs called as Erythropoiesis .
➢ In foetus it occurs in Liver & spleen whereas in adults, occurs in Red bone marrow.
➢ RBCs are destroyed in Liver and spleen.

7. Erythrocytes
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➢Increase in no. of RBCs = Polycythemia.
➢Decrease in no. of RBCs = Erythrocytopenia.
➢Cytoplasm of RBCs contains Haemoglobin (Hb).
➢Normal Hb-
In males = 13-18gm/100ml of blood
In females = 11.5-16.5gm/100ml of blood.
➢Anaemia is a condition characterized by decrease in Hb count.

8. Functions of RBCs
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A.Primary function is to carry Hb.
B.Hb carries oxygen (in form of Oxy-Hb)
C.Transport of nutrients to the cells.
D.Maintenance of haemostatsis.

9. Leucocytes
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✓ Leucocytes are colourless, Nucleated phagocytic cells.
✓ They can perform Diapedasis.
✓ Size is about 8-15um.
✓ There are about 5000-9000 WBCs/cu.mm of blood.
✓ Average life span = 3-4 days.
✓ Formation of WBCs = Leucopoiesis.
✓ Occurs in red bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus & Payer’s
patches.

10. Leucocytes
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➢ Lecucocytosis = Increase in number of WBCs
➢ Lecucopenia = Decrease in number of WBCs
➢ Leukemia = Pathologic increase in number of WBCs. Also known as Blood Cancer.
➢ Dead and worned out WBCs are destroyed by phagocytosis in Blood, Liver and Lymph nodes.
➢ Leucocytes are of two types-
▪ Granulocytes
I. Neutrophils
II. Eosiniphils
III. Basophils
▪ Agranulocytes
I. Lymphocytes
II. Monocytes

11. Neutrophils
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✓ Cytoplasmic granules are stained with neutral dyes.
✓ Nucleus is 3 to 5 lobed.
✓ Hence called as Polymorphonuclear leucocytes or Polymorphs.
✓ Constitute about 70% of total WBCs.
✓ Functions-
▪ Phagocytosis

12. Eosinophils / Acidophils
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✓Cytoplasmic granules are stained with acidic dyes. E.g-
eosin
✓Nucleus is Bilobed.
✓Constitute about 3% of total WBCs.
✓Non-phagocytic and no. increases in allergic conditions.
✓Increase in no. of eosinophils is called as Eosinophilia.
✓Functions-
▪ Anti-histaminic properties.

13. Basophils
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✓Cytoplasmic granules are stained with basic dyes such
as Methylene blue.
✓Nucleus is twisted .
✓Constitute about 0.5% of total WBCs.
✓Non- phagocytic
✓Functions-
▪ Releases histamine and Heparin.

14. Lymphocytes
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✓ Shows large, distinct Round nucleus.
✓ They constitute about 30% of total WBCs.
✓ Produces antibodies and are responsible for immune response.
✓ Three types of lymphocytes-
a. T- cells
b. B- cells
c. NK cells ( Natural Killer)
✓ Function-
• Responsible for immune response of the body.

15. Monocytes
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✓Largest of all WBCs.
✓ Constitute about 5% of total WBCs.
✓ Phagocytic in function.
✓ These cells engulf micro-organisms and cellular debris.
✓ Hence, they are called as Macrophages.
✓ Function –
• Involved in inflammatory responses
• Cell scavengers.

16. Platelets / Thrombocytes
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✓ Platelets are non-nucleated, round and biconvex.
✓ These are the smallest elements of the blood. (2-2.5 um diameter)
✓ Normal platelet count = 2.5- 4 lakhs/ cu.mm of blood.
✓ Thrombopoiesis – Formation of platelets.
✓ Thrombocytosis – Increase in platelet count.
✓ Thrombocytopenia – Decrease in platelet count.

17. Blood Coagulation / Hemostasis
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Vasoconstriction
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation
❖It is a process which prevents and stops bleeding from a damaged blood
vessel by formation of a clot.
❖This process takes place in 3 steps as follows -

18. Blood Coagulation / Hemostasis
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19. Blood Vessels
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❑ There are three types of blood vessels –
▪ Arteries (& arterioles) – Carries blood away from the heart.
▪ Capillaries – Where gas and nutrients exchange takes place.
▪ Veins ( & venules) – Carries blood Towards the heart.

20. Blood Vessels
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21. Blood Vessels
Arteries
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❖Arteries & arterioles carries blood away from the heart.
❖Arteries supply oxygen rich blood from heart to the body tissues. (except Pulmonary
artery)
❖Each artery has three layers-
▪ Tunica intima – Innermost layer lined by endothelial cells.
▪ Tunica media - Middle layer, made up of smooth muscles, elastic tissue &
collagen fibres.
▪ Tunica adventitia- composed of collagen fibres & elastic tissue.
❖Arterioles can constrict or dilate by changing blood pressure.

22. Blood Vessels
Veins
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❖Veins carry blood towards the heart.
❖Most of the veins carry deoxygenated blood (except Pulmonary vein)
from tissues towards the heart.
❖As in the arteries, veins also have 3 layers.
❖Veins shows presence of valves to prevent the backflow of blood.
❖The veins shows relatively low blood pressure than Arteries.

23. Blood Vessels
Capillaries
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❖Capillaries are tiny blood vessels (5-10 µm)
❖They help to connect arteries and veins for exchange of certain
elements between blood and tissues.
❖The walls of capillaries are made of thin endothelial cells, that are
surrounded by another thin layer of basement membrane.
❖This makes them Leaky in nature.

24. Blood Vessels
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25. HEART
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✓ Heart is a hollow, muscular, conical organ having size of one’s fist.
✓ It is situated in middle of thoracic cavity in a space
called as Mediastinum.
✓ Weighs about 200-350 gms.
✓ Heart is enclosed in double layered peritoneum called Pericardium, which of two layers.
The outer layer is called as Fibrous pericardium and inner layer is called as Serous
pericardium.
✓ It is filled with pericardial fluid.

26. HEART
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✓ The heart wall is composed of three layers- Epicardium, myocardium
and endocardium.
✓ The heart has four chambers: two upper, thin-walled atria, and two
lower, thick walled ventricles.
✓ The septum is a wall dividing the right and left sides.
✓ Intrauricular/ Intratrial septum divides two auricles (atria)
✓ Intraventricular septum divides two ventricles.

27. HEART
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✓ Atrioventricular valves occur between the atria and ventricles –
✓ the tricuspid valve on the right & the bicuspid valve / mitral valve on the
left.
✓ both valves are renforced by chordae tendinae attached to muscular
projections within the ventricles.
✓ Pulmonary Trunk which arises from right ventricle, carries
deoxygenated blood to lungs.
✓ Systemic Aorta arising from left ventricle, carries oxygenated blood to
the body tissues.

28. HEART
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29. TYPES OF CIRCULATION
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Types of
circulation
Pulmonary
circulation
Systemic
Circulation
Coronary
circulation

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Superior &
Inferior
vena cava
Right
atrium
Right
ventricle
Pulmonary
artery
LUNGS
Pulmonary
veins
Left
atrium
Left
ventricle
Aorta
(TO body
Tissues)
CIRCULATION PATHWAY

31. Types of Circulation
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I. Pulmonary Circulation : Course of blood from RV to LA through Lungs.
II. Systemic Circulation : Course of blood from LV to RA through body organs.
III. Coronary Circulation :
▪ Flow of blood to heart muscles is called as Coronary circulation
▪ Cardiac muscles of heart receive oxygenated blood through Coronary Arteries
▪ The deoxygenated blood is collected by coronary veins which forms coronary sinus,
which opens into RA.

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33. HEARTBEAT
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✓ Heartbeat is the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of heart.
✓ Each heart beat includes one systole and one diastole.
✓ Normal heart beats = 72 beats/min.
✓ The heart sounds, lub-dup, are due to the closing of the atrioventricular valves, followed
by the closing of the semilunar valves.

34. Conducting System of Heart
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➢Human heart is a Myogenic (Myo =Muscle, genic= originating from)
➢It possess the property of Autorhythmicity.
➢Which means it generates its own electrical impulses and beats.
➢Small groups of specialised neuromuscular cells in the myocardium initiate and conduct
impulses, causing coordinated and synchronised contraction of the heart muscle.

35. Components involved in Conduction
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Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
Bundle of His
Purkinje Fibres.

36. SA Node
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➢These are the small masses of specialised cells lies in wall of right atrium.
➢These cells are electrically unstable; creating impulses.
➢This instability leads them to depolarise regularly. (60-80 times/min)
➢This depolarisation is followed by repolarisation.
➢Firing of SA node triggers Atrial contraction.
➢As this SA node initiates heart beat, hence called as Pacemaker.

37. AV Node
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➢These are the small masses of neuromuscular tissue present in wall of atrial septum
➢AV node merely transmits the electrical signals from atria to ventricles.
➢There is a short delay here, the impulse takes 0.1sec to pass into ventricles.
➢This allows atria to finish contracting before ventricles start to contract.
➢Firing rate of AV node is slightly slower than SA node (40-60 beats/min)
➢As this node sets the heart beat, hence called as Pacesetter.

38. Bundle of His & Purkinje Fibres
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➢These are the masses of specialised fibres originating from AV node.
➢At the upper end of ventricular septum it divides into right & left bundle branches.
➢Within the ventricular myocardium, the branches break up into fine fibres called as
Purkinje Fibres.
➢Purkinje fibres transmit electrical impulses from AV node throughout the walls of
ventricle, leading to ventricular systole (contraction).

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40. Nerve supply to Heart
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❖ The heart is supplied by both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nerve supply.
❖ These nerves originates from the cardiovascular centre in Medulla oblongata.
❖ The vagus nerve (parasympathetic) supplies to SA node, AV node and Atrial
muscle.
❖ Vagal stimulation decreases the heart rate and force of contraction.
❖ Sympathetic supply to SA node, AV node and myocardium of atria and ventricles.
❖ Sympathetic stimulation leads to increase in heart rate and force of contraction.

41. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
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❖ It is a graphical record of electrical variations produced by heart during one
heartbeat
❖ The instrument used to record electrical potential is called as Electrocardiograph.
❖ A normal ECG is a series of waves.
❖ The electrical activities of heart are represented in form of graph as time (X-axis) vs
voltage displacement (Y-axis).

42. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
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43. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
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