This document discusses fiber optics and its advantages and disadvantages. It describes the structure of optical fibers, which consists of a core and cladding, where the core has a higher refractive index causing total internal reflection of light. Optical fibers have advantages over copper like greater bandwidth, lower loss, and immunity to electromagnetic noise. However, they are more expensive to install and fragile. The document also covers communication modes on optical fibers and different types of fibers.

1. FIBER OPTICS
ABDULLAH SOOMRO
THE ISLAMIA UNIVERSITY OF BAHAWALPUR

2. CONTENTS
• Optical fiber intro
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Structure
• Communication Modes
• Total Internal Reflection
• Types of Fiber Optics

3. OPTICAL FIBER
• An optical fiber is essentially a waveguide for light
• It consists of a core and cladding that surrounds the core
• The index of refraction of the cladding is less than that of the core, causing rays
of light leaving the core to be refracted back into the core
• A light-emitting diode (LED) or laser diode (LD) can be used for the source

4. ADVANTAGES
• Greater bandwidth than copper
• Lower loss (Low power loss)
• Immunity to crosstalk (No electromagnetic Noise affects)
• Cost (A lot of raw material available therefore cheaper than copper)

5. DISADVANTAGES
• Cost
• Installation is expensive but lasts longer than copper
• Transmission
• Requires repeaters at fixed distances
• Fragile
• Prone to be broken, and transmission loss
• Protection
• Requires more protection than copper wire

6. OPTICAL FIBER STRUCTURE

7. OPTICAL FIBER STRUCTURE (CONT.)
• Optical fiber is made from thin strands of either glass or plastic
• It has little mechanical strength, so it must be enclosed in a protective jacket
• Often, two or more fibers are enclosed in the same cable for increased bandwidth
and redundancy in case one of the fibers breaks
• It is also easier to build a full-duplex system using two fibers, one for
transmission in each direction

8. COMMUNICATION MODES
• Simplex
• One way communication i.e. TV, Radio
• Half Duplex
• Two way but at the same time data can be sent from either side i.e. Walki Talki
• Full Duplex
• Two-way communication i.e. Cell phone call, Telephonic call

9. TOTAL INTERNAL
REFLECTION
• Optical fibers work on the
principle of total internal
reflection
• With light, the refractive index is
listed
• The angle of refraction at the
interface between two media is
governed by Snell’s law:

10. TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

11. TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBER
• Multimode
• More than one signal at a time.
• Single Mode
• Single signal at a time mainly used for long distances

12. THANKS!