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2019 kidney disease and normal kidney (Japanese)
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Shuzo Teruya
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2019年の医師クラークさんの勉強会の資料です
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2019 kidney disease and normal kidney (Japanese)
1.
腎臓病と腎臓の働き 2019年8月 沖縄県立八重山病院 照屋 周造
2.
腎臓の病気一覧 • 急性腎不全 • 慢性腎不全 •
急性糸球体腎炎 • 急速進行性糸球体腎炎 • ネフローゼ症候群 • メサンギウム増殖性糸球体腎炎 • 膜性腎症 • 膜性増殖性糸球体腎炎 • 遺伝性疾患 • 膠原病と類縁疾患による腎障害 • 紫斑病性腎炎 • 肝疾患と腎糸球体病変 • クリオグロブリン血症に伴う腎 病変 • アミロイド腎症 • 多発性骨髄腫における腎障害 • Immunotactoid glomerulopathy / Fibrillary glomerulonephritis • リポ蛋白糸球体症 • 腎硬化症 • 腎血管性高血圧/虚血腎 • 糖尿病性腎症 • 妊娠高血圧症候群 • 痛風腎 • 溶血性尿毒症症候群 • 尿細管間質性腎炎 • 尿細管機能異常 • 中毒性腎症(薬物、重金属) • 尿路感染症 • 尿路結石症
3.
腎臓の病気一覧 なんかわかりにくい・・
4.
病気の名まえの付け方 • 病気の原因による病名 例:糖尿病性腎症、ループス腎炎 • 全身の状態や起きている現象による病名 例:ネフローゼ症候群、慢性糸球体腎炎、急速進行 性糸球体腎炎 •
顕微鏡で見た時(病理検査)の形態や特徴による 病名 例:IgA腎症、半月体形成性腎炎
5.
腎臓以外の病気でも一緒 • 気管支ぜんそくでII型呼吸不全、肺病理はアレ ルギー性の気管支壁肥厚 • 家族性拡張型心筋症でうっ血性心不全、心臓病 理は拡張型心筋症 •
なんらかのウイルス感染によるかぜ症候群で鼻 粘膜炎と咽頭炎
6.
腎臓病で同じ病気に複数の病名 がつくことも良くある 全身性エリテマトーデスによるループス腎炎でネフ ローゼ症候群を起こしていて腎臓の病理は膜性増殖 性糸球体腎炎 顕微鏡的多発血管炎で急速進行性糸球体腎炎を起こ していて腎臓の病理は半月対形成性腎炎 腎臓の病理はとられていないのでよくわからないけ ど慢性糸球体腎炎パターンの腎機能悪化がある (この場合便宜的にIgA腎症と病名をつけることあり)
7.
腎臓のおしごと • 人間の体で「外」とつながっている場所 • 消化管 In
水分食べ物→栄養 Out 便(胆汁) • 尿路 In なし Out 尿 • 肺 In 酸素 Out 二酸化炭素 尿路は出口の一つ
8.
腎臓のはたらき • 腎臓の仕事って何?? • 仕分けて捨てる •
拾う • ホルモン
9.
腎臓のはたらき • 尿で何を排泄しているか • 溶質 •
水 • 酸・電解質 • ホルモン産生 • 血圧調整 (レニン) • 造血 (エリスロポエチン)
10.
“誰も見たことのない顔 誰かに見せるかもしれない“ Sweet 19 blues じんぞうのはたらき •
腎臓の仕事って何?? • 溶質の除去(酸塩基平衡ふくむ) • 水と塩の除去 • ホルモン産生
11.
電解質とは
12.
体液分布
13.
腎臓のはたらきが落ちると・・ • 尿で何を排泄しているか • 溶質 •
水 • 酸・電解質 • ホルモン産生 • 血圧調整 (レニン) • 造血 (エリスロポエチン)
14.
腎臓が悪くなるとどうなるか • 尿で排泄しているものが捨てられなくなる • 溶質
→ 尿毒症 • 水 → 浮腫、胸腹水 • 酸・電解質 → 高カリウム血症 • ホルモン産生がおかしくなる • 血圧調整 (レニン) → 血圧上昇 • 造血 (エリスロポエチン) → 貧血
15.
解剖学的な構造
16.
糸球体の構造
17.
腎臓のどこが悪くなるとどうい う症状が出るか • 尿で排泄しているもの • 溶質
→ 糸球体 → 尿毒症 • 水 → 尿細管 → 浮腫、胸腹水 • 酸・電解質 → 尿細管 → 高カリウム血症
18.
腎臓病の検査 • 採血 腎臓の機能を調べる検査 BUN Cre
Na K Cl Ca P 血液ガスなど • 尿 尿蛋白 尿潜血 尿電解質 • 画像(エコー、CT) 腎臓の形を調べる 石、嚢胞、萎縮、位置異常など 合併症を調べる(レントゲンで心不全の所見確認など) • 腎生検 糸球体や尿細管の形を調べる
19.
まとめ • 病名の付け方には法則がある • 腎臓は、①仕分けて捨てる、②拾う、③ホルモン を出す、の働きがある •
腎臓病のタイプ 仕分けができない病気 主に蛋白や血液が漏れる 拾えない病気 主に水や電解質が漏れる 捨てられない病気 腎不全 尿毒症物質や電解質がたまって困る (腎臓に血が回ってこない病気) (尿が詰まって出ない病気)
20.
おまけ:腎臓病に関わる治療 • 根本的な治療 • 外因性
異物・腫瘍 → 外科 • 外因性 感染症 → 抗菌薬 • 外因性 薬物 → 薬物除去 • 内因性 炎症 → 免疫抑制剤やステロイド • 内因性 血流 → 血流改善薬 • 内因性 遺伝・変性 → 治療困難 • 一般的な補助療法 • 禁煙 減塩 運動 降圧 血糖管理 • 腎代替療法 • 血液透析 腹膜透析 腎移植
21.
腎代替療法
22.
23.
社会制度
24.
医療費助成や福祉制度 • 難病対策(指定難病と小児慢性特定疾病) ※国が指定した病気について医療費助成を行う制度 ※自己負担2500円-3万円(所得に応じる) • 障害者福祉 障害者の自立支援を目的として医療費助成を行う制度
自己負担5000円 ※更生医療 育成医療 精神通院医療 ※障害のもととなった病気以外には適用されない • 生活保護 ※収入の低い世帯の生活を補助する制度 • 特定疾病療養受療証 (マル長) ※透析患者、血友病、HIV患者のみの制度 ※長期療養が必要な病気の自己負担を軽減する制度 ※透析に関係ない治療にも適用される 自己負担は1-2万円 • 介護保険 高額療養費制度
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