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腎臓病と腎臓の働き
2019年8月
沖縄県立八重山病院
照屋 周造
腎臓の病気一覧
• 急性腎不全
• 慢性腎不全
• 急性糸球体腎炎
• 急速進行性糸球体腎炎
• ネフローゼ症候群
• メサンギウム増殖性糸球体腎炎
• 膜性腎症
• 膜性増殖性糸球体腎炎
• 遺伝性疾患
• 膠原病と類縁疾患による腎障害
• 紫斑病性腎炎
• 肝疾患と腎糸球体病変
• クリオグロブリン血症に伴う腎
病変
• アミロイド腎症
• 多発性骨髄腫における腎障害
• Immunotactoid glomerulopathy /
Fibrillary glomerulonephritis
• リポ蛋白糸球体症
• 腎硬化症
• 腎血管性高血圧/虚血腎
• 糖尿病性腎症
• 妊娠高血圧症候群
• 痛風腎
• 溶血性尿毒症症候群
• 尿細管間質性腎炎
• 尿細管機能異常
• 中毒性腎症(薬物、重金属)
• 尿路感染症
• 尿路結石症
腎臓の病気一覧
なんかわかりにくい・・
病気の名まえの付け方
• 病気の原因による病名
例:糖尿病性腎症、ループス腎炎
• 全身の状態や起きている現象による病名
例:ネフローゼ症候群、慢性糸球体腎炎、急速進行
性糸球体腎炎
• 顕微鏡で見た時(病理検査)の形態や特徴による
病名
例:IgA腎症、半月体形成性腎炎
腎臓以外の病気でも一緒
• 気管支ぜんそくでII型呼吸不全、肺病理はアレ
ルギー性の気管支壁肥厚
• 家族性拡張型心筋症でうっ血性心不全、心臓病
理は拡張型心筋症
• なんらかのウイルス感染によるかぜ症候群で鼻
粘膜炎と咽頭炎
腎臓病で同じ病気に複数の病名
がつくことも良くある
全身性エリテマトーデスによるループス腎炎でネフ
ローゼ症候群を起こしていて腎臓の病理は膜性増殖
性糸球体腎炎
顕微鏡的多発血管炎で急速進行性糸球体腎炎を起こ
していて腎臓の病理は半月対形成性腎炎
腎臓の病理はとられていないのでよくわからないけ
ど慢性糸球体腎炎パターンの腎機能悪化がある
(この場合便宜的にIgA腎症と病名をつけることあり)
腎臓のおしごと
• 人間の体で「外」とつながっている場所
• 消化管
In 水分食べ物→栄養 Out 便(胆汁)
• 尿路
In なし Out 尿
• 肺
In 酸素 Out 二酸化炭素
尿路は出口の一つ
腎臓のはたらき
• 腎臓の仕事って何??
• 仕分けて捨てる
• 拾う
• ホルモン
腎臓のはたらき
• 尿で何を排泄しているか
• 溶質
• 水
• 酸・電解質
• ホルモン産生
• 血圧調整 (レニン)
• 造血 (エリスロポエチン)
“誰も見たことのない顔
誰かに見せるかもしれない“
Sweet 19 blues
じんぞうのはたらき
• 腎臓の仕事って何??
• 溶質の除去(酸塩基平衡ふくむ)
• 水と塩の除去
• ホルモン産生
電解質とは
体液分布
腎臓のはたらきが落ちると・・
• 尿で何を排泄しているか
• 溶質
• 水
• 酸・電解質
• ホルモン産生
• 血圧調整 (レニン)
• 造血 (エリスロポエチン)
腎臓が悪くなるとどうなるか
• 尿で排泄しているものが捨てられなくなる
• 溶質 → 尿毒症
• 水 → 浮腫、胸腹水
• 酸・電解質 → 高カリウム血症
• ホルモン産生がおかしくなる
• 血圧調整 (レニン) → 血圧上昇
• 造血 (エリスロポエチン) → 貧血
解剖学的な構造
糸球体の構造
腎臓のどこが悪くなるとどうい
う症状が出るか
• 尿で排泄しているもの
• 溶質 → 糸球体 → 尿毒症
• 水 → 尿細管 → 浮腫、胸腹水
• 酸・電解質 → 尿細管 → 高カリウム血症
腎臓病の検査
• 採血
腎臓の機能を調べる検査
BUN Cre Na K Cl Ca P 血液ガスなど
• 尿
尿蛋白 尿潜血 尿電解質
• 画像(エコー、CT)
腎臓の形を調べる
石、嚢胞、萎縮、位置異常など
合併症を調べる(レントゲンで心不全の所見確認など)
• 腎生検
糸球体や尿細管の形を調べる
まとめ
• 病名の付け方には法則がある
• 腎臓は、①仕分けて捨てる、②拾う、③ホルモン
を出す、の働きがある
• 腎臓病のタイプ
仕分けができない病気 主に蛋白や血液が漏れる
拾えない病気 主に水や電解質が漏れる
捨てられない病気
腎不全 尿毒症物質や電解質がたまって困る
(腎臓に血が回ってこない病気)
(尿が詰まって出ない病気)
おまけ:腎臓病に関わる治療
• 根本的な治療
• 外因性 異物・腫瘍 → 外科
• 外因性 感染症 → 抗菌薬
• 外因性 薬物 → 薬物除去
• 内因性 炎症 → 免疫抑制剤やステロイド
• 内因性 血流 → 血流改善薬
• 内因性 遺伝・変性 → 治療困難
• 一般的な補助療法
• 禁煙 減塩 運動 降圧 血糖管理
• 腎代替療法
• 血液透析 腹膜透析 腎移植
腎代替療法
社会制度
医療費助成や福祉制度
• 難病対策(指定難病と小児慢性特定疾病)
※国が指定した病気について医療費助成を行う制度
※自己負担2500円-3万円(所得に応じる)
• 障害者福祉
障害者の自立支援を目的として医療費助成を行う制度 自己負担5000円
※更生医療 育成医療 精神通院医療
※障害のもととなった病気以外には適用されない
• 生活保護
※収入の低い世帯の生活を補助する制度
• 特定疾病療養受療証 (マル長)
※透析患者、血友病、HIV患者のみの制度
※長期療養が必要な病気の自己負担を軽減する制度
※透析に関係ない治療にも適用される 自己負担は1-2万円
• 介護保険 高額療養費制度

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