nelson mandela black lives

1. ENGLISH PPT presentation

2. NAME-TANAYKRISHNA
CLASS-X
TOPIC-BLACKLIFEMATTERS

3. BLACK LIFE MATTEERS
 NELSON MANDELA

4. NELSON ROLIHLAHLA MANDELA

5.  Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918,
 His father was Hendry Mphakanyiswa of the Tembu Tribe.
 Mandela himself was educated at University College of Fort
Hare and the University of Witwatersrand where he studied
law. He joined the African National Congress in 1944 and
was engaged in resistance against the ruling National
Party’s apartheid policies after 1948.
 He went on trial for treason in 1956-1961 and was
acquitted in 1961.

6.  The first in his family to receive a formal education, Mandela completed
his primary studies at a local missionary school.
 There, a teacher dubbed him Nelson as part of a common practice of
giving African students English names.
 He went on to attend the Clarkebury Boarding Institute and Healdtown, a
Methodist secondary school, where he excelled in boxing and track as
well as academics.

7.  In 1939 Mandela entered the elite University of Fort Hare, the only Western-
style higher learning institute for Black South Africans at the time.
 After learning that his guardian had arranged a marriage for him, Mandela fled
to Johannesburg and worked first as a night watchman and then as a law clerk
while completing his bachelor’s degree by correspondence.
 He studied law at the University of Witwatersrand, where he became involved in
the movement against racial discrimination and forged key relationships with
Black and white activists.

8.  In 1944 he joined the African National Congress (ANC), a Black-
liberation group, and became a leader of its Youth League.
 . That same year he met and married Evelyn Ntoko Mase.
 Mandela subsequently held other ANC leadership positions, through
which he helped revitalize the organization and oppose
the apartheid policies of the ruling National Party.
 In 1952 in Johannesburg, with fellow ANC leader Oliver Tambo,
Mandela established South Africa’s first Black law practice, specializing
in cases resulting from the post-1948 apartheid legislation.

9.  Also that year, Mandela played an important role in launching a
campaign of defiance against South Africa’s pass laws, which required
nonwhites to carry documents (known as passes, pass books, or
reference books) authorizing their presence in areas that the
government deemed “restricted” (i.e., generally reserved for the white
population).
 He traveled throughout the country as part of the campaign, trying to
build support for nonviolent means of protest against the
discriminatory laws.

10.  In 1955 he was involved in drafting the Freedom Charter, a document
calling for nonracial social democracy in South Africa.
 Mandela’s antiapartheid activism made him a frequent target of the
authorities. Starting in 1952, he was intermittently banned (severely
restricted in travel, association, and speech).
 In December 1956 he was arrested with more than 100 other people on
charges of treason that were designed to harass antiapartheid activists.
 Mandela went on trial that same year and eventually was acquitted in
1961. During the extended court proceedings, he divorced his first wife
and married Nomzamo Winifred Madikizela (Winnie Madikizela-
Mandela).

11. Underground activity and the
Rivonia Trial
After the massacre of unarmed Black South Africans
by police forces at Sharpeville in 1960 and the
subsequent banning of the ANC, Mandela abandoned
his nonviolent stance and began advocating acts
of sabotage against the South African regime.

12.  He went underground (during which time he became known as the
Black Pimpernel for his ability to evade capture) and was one of the
founders of Umkhonto we Sizwe (“Spear of the Nation”), the military
wing of the ANC.
 In 1962 he went to Algeria for training in guerrilla warfare and
sabotage, returning to South Africa later that year. On August 5, shortly
after his return, Mandela was arrested at a road block in Natal; he was
subsequently sentenced to five years in prison.

13.  From 1964 to 1982 Mandela was incarcerated at Robben Island Prison,
off Cape Town.
 He was subsequently kept at the maximum-security Pollsmoor Prison
until 1988, when, after being treated
for
tuberculosis, he was transferred to Victor Verster
Prison near Paarl.
 The South African government periodically made conditional offers of
freedom to Mandela, most notably in 1976, on the condition that he
recognize the newly independent—and highly controversial—status of
the Transkei Bantustan and agree to reside there. An offer made in 1985
required that he renounce the use of violence.

14.  24 September 1968. Nelson Mandela’s mother Nosekeni Fanny Mandela dies.

15. Incarceration
 From 1964 to 1982 Mandela was incarcerated at Robben Island Prison, off Cape
Town.
 He was subsequently kept at the maximum-security Pollsmoor Prison
until 1988, when, after being treated for tuberculosis, he was
transferred to Victor Verster Prison near Paarl.
 The South African government periodically made conditional offers of
freedom to Mandela, most notably in 1976, on the condition that he
recognize the newly independent—and highly controversial—status of
the Transkei Bantustan and agree to reside there.

16.  An offer made in 1985 required that he renounce the use of violence.
Mandela refused both offers, the second on the premise that only free
men were able to engage in such negotiations and, as a prisoner, he was
not a free man.
 On February 11, 1990, the South African government under President
de Klerk released Mandela from prison.
 Shortly after his release, Mandela was chosen deputy president of
the ANC; he became president of the party in July 1991.
 . Mandela led the ANC in negotiations with de Klerk to
end apartheid and bring about a peaceful transition to
nonracial democracy in South Africa.

17. Presidency and
retirement
 In April 1994 the Mandela-led ANC won South Africa’s first elections by
universal suffrage, and on May 10 Mandela was sworn in as president of
the country’s first multiethnic government.
 He established in 1995 the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC),
which investigated human rights violations under apartheid, and he
introduced housing, education, and economic
development initiatives designed to improve the living standards of the
country’s Black population. In 1996 he oversaw the enactment of a new
democratic constitution. Mandela resigned his post with the ANC in
December 1997, transferring leadership of the party to his designated
successor, Thabo Mbeki. Mandela and Madikizela-Mandela had divorced in
1996, and in 1998 Mandela married Graca Machel, the widow of Samora
Machel, the former Mozambican president and leader of Frelimo.

18. died December 5, 2013,
died December 5, 2013,