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1. Chapter 02

2.  It varies from one country to other or even from
continent to continent.
 Because it depend on quality and quantity of
pollutants.
1. Population
2. Urbanization
3. Industrialization
4. Transportation
5. Deforestation
6. Modern agriculture
7. Arm race, nuclear plants and radioactive
materials
8. Awareness of quality environment

3.  A group of individuals living in a place in a
time. Asia highest population followed by
Africa, Europe and America.
 China rank first followed by India. The four
other Asian countries Indonesia, Bangladesh,
Japan and Pakistan.
 Density wise Bangladesh rank first and India
position is much higher than China.
 Have specific characteristics are;

4.  Number of individuals added to the population
through reproduction. Describe as birth rate.
(Number of individuals born per one thousand
individuals per year). E.g. 3000 individuals produce
30 offspring’s during one year. Birth rate would be
10/1000/year.
 It varies from species to species.

5.  Number of deaths per year.
 Discuss as death rate. It means number of
people dies per one thousand individuals per
year.
 To grow size of population, it is important
that the number of individuals added must
be higher than dying.
Relative number of males and females. 106
males/100 females.

6.  Refers to the number of individuals of each
age in the population.
 Pre reproductive juvenile, reproductive
adults etc.
 Varies from one country to the other. E.g.
Kenya has large reproductive and pre
reproductive individuals, it means that it will
increase rapidly. Germany has even
distribution and it will maintain population.
USA going toward decline.

7.  Number of organisms per unit area.
 Rural Vs Urban
 It depend on
 Soil types, quality of habitat, availability of water,
other resources.
 It causes high competition that result in dispersal
and immigration. Drought, war, political
persecution cause emigration.

8.  Region 2000 2025
 Africa 13.2 20
 Asia 60.7 58.3
 Europe 12 7.3
 Latin America 8.5 9.1
 North America 5.0 4.9

9.  Country population in (M) Country population in
(M)
 China 1265 India 1628
 India 1002 China 1369
 USA 276 USA 404
 Indonesia 212 Indonesia 312
 Brazil 170 Nigeria 304
 Pakistan 151 Pakistan 285
 Russia 9145 Brazil 244
 Bangladesh 128 Bangladesh 211
 Japan 127 Ethopia 188
 Nigeria 123 Congo 182

10.  Countries Population Density/km2
 Bangladesh 889.6
 Japan 336.3
 India 3o4.8
 Pakistan 189.2
 Nigeria 133.5
 China 132.1
 Indonesia 111.4
 USA 28.6
 Brazil 19.9
 Russia 8.5

11.  Number of organisms living at one place with
reference to other place.
 Population of Punjab highest than
Baluchistan.

12.  Is the out come of the above mentioned
factors.
 Population tends to increase its size. Factors
affect this process.
 Population growth follows a pattern consists
of:
1. Lag phase (growth & reproduction slow)
2. Exponential phase(increase at exponential
rate, stop at BR=DR)
3. Stable equilibrium phase(at BR=DR).
Affected by C.C. of an area.

13.  Number of individuals of a species that can
survive in that area over time. Determined
by:
1. Availability of raw materials
2. Availability of energy
3. Accumulation of wastes and its disposal
4. Interaction among individuals.

14.  World population increase at annual rate of about1.4
percent
 If the World were 100 PEOPLE:
 50 would be female
50 would be male
20 would be children
There would be 80 adults,
14 of whom would be 65 and older
There would be:
61 Asians
12 Europeans
13 Africans
14 people from the Western Hemisphere

15.  There would be:
31 Christians
21 Muslims
14 Hindus
6 Buddhists
12 people who practice other religions
16 people who would not be aligned with a
religion
17 would speak a Chinese dialect
8 would speak Hindustani
8 would speak English
7 would speak Spanish
4 would speak Arabic
4 would speak Russian
52 would speak other languages

16. 82 would be able to read and write; 18 would not
1 would have a college education
1 would own a computer
75 people would have some supply of food and a place to
shelter them from the wind and the rain, but 25 would not
1 would be dying of starvation
17 would be undernourished
15 would be overweight
83 would have access to safe drinking water
17 people would have no clean, safe water to drink

17.  The following figure summarizes the historical
record, typical of a "J-shaped" growth, with
humans filling new niches and (perhaps) not yet
reaching a limiting carrying capacity. One feature
to note in this plot is the lack of huge fluctuations
associated with famines or wars. In fact, the
nature of J-shaped (exponential) growth is such
that episodic reductions due to such catastrophes
usually do not affect the inexorable and
overpowering upward acceleration in population
size. An exception is the period of the “Black
Death" in Europe, which produced a noticeable but
small downward spike in the curve. The wholesale
loss of life due to world wars of the 20th century
produced only small perturbations to the upward
trend.

18. : Human Population Growth over Time

19.  The human population growth of the last century
has been truly phenomenal. It required only 40
years after 1950 for the population to double
from 2.5 billion to 5 billion. This doubling time is
less than the average human lifetime. The world
population passed 6 billion just before the end of
the 20th century. Present estimates are for the
population to reach 8-12 billion before the end
of the 21st century. During each lecture hour,
more than 10,000 new people enter the world, a
rate of ~3 per second!
 Of the 6 billion people, about half live in poverty
and at least one fifth are severely
undernourished. The rest live out their lives in
comparative comfort and health.

20.  The factors affecting global human
population are very simple. They are
fertility, mortality, initial population, and
time. The current growth rate of ~1.3% per
year is smaller than the peak which occurred
a few decades ago (~2.1% per year in 1965-
1970), but since this rate acts on a much
larger population base, the absolute number
of new people per year (~90 million) is at an
all time high. The stabilization of population
will require a reduction in fertility globally.
In the most optimistic view, this will take
some time.

24.  Population 2020
 https://www.worldometers.info/world-
population/population-by-country/

26. The End