status of genetically modified crops in ipm perspective, special reference to bt cotton

2. Early pest management Strategies

3. New pest management Strategies
 Host plant resistance
 Genetic control
 Bio-rational pest management
 Integrated pest management
 Biotechnological approach

4. Chairperson
Dr. Vinay K.Kalia
Credit Seminar
On
Global Status and Potential of Genetically
Modified crops :IPM Perspective
Ms. Shahanaz
10605
Seminar Leader
Dr. J.P Singh

5. Introduction
Genetically modified crops
Global status of GM crops
Insect Resistant GM crops in India
IPM context
•Bt cotton
•Bt Brinjal
Conclusion

6. ?
GM crop is a plant used for agricultural purposes in to which
one or several genes coding for desirable traits have been
inserted through the process of genetic engineering which are
also called as Transgenic crops
These genes may be choosen from the same or other plant
species, other organisms
What are Genetically Modified crops ???

7. What Biotechnology Can Do For Us ?
• Access to novel molecules.
• Ability to change the level of gene expression.
• Ability to change expression pattern of genes.
• Ability to change the function of particuar
trait by inserting gene of interest
Genetic Transformation: Methods

8. TRANSGENIC PLANTS
NUTRITIONAL
QUALITY BIOTIC STRESS
TOLERANCE
ABIOTIC STRESS
TOLERANCE
PHARMACEUTICALS
& EDIBLE VACCINE
HYBRID DEVELOPMENT
FOR HIGHER YIELD
ENHANCED
SHELF LIFE
INDUSTRIAL
PRODUCTS

9. Current and Future GM Crop Traits
1. Insect Resistance (Plant Incorporated Protectants) – ex: BT corn
& cotton
2. Herbicide Tolerance – ex: Glyphosate Resistant Corn &
Soybeans (i.e. Roundup Ready), cotton
3. Stress Tolerance – ex: drought, salt resistant varieties
4. “Value Added” Crops – ex: Golden Rice containing vitamin A
5. “Biopharming” – Production of drugs, chemicals on agricultural
scales

10. 1985
1992
1988
1994
1998
1996
1999
2000
1st transgenic plants produced
Particle bombardment developed
GM crops considered substantially equivalent to hybrid varieties
Flavr-Savr tomato is released
Herbicide- and insect-resistant crops approved for cultivation maize,
Soybean, cotton
4.3 million acres of GM crops planted
GM food is dangerous (UK TV)
Monarch butterfly paper causes uproar
GM corn is excluded from its baby food
Greenpeace starts anti-GM campaign
75 million acres of GM crops planted
Golden rice with ß-carotene developed
McDonald’s rejects GM potatoes
Time line of GM Crops

11. 2006 GM crops cultivation reached 100 mha world wide
2014 Bt Brinjal released in Bangladesh
181.5 million hectares of GM crops planted world wide
Bt cotton released in India grown in 50,000 ha2002
Bt cotton II released in India for controlling Spodoptera &
Helicoverpa
2010 Govt .of India imposed moratorium on Bt Brinjal Event EE-I
GEAC recommended commercial release of Bt Brinjal Event EE-12009
Time line of GM Crops in India

12. James, 2015

13. James, 2015

14. James, 2015

15. James, 2015

16. Impact of Biotech

17. Genetic Transformation
Candidate Genes for Insect Resistance
• Cry toxins Bt: Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac.
• Plant metabolites: Flavonoids, terpenoids.
• Enzyme inhibitors: SpTI, CpTi.
• Enzymes: Chitinase, lipoxigenase.
• Plant lectins: GNA
• Toxins from predators: Scorpion, spiders.
• Neuropeptides and peptidic hormones.

18.  There is no single technology to solve food security
problems alone in a sustainable manner.
 The use of GM plants in the IPM context will extend
lifespan of GM events and maintain high efficacy against
the targets.
 We have to learn how to make best use of GM plants
in different agricultural production systems – IPM sets
the frame.
Why to use GM crops in the IPM context?

19. • A major reduction in insecticide sprays.
• Increased activity of natural enemies.
• Reduced exposure of non-target organisms to
insecticides .
• Reduction in insecticide residues in food and
food products.
Transgenics in Pest Management: Advantages

20.  Secondary pest problems.
 Environmental influence on gene expression.
 Development of resistance and evolution of new
biotypes.
 Effects on non-target organisms.
 Gene escape into the environment.
 Social and ethical issues.
Transgenic Resistance to Insects: The Limitations

21. Major environmental and health
concerns regarding GM crops
• Non-target effects
• Gene flow / Transgene
Escape
• Insect Resistance
• Allergenicity

22. The earliest commercialised insect resistant transgenic plants
Cotton: 1st commercialised in 1996
-2014: 15 countries;
Insect résistance and herbicide tolerance
traits
-
Maize: 1st commercialised in 1996
-2014 : 17 countries
Insect resistance and herbicide tolerance traits
-
Potato: first commercialised in 1996, withdrawn in 2001

23. Cauliflower
Cabbage
Genetically modified crops -global
Over the past decade GM crops have changed the pest
management scenario world over.
Out of 37 transgenic traits developed, 7 are commercial traits
in 29 transgenic crop plants:
114 genes with
389 transgenic events
58 commercial companies including public funded institutions
Released for commercial cultivation in 28 countries.

24. Insect resistant GM crops global
cry1Ab
cry1Ac
cry1F
cry2Ab
cry34Ab1+ cry35Ab1
cry3A
cry3Bb1
cry9C
Protease Inhibitor
Vip3A(a)
cry1A.105
dvsnf7
Eight crops, twenty two genes

25. Insect resistant GM crops in India
Genes: Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1F, Cry1B, Cry2Ab & Vip-3A
18 prime crops under field testing
Biotic stress resistance (Disease resistance)
Enhancement of quality
Abiotic stress resistance (water, salinity, temperature)
Post Harvest attributes
Edible vaccines
tolerance to pesticides, male sterility
Other traits under development

26. Why do we need Bt cotton?
162 species of insects occur in cotton at various stages of growth
of which 12 are major and half of them are key pests
(CICR technical bulletin)
Cotton bolls are highly vulnerable to hidden insects such as
the American bollworm, Pink bollworm and Spotted
bollworm.
9400 M tonnes of insecticides worth Rs 747 crores were used
only for bollworm control in 2001
(Kranthi, 2012)

27. 70% of insecticides are used against bollworms, rest for sap
sucking pests.
(Kranthi, 2012)
About 50% of all insecticides in India were being
unsuccessfully used for cotton pest control, until the year
2001, before Bt cotton was introduced.
The American bollworm has developed resistance to all group of
insecticides world wide
Loss due to damage to cotton crop is estimated to be more
than Rs.1200 crores/y. ( CICR technical bulletin)

28. Introduction of Bt cotton on 26th March 2002
Beyond doubt, Bt-cotton represents the best of
state-of-art technologies
Genetics is always better than chemicals

29. India ranks no 1 in the world accounting for 25 % of the total
global cotton production.
Average yield is 523 Kg/ha as compared to world average of 758
kg/ha.
Cotton

30. Major Bt cotton growing areas in India
Area 11.6
mha
Production
353 lakh
bales

31. Mode of action of Bt

32. Top three Cotton Producing Countries in the
World 1960-2014
Choudhary and Gaur, 2015
Distribution of World cotton market share by top
5 producing countries , 2002 and 2014

33. The adoption and impact of Bt cotton on the
cotton production in India 1950-2014
James, 2014

34. Commercial Release of Different Bt cotton
Hybrids in India
Choudhary and Gaur,2015

35. Percentage reduction of insecticides on cotton
bollworms relative to total insecticide used in cotton
Choudhary and Gaur, 2015

36. Status of GM crops pending Approval for Field
Trails and Commercial Release in India , 2014-15
Choudhary and Gaur, 2015
Crop Organization Event/Trait Pending
Stauts
Cotton Mahyco/Monsa
nto
cry1Ac and cry2Ab/IR&HT Pending
commercial
approval
Brinjal Mahyco cry1Ac Under
Moratorium
Mustard Delhi University Bar,barnase barstar/AP Final stage
Maize Monsanto cry2Ab2 &cryA.105 and
CP4EPSP/IR&HT
BRL II Stage
Brinjal Bejo
Sheetal/IARI
cry1Abc/IR BRL II Stage
Chickpea Sungrow seeds Bt BRL I Stage
Rice Mahyco NUE BRL I Stage

37. Comparison of the Value of Total Pesticide
Market with Cotton Insecticide Market in
India
Choudhary and Gaur, 2015

38. Distribution of Cost of Cotton Cultivation
Post Bt cotton Era
Choudhary and Gaur, 2015

39. Economics of Bt Cotton Cultivation in
India
Choudhary and Gaur, 2015

40. Dhaliwal et al., 2015
Rice 25.0 25.0 35.55 8467.36
Wheat 5.0 5.0 4.92 1135.75
Maize 25 18.00 5.33 1268.41
Sugarcane 20.0 20.0 88.04 3160.25
Cotton 50.0 30.0 24.93 15767.69
Coarse cereal 30.0 8.00 1.65 378.20
Pulses 15.0 15.0 3.49 2285.29
Mustard - 20.0 1.97 1026.70
Ground nut 15.0 15.0 1.71 1172.13
Other oilseeds 25.0 12.00 2.07 1215.55
Average 23.3 16.80 - 35877.22

41. What is IPM ?
IPM is judicious use and integration of various pest control
tactics in the context of the associated environment of the
pest in ways that compliment and facilitate the biological
and other natural control of pests to match economics,
public health and environmental goals
( USDA, 2000)
Objectives of IPM :
• Region wide reduction of target pests
• Reduction of insecticide use
• Reduction of Region wide secondary pest outbreaks
• Reduction of effects on natural enemies and conservation of
biological control
• Insect resistance management

42. Key points of IPM
• Integration
– Harmonious use of multiple methods to control single pests
or pest complexes
• Pest
– An organism detrimental to humans, including:
invertebrates, vertebrates, weeds, and pathogens
• Management
– Decisions based on ecological principles and economic and
social considerations
Kogan, M. 1998.
Meissle et al., 2011

43. Kogan, M. 1998.
Costs
• Product cost
• Fuel
• Labor
• Marketing options
• Predisposition to
secondary pests
Benefits
• Yield (economic)
• Quality (economic)
• Appearance (aesthetics)
• Human/livestock health
• Legal issues
• Acceptance of resultant
commodity by end users
• Ease of mind
Costs vs. Benefits of a Practice
• By identifying and learning about a pest,
more focus can be applied to the
environmental and economic considerations

44. High efficacy
against target
pests
More natural
enemies in
crops
Less Insecticide
Use
Region wide
reduction of
target pests
Region wide
increase of
natural enemies
Lower control
of non- target
pests
Secondary
Pest Out
breaks
Risk of
Resistanc
e Build up
Less pest problems also for Non
Bt growers and in other crops
Effects of Bt plants in the IPM context
Lu et al., 2010

45. Case Study I

46. Dhillon and Sharma, 2013

47. Helicoverpa armigera Parasitization in Bt transgenic
and Non transgenic cottons under Farmer field
conditions
Dhillon and Sharma, 2013
Seed Cotton yiled in Bt -transgenic and non- transgenic cotton
under unprotected conditions

48. Crop/
toxin
Pollinator Effect Reference
Cry1Ac Apis
mellifera
Bombus sp.
No effect Malone and Pham-
Delegue (2000)
CryIIB Apis
mellifera
No effect Arpaia (1996)
BBI, SBTI Apis
mellifera
Influences the
learning ability
Pham-Delègue et al.
(2000)
Cystatin Apis
mellifera
No effect Girard et al. (1998)
Chitinase Apis
mellifera
No effect Picard-Nizou et al.
(1995)
Bio-safety of Transgenic Plants to Pollinators

49. Inspite of increase in pesticide spray against secondary pests,
total pesticide has decreased significantly over time
Case Study II

51. Pheromone
attractants
Use of
Beneficial
agents
Cultural
controls
Selective
chemicals
Biological
pesticide
Transgenic
cottonIPM
Planting
window
Natural refuge/
trap crop

52. General problems…..with Bt
Cotton
High expectations
High price
Poor soil fertility
Poor weather
Pest outbreaks
Spurious Seeds
Concerns & challenges in
India

53. 1. Insecticide use decline;
2. Secondary pest out breaks : mirid bugs, mealy
bugs
3. Parawilt: Some genotypes struggle with high boll
retention, water imbalance (Mayee et al., 1996)
4. High expectations, less results from rainfed and
less fertile soils
5. Susceptibility to sucking pests
Indirect consequences
of Bt-Cotton
Sub-optimal performance in rainfed areas

54. The Mirid bug (Creontides biseratence Distant)
Return of the Minor pests
Leaf hoppers (Amrasca biguttula biguttula
Thrips (Thrips tabaci)
The donor Bt-cotton parent is from
an exotic variety coker-312, which
is highly susceptible to leaf hoppers
& thrips
Bt-cotton is only a crop protection technology and not a yield
enhancing technology. If bollworm infestations are less, the
advantages are minimum.

55. • Whitefly became a major pest on cotton in India only after 1984.
• Cotton losses were estimated to be in the range of 15-20% and sometimes up
to 30% (Cotton Statistics and News, 2015).
• In August, 2015, a whitefly outbreak devastated the Bt cotton crop in
Bathinda, Faridkot districts of Punjab and Sirsa district of Haryana.
• Whitefly incidence ranged from 1.6 to 90 adults /3 leaves during July-August
in Sirsa. (Cotton Statistics and News, 2015).
Whitefly: a black story

56. • Fields sprayed with repeated
insecticide sprays, insecticide
mixtures, fipronil and pyrethroids had
the highest levels of whitefly
infestation.
• 15 farmers committed suicide due to
failure of crop. (TOI, 2015).
Synthetic pyrethroids and acephate induce bollworms and whiteflies
where spinosad induces mealybugs infestations (Cotton Association of
India, 2015).
It has developed resistance to neonicotinoids in North india (CICR).
Hormoligosis
Insecticide induced physiological changes
Low temperature and high humidity favored whitefly multiplication
in punjab
Causes of outbreaks

57. Boll rind, square bracts, ovary & pollen,
have the lowest expression @ 0-1.5 ppm
Bollworm feeds more on these parts
Bt-cotton fields also have
some bollworms !!
Doesn’t Bt-cotton kill pink bollworm ?
Pink boll worm has developed resistance to BG I ( Dhurua and Gujar 2010)
In 2015 pinkboll worm infestation occurred in some pockets of Gujarat,
Maharashtra, Andhra pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka
low late-season expression reduces the efficacy of Bt-cotton on pink
bollworm slightly.

58. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
27 40 60 68 75 80 87 96 104 110 116 124 133 138 152 159
Days after sowing
ug/gfreshweight
Top leaf Middle leaf Bottom leaf Square bract Square bud
Cry1Ac expression in Bt-cotton (average of 8
hybrids)
CICR
• Expression @ 0.002 to 18 ppm
• Boll rind, square bracts, ovary & pollen, have the lowest expression
@ 0-1.5 ppm
• Leaves, square buds & raw cotton seed express @ 0.1 to 18 ppm
•

59. 0
50
100
150
200
250
60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Cry2Ab2inug/gmfreshweight
Days after sowing
Top Leaf
Mid-Leaf
Bot-Leaf
Cry2Ab2

60. Will bollworm develop resistance to Bt-cotton?
How long will it take to develop resistance?
Will the 5-row refugia strategy help?
If it does not, what can be done in India?
Do we have any India-specific strategies?
Bollworm resistance to Bt-cotton

61. Illegal, spurious and fake seeds
Illegal BesTpackets Original Fake
Amazing (spurious !!) sense of humour

62. Advantages of Bt cotton in India
 Bollworm control: Preventing yield losses from an estimated
damage of 30.0 to 60.0% each year in India thus far from 2002
to 2011.
 Increased yield: Yields are estimated to have increased at
least by 30.0% due to effective protection from bollworm
damage.
 Reduction in pesticide use for bollworm control: 46% in
2001, 26% after 2006 and 21% during 2011-12 (Kranthi,
2012).

63. Disadvantages of Bt cotton
 Small and marginal farmers of India can not afford the high
cost of Bt cotton seeds, Rs.1600 for 450 g of seeds.
 Effectiveness up to 120 days, after that the toxin producing
efficiency of the Bt gene drastically reduces (Jeyakumar et al.,
2008).
 Adverse effect on insecticide manufacturing companies due to
reduced use of pesticides significantly by Bt cotton.
• Ineffective against sucking pests like jassids, aphids, whitefly
etc.
• Adverse effect on the employment of those persons engaged
in pesticide industries.
• Promotes malpractices such as mixing of low-cost non Bt
cotton seeds with high cost Bt cotton seeds for sale.

64. Insecticide usage in cotton
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Insecticide usage for
boll worm Insecticide usage for
sucking pests
1995-2004
2005-2011
Kranthi , 2012

65. Bt Brinjal
 Mahyco in collaboration with TNAU, Coimbatore and UAS, Dharwad
developed Bt Brinjal in India by inserting Cry1Ac gene against Brinjal shoot and
frit borer Leucinodes arbonalis - Bt Brinjal Event EE I
 India imposed moratorium on Bt Brinjal release on 9th Feb 2010.
Bt Brinjal varieties viz., Bt Uttara, Bt Kajla, Bt Nayantara, and Bt ISD006
cultivated successfully in Bangladesh from 2014.
 120 farmers in 12 ha land planted Bt Brinjal
Problems are
8% farms suffered severe loss from bacterial wilt (BARI 2015)

66. Fate of GM foods in pipeline?????
66

67. • There is no evidence that the adverse effects
of transgenic plants, if any, to the non-target
organisms are greater than the conventional
insecticides
• The risks involved are related to nature of the
transgene, not the process.
• There is a need for a long-term assessment of
the interactions of transgenic plants with the
target and non-target organisms.
Conclusions

69. THANK YOU