2. Indicator
Indicators are variables that help to measure changes,
directly or indirectly (WHO).
Indicators are “an indirect measures of an event or
condition”. For example: a baby’s weight for ages is
an indicators of the baby’s nutritional status. (Wilson
& Sapannuchart, 1993).
An indicator is “a statistic of direct normative interest
which facilitates concise, comprehensive and
balanced judgments about conditions of major
aspects of a society” (Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, 1969).
Indicators are variables that indicate or show a
given situation, and thus can be used to
measure change” (Green, 1992).
3. Indicator
Impact indicators: (What criteria will indicate that we have achieved our goal )
These are often very broad, are often collected from secondary sources (such as census), and have
to be tracked from pre-intervention to post-intervention
Indicators are clues, signs, and markers as to how close we are to our path and how much
things are changing. Indicators are criteria that help us monitor and evaluate our project.
Outcome indicators: (What criteria will indicate that we have achieved our objectives )
Outcome indicators help determine if we have accomplished what set out to change. They are often
difficult to measure and require specific data collection.
Process indicators: (What criteria will indicate whether we have carried
out activities as proposed)
Process indicators track the units of our activity and their outputs. They collect when as
activities happen. Indicators for the quality of activities are also collect.
Output indicators: These are things produced by the project. Example include new or
trained staff, information materials etcs,
Inputs indicators: These are the things needed for the project to
occur. They are like the raw ingredients needed to cook a meal.
Example include people to do the work and money.
4. Impact & Outcome
Indicators
Goal
Objective4
Objective2
Objective 1
Objective3
Levels of Indicators
Goal: Statement of a desired, broad, long-term outcome of the program;
expresses general program intention and helps guides the program’s
development.
Objective: Statement of desired, specific, reasonable, and measurable
program results.
Active Verbs:
Determine objetive
Increase
(Augment)
Reduce
(Decrease)
Expand (Amplify)
Improve
(Enhance, Refine)
Reinforce
(Strengthen)
Change (Modify)
Process
Indicators
6. Some Criteria for Good indicators
Valid Does the indicator directly represent the
objective it is intended to measure?
Objective Is the definition precise and easy to
understand about what is to be measured?
Reliable Is the data consistent or comparable over
time?
Accessible Can data be collected easily, on a timely
basis at reasonable costs?
Useful Will the data have utility for decision-making
and learning?
Owned Do partners and stakeholders agree that
this indicator makes sense to use?
7. តម្លៃលទ្ធផលរំពឹងទ្ុក Targets
តតើអ្វីនិងចំនួនបុន្មា នដែលត ើងចង់សំតរចបាន? What or how many do we wish to accomplish?
សម្រាប់សូចន្មករនីលួ ៗ ត ើងចំបាច់កំណត់តម្លៃលទ្ធផលរំពឹងទ្ុក For eachindicator weneed to assign a
target value;
ត ើងបញ្ជា ក់តម្លៃលទ្ធផលរំពឹងទ្ុកតោ សួរសំណូ រ- តតើអ្វីខ្ៃះ ឬចំនួនបុន្មា នដែលត ើងសងឃឹលថានឹងទ្ទ្ួលបានតៅកនុងរ ៈតពលកំណត់លួ
we specify the target by asking—what or howmuch we hope to obtain in a
determined timeframe;
8. SMART
SMART
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Result oriented
Time bound
What, How much, Who, Where, When and how
At the end of the year 2005, 50 % ( 10,000) of PLHAs
in Cambodia has recieved ARV at all ART services by
improve the quality of CoC program.
Specific: Does the objective clearly specify what will be
accomplished and by how much?
Measurable: Is the objective measurable?
Appropriate: Does objective make sense in terms of what the
program is trying to accomplish?
Realistic: Is the objective achievable given available resources and
experience?
Time-based: Does the objective specify when it will be achieved?
