6. Normal values
►Adult male: 14 – 18gm/dl
►Adult female: 12 – 16gm/dl
►1 – 2 years: 11 – 15gm/dl
►Hb falls in old age
7. Cut-off values (WHO 1998)
Age group Hemoglobin
6 months to 5 years 11 g /dl
5 years to 11 years 11.5 g /dl
Adult male 13 g /dl
Adult female 12 g /dl
Previous value is important
14gm/dl with 15.5gm/dl in the previous
week
9. Evaluation
►Anemia may be primary disorder or
secondary to other systemic process
►Aim is not just to diagnose anemia but to
find the cause of anemia
►A systematic approach is very essential
►Avoids expensive and invasive diagnostic
tests
11. Evaluation
History
Personal : menstrual history, blood loss
Past : diabetes mellitus, TB
Drug : marrow suppression
Occupational : welders exposed to lead
Social : IV drug users
Dietary
►Different types of food and their quantity
►Pica
18. Microcytic hypochromic anemia
►Disorders of iron metabolism
Iron deficiency anemia ,Anemia of chronic disorders
►Disorders of globin synthesis
Thalassemias
►Disorders of heme and porphyrin synthesis
►Sideroblastic anemia
►Lead poisoning
21. Macrocytic anemia
Megaloblastic anemia
Vit B12 deficiency
Folate deficiency
Combined folate and Vit B12 deficiency
Inherited disorders of DNA synthesis
Drug induced disorders of DNA synthesis
Erythroleukemia
24. Normocytic normochromic anemia
Decreased erythropoietin secretion
Anemia of chronic disorders
Anemia of renal insufficiency
Anemia of endocrine deficiency
25. Pathogenetic classification
Anemia due to blood loss
A/c post hemorrhagic anemia ,C/c blood loss
Impaired red cell production
Nutritional anemias
Iron def anemia, Vit B12 and/or folate def
Defect in stem cell proliferation
Aplastic anemia, pure red cell aplasia
Infiltrative disorders of marrow
Anemia of chronic disorders
Congenital anemias
26. Pathogenetic classification
Increased red cell destruction -Hemolytic anemia
►HA due to intrinsic mechanisms
►HA due to extrinsic mechanisms
Splenic pooling and sequestration
27. Hemolytic anemia
HA due to intrinsic mechanisms-
Congenital
►Defects in red cell membrane
Hereditary spherocytosis, Hereditary elliptocytosis
►Defects in globin structure
Sickle cell anemia, Unstable Hb disease
►Defects in globin synthesis
Thalassemia
►Deficiency of red cell enzymes
G6PD deficiency, Pyruvate kinase deficiency
Acquired
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
28. Hemolytic anemia
HA due to extrinsic mechanisms
Immune hemolytic anemia
HDN, blood transfusion reactions, autoimmune HA
Red cell fragmentation syndromes
Microangiopathic HA, HA due to prosthetic valves
HA associated with infections
Black water fever, Clostridial sepsis
HA caused by chemical agents
Snake and spider venoms, acute drug reactions
HA caused by physical agents
Thermal injury
38. Pathogenetic classification of
anaemia
Anemia
Blood loss
A/C or C/C
Rate of Destruction
(Hemolytic Anemia)
Red cell production
Proliferation of
Intra
corpuscular
Extra
corpuscular
Stem cells
Aplastic anemia
RBC
Fe. B12. F olate
The best places to check for pallor that may indicate anaemia are the conjunctiva, the nail beds and the palms of the hands. This patient with iron deficiency anaemia has conjunctival pallor.
Glossitis and angular stomatitis in iron deficiency anemia