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Nutrient equilibrium
- 1. Nutrient Equilibrium Presented by Sarah Ahmed Presented to Miss Rimsha Zulfiqar Course code FN-501 Course title Physiological aspects of Nutrition BSc(Hons). Home Economics
- 2. Nutrients 01
- 3. Nutrients Any substance that provides nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and for growth. Nutrients are molecules in food that all organisms need to make energy, grow, develop, and reproduce. Nutrients are digested and then broken down into basic parts to be used by the organism .
- 4. Major nutrients 01 Carbohydrates Quick energy 04 Vitamins Make energy 02 Lipids Store energy 05 Minerals Cell functions 03 Proteins Structural support 06 Water Osmotic pressure
- 5. Types of Nutrients Concentration High concentration inside the body. It leads to obesity and diabetes. Concentration Minute concentration inside the body. Excessive ingestion It leads to suppressing immune function. Consequences of deficiency It can cause PEM, Kwashiorkor, marasmus etc. Consequences of deficiency It causes diseases like night blindness, beriberi, scurvy, goiter etc. Macro nutrients Macro nutrients Excessive ingestion
- 6. Absorbtion of Nutrients ● Animals are heterotrophs, ● They absorb nutrients or ingest food sources ● The majority of animals, use a mouth to ingest food. Absorptive feeders,, live in digestive system of another animal and absorb nutrients from that animal directly through their body wall. ● Plants are autotrophs. ● Plants can absorb inorganic nutrients through their root system, and carbon dioxide from the environment. ● The combination of organic compounds, along with water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight, produce the energy that allows plants to grow. Animals Plants
- 7. Nutrient Cycle A nutrient cycle (or ecological recycling) is the movement and exchange of organic and inorganic matter back into the production of matter. Energy flow is a unidirectional and noncyclic pathway, whereas the movement of mineral nutrients is cyclic
- 8. Nutritional Equilibrium Nutritional Equilibrium means that you consume just the right amount of calories, macronutrients and micronutrients from your diet. In an optimal nutritional state, all of your nutritional needs are met without exceeding your caloric needs. Maintaining a stable healthy weight, having low blood cholesterol and healthy blood-pressure levels are just a few signs of being nutritionally equilibrated.
- 9. Nutrient Equilibrium The nutrient equilibrium is defined as the difference between the nutrient inputs entering a system and the nutrient outputs leaving the system. Nutrient equilibrium provide information about environmental pressures.
- 11. Nutrient Exchange The heart, blood and blood vessels work together to service the cells of the body. Using the network of arteries, veins and capillaries, blood carries carbon dioxide to the lungs (for exhalation) and picks up oxygen. From the small intestine, the blood gathers food nutrients and delivers them to every cell.
- 12. Nutrient Exchange Exchange of Gases, Nutrients, and Waste Between Blood and Tissue Occurs in the Capillaries. In the lungs, capillaries absorb oxygen from inhaled air into the bloodstream and release carbon dioxide for exhalation
- 13. Homeostasis 02
- 14. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, and infographics & images by Freepik. Please keep this slide for attribution. Homeostasis Homeostasis is the tendency not to stray from the range of favorable or ideal internal conditions.. Maintaining a stable internal condition is crucial to any form of living thing. Different physiological strategies are employed to maintain the proper functioning of a system in spite of the external environment’s dynamicity.
- 15. Etymology The term homeostasis comes from the Ancient Greek ὅμοιος (hómoios, meaning “similar”), from στημι (hístēmi, “standing still”) and stasis, from στάσις (stásis, meaning “standing”). The concept of homeostasis was first described in 1865 by Claude Bernard, a French physiologist. However, the term was coined later in 1962 by the American physiologist Walter Bradford Cannon.
- 16. Homeostatic equilibrium The tendency of an organism or a cell to regulate its internal conditions, usually by a system of feedback controls, so as to stabilize health and functioning, regardless of the outside changing conditions
- 17. Components of Homeostasis Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Receptors Control center Effectors
- 18. Components of Homeostasis Control center Component that processes impulses relayed by the receptors. The effectors are the target of the homeostatic response that would bring the reversion of conditions Receptor Receives Information regarding the status of the body. Effector
- 19. Receptors Photoreceptors receptors that react to light stimuli Thermo receptors receptors in a sensory cell sensitive to changes in temperature Mechanoreceptors receptors in the skin that reacts to various mechanical stimuli Interceptors receptors that respond to stimuli inside the body
- 20. Homeostatic Mechanisms Homeostatic mechanisms responds to an agitation may be in the form of a looping mechanism that may be positive or negative. Positive feedback maintains the direction of the stimulus. Negative feedback is a self- regulatory system and is employed in various biological systems
- 21. Blood clotting The formation of a blood clot is an example of positive feedback. The conversion of blood from a liquid into a solid form entails series activations of clotting factors. As soon as one clotting factor is activated, the next clotting factor is activated, resulting in the formation of a fibrin clot. In this process, the direction of the stimulus is maintained.
- 22. Blood clotting
- 23. Thermoregulation Thermoregulation is an example of negative feedback. It refers to the homeostatic regulation of body temperature. The human body tends to maintain an internal temperature of about 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit also referred to as the set point. The core temperature is regulated chiefly by the nervous system, particularly the anterior hypothalamus and the preoptic area of the brain.
- 24. Thermoregulation
- 25. Blood homeostasis Human blood is comprised of cellular elements and plasma. While the cellular elements include the blood cells and the platelets, the plasma consists chiefly of water, about 95% by volume, and the remaining percentage includes dissolved proteins (e.g. serum albumins, globulins, fibrinogen), glucose, clotting factors, electrolytes, hormones, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. The levels of these components in the blood plasma go through homeostatic regulation
- 27. Osmoregulation The amount of water molecules between these two fluids needs to be regulated and stabilized. The body does so by osmoregulation. The homeostatic mechanism is initiated by the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus. These receptors are sensitive to osmotic pressure changes. When these receptors detect hypertonicity (more solute) or hyper- osmolality in the extracellular environment, vasopressin is released into the circulation.
- 28. Osmoregulation .
- 29. Biological Importance of Homeostasis Homeostasis is important to maintain and sustain life. Without these homeostatic mechanisms to ensure that the innate variables are kept within the optimal or suitable values, there would be instability in the body. The system would not be able to function properly and efficiently. In the long run, the individual would get ill, or worse, face death from the failure of the body to rectify rogue variables that impede the system to function as it should.
- 30. Thank you
Editor's Notes
- A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. The requirement for dietary nutrient intake applies to animals, plants, fungi, and protists.
- The words nutrient and nourish both come from the Latin word nūtrīre, "to feed, nurse, support, preserve." Although usually used as a noun, the word nutrient started out in 1650 as an adjective meaning "providing nourishment." It's important to your health to get the proper nutrients, so the food pyramid was developed
- Carbohydrates are referred to as energy-giving foods. 65% of our energy comes from carbohydrates. This energy is usually in the form of glucose. The main sources of carbohydrates are bread, wheat, potatoes, rice, sweets, sugar cane, sweet fruits, and honey Fats and oils are concentrated sources of energy and so are important nutrients for young children who need a lot of energy-rich food Fat is found in meat, chicken, milk products, butters, creams, avocado, cooking oils and fats, cheese, fish and ground nuts. Saturated fats . Unsaturated fats Proteins About 10–35% of calories should come from protein. Proteins are needed in our diets for growth and to improve immune functions. All animal foods contain more protein than plants and are therefore usually better sources of body building foods Vitamins are also called protective foods. They are grouped together because, as their name implies, they are a vital factor in the diet. Classifications of vitamins Vitamins are classified into two groups: Fat soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E and K) Water soluble vitamins (vitamins B and C, and folic acid) The best sources are fruits and vegetables Minerals Minerals are the substances that people need to ensure the health and correct working of their soft tissues, fluids and their skeleton. Examples of minerals include calcium, iron, iodine, fluorine, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, selenium, and sodium. Water:50 kg adult contains about 31 litres of water For the body to make cells and fluids such as tears, digestive juices and breastmilk
- Protein Energy Malnutrition
- such as tapeworms
- Mineral cycles include the carbon cycle, sulfur cycle, nitrogen cycle, water cycle, phosphorus cycle, oxygen cycle, among others that continually recycle along with other mineral nutrients into productive ecological nutrition.
- A balanced diet supplies the nutrients your body needs to work effectively. Without balanced nutrition, your body is more prone to disease, infection, fatigue, and low performance If you notice sudden weight gain or lack of energy, it may be time for you to adjust your die Children who don't get enough healthy foods may face growth and developmental problems, poor academic performance, and frequent infections
- . Capillaries are tiny vessels that branch out from arterioles to form networks around body cells
- Such conditions must be kept the same constantly
- The ability of the body or a cell to seek and maintain a condition of stability within its internal environment when dealing with external change.
- It monitors and perceives the changes in its environment, both the internal and the external. It is in the form of a sensory nerve terminal that receives the information (i.e. stimulus) and then responds by producing a nerve impulse
- (called feedback mechanism) It tends to accelerate or promote the effect of the stimulus. Examples are labor contractions, blood clotting, and action potential generation. . It reverses the direction of the stimulus and tends to inhibit the source of stimulus or slow down the metabolic process.
- (98.6 ˚F, equivalent to 37 ˚C),
- In the case of osmoregulation, vasopressin targets the kidney to exert an antidiuretic response, particularly by promoting water reabsorption, thereby inhibiting further water loss. Apart from the vasopressin release, the hypothalamus also stimulates the thirst center of the brain to increase the urge to drink water. In the case of hypo-osmolality in the external environment, there is a low plasma vasopressin level. In consequence, water is not reabsorbed from the kidney tubules and therefore excreted into the urine.