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Nutrition PPT
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NUTRITION & FOOD SAFETY
Presented By: Dr. Rahama Sanusi Karama (PhD Scholar)
Supervised By: Prof. Dr. Ajoke Akinola
Department of Public Health- School of Allied Health Sciences
NOIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
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CONTENTS
Introduction
Definitions
Essential vitamins
Types of nutrition
Factors affecting nutrition
Characteristics of a healthy diet
Balanced meal
Sign of nourished person
Healthy food pyramid
Malnutrition & Undernutrition
Indication of Undernutrition
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CONTENTS CONT…
Types of malnutrition
Symptoms of malnutrition
Protein-energy malnutrition
Measurements of malnutrition
Prevalence of malnutrition in India
Determinant of malnutrition
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INTRODUCTION
The science of nutrition is one of the youngest of the
sciences
Nutrition as a science was found by Lavoiser (the father
of chemistry and also the father of nutrition) towards the
end of 18th century.
Nutrition, nourishment, or aliment refers to the nurturing
of our body to keep it healthy and functioning as it is
supposed to do. We consume food for maintenance of
health, growth and to develop greater resistance against
infections.
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DEFINITIONS
Nutrition is the study of food in relation to health of an individual, community or society and the
process through which food is used to sustain life and growth
Nutrients : A nutrient is an essential substance in natural food sources. It provides body heat and
energy, builds and repairs body tissues, and regulates life processes
Our body needs nutrients to:
Fuel our energy
Help us grow
To repair itself
To maintain basic bodily functions
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TYPES OF NUTRIENTS
1. Macro-Nutrients- essential for human survival and growth
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Water
2. Micro-Nutrients- essential for growth and enhance the function and usability of
macro-nutrients
Vitamins
minerals
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1. Macronutrients: are those which the body requires
in large amounts. e.g. carbohydrates, proteins,
lipids, and water. These requirements are
measured in grams.
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Carbohydrates: are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. The major food sources of
carbohydrates are grains, milk, fruits, and starchy vegetables
like potatoes. Non-starchy vegetables also contain
carbohydrates, but in lesser quantities.
Carbohydrates are broadly classified into two forms based on
their chemical structure:
Fast-releasing carbohydrates known as simple sugars: consist
of one or two basic units, e.g. simple sugars and glucose
Slow-releasing carbohydrates: are long chains of simple sugars
that can be branched or unbranched.
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Lipids are also a family of molecules composed of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but unlike
carbohydrates, they are insoluble in water. Lipids are
found predominately in butter, oils, meats, dairy
products, nuts, and seeds, and in many processed
foods. The three main types of lipids are
triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.
The main job of lipids is to store energy
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Molecules composed of chains of amino acid
subunits are called proteins. The food sources of
proteins are meats, dairy products, seafood, and a
variety of different plant-based foods, most notably
soy.
Proteins provide structure to bones, muscles and
skin, and play a role in conducting most of the
chemical reactions that take place in the body.
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Water is the one other nutrient that we must have in
large quantities. Water does not contain carbon, but
is composed of two hydrogens and one oxygen per
molecule of water. More than 60 percent of your total
body weight is water. Without it, nothing could be
transported in or out of the body.
According to the “rule of threes” a generalization
supported by survival experts, a person can survive
three minutes without oxygen, three days without
water, and three weeks without food.
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2. Micronutrients: are those which the body requires
in small amounts. These requirements are
measured in milligrams. (1/1000gm) and
micrograms (1/10,00,000gms) e.g. vitamins,
minerals and antioxidants
Minerals are solid inorganic substances that form
crystals and are classified depending on how much
of them we need.
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Vitamins are required to perform many functions in the body
such as making red blood cells, synthesizing bone tissue, and
playing a role in normal vision, nervous system function, and
immune system function. Deficiencies in vitamin can cause
severe health problems. For example, a deficiency in niacin
causes pellagra. Until scientists found out that better diets
relieved the signs and symptoms of pellagra.
The thirteen vitamins are categorized as either water-soluble
or fat-soluble
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FACTORS AFFECTING
NUTRITION
Age
Lifestyle
Food habits
Culture, Ethnicity, and Religious Practices
Other Factors:
Food preferences
Gender
Stress, depression and alcohol abuse
Medications, GI disorders
Quality of food
Quantity of food
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WHAT IS A HEALTHY DIET
A healthy diet is the foundation of good health
Recommendation to have a healthy diet:
Eat moderate amounts of fats and oils
Eat a variety of foods
Eat plenty of vegetables and fresh fruits
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CHARACTERISTICS OF A HEALTHY
DIET
The diet is able to satisfy one’s energy and nutrient needs for
proper body functions, growth and development, daily activities
and maintenance of health while keeping well within one’s
caloric needs
The food is of good quality and quantity of consumption is
enough for a person
The diet emphasizes vegetables, fruits, whole grains, root
crops, fat-free or low fat milk, lean meats, poultry, fish, egg,
beans and nuts. It is also low in saturated fats, trans fats,
cholesterol, sodium and added sugars
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DEVELOPING GOOD NUTRITION
Developing good nutrition practicing good eating habits. Here
are sure ways to develop good and a sound and healthy well-
being
Eat the right kind and the right amount of food
Pack a home-prepared food
Eat nutritious snacks
Avoid eating spicy foods
Have plenty of rest and outdoor exercises
Eat your meals on time and in the company of your family
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EFFECTIVE NUTRITIONAL PLAN
Breakfast is the most important meal of the day
Attempt to eat 4-6 meals per day
Minimum of 8 glasses of water per day
Attempt to consume carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in every
meal
Vegetables are the best source of vitamins and minerals
Read labels and understand serving sizes
Supplements should be used as supplements
Make a lifestyle change- diets often fail
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THE BALANCED MEAL
Studies have shown that people who are well nourished
generally eat balanced meals
A balanced meal contains all the food nutrients needed by the
body in the right amount
The simplest and easiest way to check the nutritional adequacy
of a meal is by using the Recommended Daily Allowance
(RDA) guides provided by the Food and Nutrition Research
Institute (FNRI)
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Sign of a well-nourished and healthy
person
Appearance of clear eyes
Clean and smooth skin
A general appearance of vitality and well-being
Good body posture
Absence of any pain
Resistance to infection
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UNDERNUTRITION
Undernutrition: is a form of malnutrition, It results from
inadequate intake of essential nutrients over an extended
period of time. On the other hand, any amount of food
added beyond what is required based on one’s age group
and when taken regularly overtime, will lead to
overnutrition
Undernutrition includes: undernourished people
(insufficient calorie intake), being underweight for one’s
age, too short for one’s age (stunted), dangerously thin
(wasted), and deficient in vitamins and minerals
(micronutrient malnutrition)
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INDICATORS OF UNDERNUTRITION
Married women Anemia
Pregnant women Anemia
BMI
Low weight gain
Lactating women Anemia
BMI
Children Low birth weight
Stunting
Wasting
Infant mortality
adolescents Anemia
BMI
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MALNUTRITION
Malnutrition: is the relative lack or absolute deficiency, or
excess of one or more essential nutrients. This results when
the body does not get the proper kind and the right amount of
nutrients that it needs for growth and survival. It also results
when the body takes much more nutrients than it needs
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2 TYPES OF MALNUTRITION
1. Acute malnutrition
Describes the present state of nutrition as indicated by your
weight in proportion to your height
2. Chronic malnutrition
Describe the state of nutrition as shown by your height in
relation to your age
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SYMPTOMS OF MALNUTRITION
Underweight or overweight for one’s age
Poor appetite
Feeling Weak and tired
Lack of proper sleep
Pale
Sores appearance at the corners of one’s mouth
Diminish vision in dim light
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PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION
(PEM)
The most common and widespread form of malnutrition. Infants
and young children are the ones seriously affected by this form
of malnutrition. The most severe forms of PEM are kwashiorkor
and marasmus
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Kwashiorkor
Kwashiorkor is caused by severe lack of protein and may occur
even if the children are getting enough calories from energy
foods. Children affected have low resistance against infection
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Marasmus
Marasmus is caused by lack of calories or inadequate amount
of protein. Children with marasmus are reduced to skin and
bones. They look like old people with withered and wrinkled
faces
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MEASUREMENT OF MALNUTRITION
Underweight: is defined as weight that is 2 standard deviations
below the WHO child growth standard for the particular age. In
other words, child is underweight if Z-scores of child for a given
weight for age is less than – 2 SD from the median of the
WHO/NCHS child growth standards or references.
Wasting: is defined as loss of body weight with reference to
height. In other words, child is having wasting if Z-scores of child
for a given weight for height is less than – 2 SD from median of
the WHO/NCHS
Stunting: is defined as a height that is more than 2 standard
deviations below the WHO child growth standards median. In
other words, child is stunted if Z-scores of child for a given height
for age is less than – 2 SD from median of the WHO/NCHS
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PREVALENCE OF MALNUTRITION IN
INDIA
Global scenario
Globally, approximately 149 million children under-5 suffer from
stunting. In 2018, over 49 million children under-5 were wasted
and nearly 17 million were severely wasted. There are now over
40 million overweight children globally, an increase of 10 million
since 2000. it is estimated that by 2050, 25 million more children
than today will be malnourished.
Indian scenario
India is one among the many countries where child under
nutrition is severe and also under nutrition is a major underlying
cause of child mortality in India.
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According to the report for 2019, india is ranked 102
out of a total of 119 countries. Prevalence of
undernutrition among under five children according
to the National family health survey (NFHS) in India
shows that 35.7% under five children were
underweight, 38.4% were stunted and 7.5% were
wasted.
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REFERENCES AND BOOK
1. Nutrition in public health: principles, Policies, and practice,
Second Edition. Arlene spark, Lauren M. Dinour Janel
Obenchian
2. Lawrence M, Worsley T, Editors. Public Health Nutrition: From
Principles to Practice. Routledge;2020 Aug 4
3. Principles of nutrition textbook; Nursing and Health Sciences
open textbook; Galileo, University System of Georgia
4. Carr T, Descheemaeker K, editors. Nutrition and Health.John
Wiley & sons; 2008 apr 15
5. Motarjemi Y, Moy G, Todd E, Editors. Encyclopedia of Food
Safety. Academic Press; 2013 Dec 12