IT IS AN AGE OF TRANSITION MARKING A BREAK FROM PAST ;A TIME FOR EVOLUTION OF NEW SPECIES AND WE START SEEING MODERN LOOKING FAMILIAR FACES AND FAMILIAR FLOWERS ; AN EPOCH KNOWN FOR EXPANDING GRASSLANDS WOODLANDS GIANT MAMMALS TERROR BIRDS AND FIRST MONKEYS .

1. Trials & Tribulations Chapter 15.3 Cenozoic 1
Oligoceneepoch
R.F.Zallinger-Yale University – Research.amanh.org –osho news

2. Trials & Tribulations 2
Rudolf.F.Zallinger – Yale university – Shanti-Osho news
A pod of large Dolphins ( Odontoceti )
Dr Boessenecker –Current Biology-Sci-news.com

3. Trials & Tribulations 3
Giant Mammals Giant Terror Birds
Indricotherium Andrews ornis
R.K.Charles – Palaeos Paterson-Prehistorico.fandom
Psilopterus affinis Bath ornis
Funk Monk – Wc - cc El fosalmaniaco - Wc - cc

4. Trials & Tribulations 4
Aegptopithecus – the first monkeys Mesohippus
Nobu Tamura – Wc – cc Heinrich harder .Wc .Publicdomain
Oligocene scenario at Riversleigh Australia
Wayne ferrebee- ferrebeekeeper.wordpress.com

5. Trials & Tribulations 5
Flowers Leeche Fruits
B navez – Wc – cc B navez – Wc – cc
There ancestors flourished in Oligocene
Flowers Cashew Fruits
Kateelkshetra – Wc – cc Abhishek Jacob- Wc – cc

6. Trials & Tribulations 6
Recent Grasslands - continuing from Oligocene !
Cassi Saari (above)Wc cc & George Chernilevsky(below)Wc – Public domain
Chir Pine Manchurian fir Chinese fir
Treesftf at Flickr- Wc – cc Darekk – Wc – cc Avlxyz- Flickr – WC - cc

7. Trials & Tribulations 7
Oligoceneepoch
An ‘age of transition’marking
a‘great break’from the past !
“ringingout the old”order
“ ringing in the new ”
The great extinction at its junction
with precedingEoceneresulting in
disappearanceof manyold species
and evolution of new varieties
The Cooling& dryingtrend had
set in and was the maindriving force ;
Evergreen rainforestsstartedshrinking and
got confinedto equatorial belt in due course
tropicalflora got gradually replaced
by temperatedeciduousspecies
grasses and deserts became common
angiospermsas such continuedto spread.

8. Trials & Tribulations 8
As Grasslands continuedto expand
horses & other herbivores appeared
following them the carnivoresentered
the scene and evolutionpickedup speed
Gymnospermslikepines& firs
also flourished but flowering plants
like cashews leeches beeches legumes
rosales and grassesstolethe show
So did the mammals and birds
Horses ,deer,camels,elephants
rodentsCats dogs roamed here and
there in Grasslandsand woodlands
But firstmonkeys appearedin Africa;
Soon both in old & new world monkeys
started jumping in the densejungles
of equatorialAfricaAsia southAmerica

9. Trials & Tribulations 9
Many mammals became giants
like Indricotherium thehornless
rhino the largest mammaland
largedolphinswhales & sharks
New species of birds were seen
raptorslikeeaglehawk falcons
appearedand someof the birds
became giants like ‘Terror Birds’
Amongstmarinefaunathe
whales & sharks had a hey day
foramanifera protistsand the
molluscsalso flourished
Other plant and animals also grew
but the epoch makingevents were
world wide spread of grasslands
and mammals& birdsof new varieties.
Luckilythe living beingshaving
alreadyfaced Trials at the beginning
were mercifullysparedtribulations at the end .