Reducing Open Defecation in New Baxipalli Village

Reducing Incidence of Open Defecation
October, 2015
This report tries to cover the experiments and learnings from the one year I spent in New
Baxipalli Village (Odisha) rebooting a failed sanitation project. The village had toilets that were
abandoned for more than a decade, most of them used as storage space. Now more than 90%
of the families in the village are using their toilet. This report is an attempt to capture how it all
happened.
Sanjay Renduchintala
Fellow, Youth for India
Email: san8055@gmail.com
http://in.linkedin.com/in/sanjayr1/

Acknowledgements
My work would have been impossible without constant support and challenge from Dr. Joe
Madiath, Founder and Hon. Chairman of Gram Vikas who has guided me through my
seemingly difficult endeavor with his immense knowledge and trust. He has funded my
experiments which resulted in great learnings and an observable change in sanitation of
New Baxipalli Village.
Secondly, I would like to acknowledge Mr. M. Vasudeva Rao, President of New Baxipalli
Village Committee who was a partner in successful implementation of the ideas. He was
the face of the community led sanitation effort and a dear friend.
Thirdly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Yashveer Singh who was then
Head of Strategy and Collaboration at Gram Vikas, and Ms. Geeta Verghese, Mr. Shuvajit
Payne and Ms. Sadaf Sethwala from Youth for India team for their commitment of making
this one year fruitful for me and being in constant touch throughout my journey.
Finally, I would like to thank Youth for India, Gram Vikas and Leaders of New Baxipalli who
provided me the platform and an environment that bred freedom of thought, collaboration
and great working experience.

Abstract
Many experts pronounce that the new Sustainable Development Goals agreed up on by
the member states of United Nations are all interconnected and it is more apparent for
Goal 6 – “Ensure access to water and sanitation for all” as it is directly attached to the well-
being and impacts progress in education, health, inequality and extreme poverty. This goal
itself has two inseparable entities as any possible benefits of access to clean water will be
nullified by ignoring hygiene and sanitation. India has made alarmingly slow progress in
sanitation even when compared to economically backward neighbors like Bangladesh and
Nepal. The reduction of open defecation by barely one percentage point a year in the last
decade proves an urgent need for intervention (the proportion of sample households
practicing open defecation was 55% in 2005-06 (National Family Health Survey) and 46% in
2013-14 (Rapid Survey on Children)).
Even though Government of India is assisting in building toilets and educating people
about the benefits of sanitation, without efforts focused on creating long term behavioral
change people are bound to get back in to old behavior patterns. There is much to learn
from successes and failures of organizations like Gram Vikas that has been working for
several decades in the field of water and sanitation.
During the one year I spent in association with Gram Vikas I was fortunate to encounter
one of their rare failures and had an opportunity to reboot the failed project. Through this
report I would like to present my observations on what impacts people’s decision making
and how communities work. I hope this case where I was able to improve toilet usage from
61% to 93% in a village with around 200 usable toilets will serve the purpose of training,
designing further strategies or at least being a thought provoking experiment.

Table of Contents
About Gram Vikas .........................................................................................................................................1
About New Baxipalli......................................................................................................................................1
Relationship with Gram Vikas...................................................................................................................1
About MANTRA.............................................................................................................................................2
Abandoned Toilets in New Baxipalli .............................................................................................................2
Health & Hygiene......................................................................................................................................3
Safety of Women and Children.................................................................................................................3
Dignity of Women.....................................................................................................................................3
Social Acceptance .....................................................................................................................................3
Convenience..............................................................................................................................................3
Initial Survey and Findings ............................................................................................................................4
Initial Attempts .............................................................................................................................................6
Shankaracharya of Puri.............................................................................................................................6
Youth Club.................................................................................................................................................6
Women SHGs ............................................................................................................................................6
Public meetings.........................................................................................................................................6
Understanding people and how they make decisions..................................................................................7
Lentil Experiment..........................................................................................................................................8
Pilot Phase.................................................................................................................................................8
Lentil experiment – Modified .....................................................................................................................11
Repeating the Modified Lentil Experiment.................................................................................................12
Summary of Results ....................................................................................................................................13
Appendix .....................................................................................................................................................14
Households not using toilet....................................................................................................................15
Households using toilet...........................................................................................................................16

1
About Gram Vikas
Gram Vikas' which literally means 'village development' is a non-governmental organization
that works with rural and tribal communities in India & Africa. Gram Vikas partners with
rural-communities to address their critical needs of education, health, safe drinking water,
sanitation, livelihoods and alternative energy in a manner that is sustainable, socially
inclusive, gender equitable and empowering.
About New Baxipalli
New Baxipalli is a fishing village in Ganjam district of Odisha. It is located near Gopalpur-
on-Sea, a famous tourist destination in the state. Being close to the border shared with
Andhra Pradesh most of the residents of the village speak Telugu. Fishing and related
activities comprise of primary professions here. Masonry and manual labor at construction
sites are on the rise now with increasing infrastructure development activities in this
region.
Relationship with Gram Vikas
This village was rehabilitated by Gram Vikas’ Social Housing project after Super Cyclone in
1999. Gram Vikas has also implemented multiple interventions in the areas of water and
sanitation, and livelihoods in an effort to rehabilitate the village from the disaster of Super
Cyclone.
Gram Vikas discontinued its relationship with New Baxipalli as the village fell short on the
obligation of repaying housing loans secured from HDFC for social housing project and
misappropriation of aid provided for improving livelihoods.
Now, Gram Vikas reentered the village as a socio-technical partner of Odisha State Disaster
Management Authority which is working in the region to construct disaster resilient houses
for the families affected by Phailin, a cyclone that occurred in 2013.

2
About MANTRA
To take advantage of the knowledge of the organization in handling water and sanitation
projects I visited few of the numerous villages where Gram Vikas was successful (Ilapada,
Beharaguda, Suldia, Jharmunda, Colonipada, Mualibenna, Pikol and Lakhanpur). Below is
my perspective on workings of MANTRA, Gram Vikas’ process of implementing their
flagship program in water and sanitation, based on my interaction with staff and
communities.
 Motivation is the key – It takes on an average of one year to motivate an entire
community to build toilets. Some villages may take just few months while others
may take much longer. Periodic public meetings are conducted to educate the need
and benefits of sanitation. Street plays or public screenings are used sometimes to
gain public attention.
 Water works as an incentive – Most of the time communities’ primary motivation to
build a toilet is because of the promise of tapped water at home.
 Public partnership – Training people to build their own toilet and ensuring a
functional Water and Sanitation committee facilitates public partnership.
 100% Sanitation – A village is taken up only when all the member households are
willing to build their own toilets. This is what I consider is the secret sauce of
MANTRA’s success. This creates required social pressure and public consensus on
what is acceptable behavior.
Abandoned Toilets in New Baxipalli
Toilets in New Baxipalli were built in 2002 as part of Water and Sanitation project by Gram
Vikas. After Gram Vikas discontinued its work in the village, people returned to their
original behavior pattern and began using toilets as store rooms. Although the community
had access to toilets with water supply it was unsuccessful in putting them to use as it
lacked intention. This problem is what one would call a last mile problem and there are
several factors that need to be considered to have a better understanding of the problem.

3
Health & Hygiene
“The inability to ensure long-term behavioral changes among both people and the health
care sector is reflected in repeated outbreaks of epidemics” read The Hindu talking about
the recent Dengue epidemic in the country’s capital. Besides a definite need to reform
Indian health care system there is also an urgent need for initiatives to create long lasting
improvement in something as basic as cleanliness and hygiene among the beneficiaries of
the system. Toilets are considered as the best medical advancement in the last 200 years
but the health benefits related to usage of toilets can be difficult to visualize as they are
spread over time. Some people even find using toilets as counter intuitive hygiene solution
and do not prefer relieving themselves at home. There is also aversion associated with
maintaining toilets.
Safety of Women and Children
Incidents like gang rape and murder of two girls, 14 and 15, in Katra, Uttar Pradesh, and a
nine year old girl mauled to death by stray dogs in Malvan, Gujrat point towards the
vulnerability young women and children are exposed to when they go to relieve
themselves.
Dignity of Women
Shame associated with women having to relieve themselves in the open is all prevalent but
rarely discussed. I have observed that the young women are ashamed of the act so much
that they do not carry water in order to keep this activity under wraps. There is a need to
sensitize men on the topic as the communities are patriarchal in structure.
Social Acceptance
Open-defecation as a practice is still socially acceptable in some communities. There needs
to be a community consensus in order to bring a lasting change.
Convenience
Convenience is a major factor that determines whether a family will use a toilet. I have
observed that families with older members or difficulty in accessing open areas tend to use
toilets more than others.

4
Initial Survey and Findings
Initial discussion on the problem of open defecation with the key people in the village
projected the problem to be very difficult as it was estimated that only 20%-30% of the
families use a toilet. This situation was discouraging as it was believed majority of the
families in the village were against using toilets to relieve themselves. I conducted a
baseline survey to understand the reality of the problem and below were the findings.
Index
Toilet not being used
Toilet being used
No toilet
NA
Link to Survey Data:
https://goo.gl/3fDzpa
Link to Pictures of Toilets:
https://goo.gl/n76SNr

5
Let me explain you the layout of the village before getting to the findings of the survey.
There are five lanes in the village all of them connect to the main road at the entrance and
end at the beginning of sand dunes. There are open areas on both sides of the village.
Streets 1 and 2 have an open area at the end of the first street used for defecation and
after street 5 (which leads to the sea) there is open area used by people from streets 4 and
5. People of street 3 go either way but as it’s not easily accessible for them they usually end
up using their toilets.
In the above represented layout of the village, green cells represent houses using toilets,
red cells represent houses not using toilets and yellow cells represent houses that have no
toilets. Unmarked cells were not surveyed. A sample of 153 households were surveyed for
this analysis and below are the learnings from the baseline survey.
% Utilization by Street % Utilization by Age
Households
Street
% Utilization Sample
Estimated
Total
%
Surveyed Age group
%
Utilization
1 56.4% 38 56 68% 0-15 43%
2 51.4% 41 79 52% 15-30 61%
3 76.9% 33 65 51% 30-45 58%
4 50.0% 25 46 54% 45-60 55%
Total 59.0% 137 246 56% 60+ 63%
 End of the street generally comprise of houses built recently that have no toilets
 Direction of the grey arrows in the figure indicate the general trend in location of
richer to poorer households
 Street 5 has lot of temporary/semi-permanent houses with no toilets
 Street 4 has significant amount of houses that were destroyed by Phailin (cyclone)
and are being rebuilt at a different location
 It is a safe assumption to say more than 50% of the households in the village who
have a toilet are using them
 Street 3 has highest % Utilization because they do not have easy access to open
areas for defecation
 % Utilization is least in the households having children below 15 years of age

6
Initial Attempts
Based on the findings from the baseline survey, I was able to convince the leaders of New
Baxipalli that putting an end to open defecation was an achievable target as more than half
of the families that had a toilet were already using it. Also, it was obvious from the survey
that there needs to be a focus on younger families.
Shankaracharya of Puri
Shri. Shankaracharya of Puri visited New Baxipalli for inauguration of Jagannath temple. By
mere coincidence I ended up at his sath sangh where he addressed the influential and
affluent people of the region. When I brought up the issue of sanitation in this meeting, his
supportive words worked as good as a celebrity campaign in the village.
Youth Club
With the help of youngsters in the village we regrouped the youth club called ‘Azad Hind
Youth Club’ that takes care of water supply and maintenance. Though they couldn’t help
directly in improving the sanitation condition of the village, they were able to provide
reliable water supply for the village which was important for my efforts.
Women SHGs
Major activity of women SHGs in the village was buying fish from the fisherman and selling
it in the market. Understanding the troubles women were facing in the village due to lack of
privacy to relieve themselves, self-help groups have helped me in arranging meetings to
reach to women in the village and understand their perspective of the problem.
Public meetings
With the help of village leaders I have conducted awareness campaigns to talk about health
and hygiene. Meetings that were done at the village level had low turnout and very few
women but street level meetings had a greater turnout as they were more accessible and
attracted curious bystanders.

7
Understanding people and how they make decisions
In the course of my interactions while piloting awareness campaigns, I have seen how little
impact the health benefits make in convincing people to use toilets. This because of the
distant and unapparent benefits of hygiene. ‘Toilets’ is such a tabooed and rarely discussed
topic that people find it difficult to associate with other ideas like benefits of toilets or
troubles caused by unavailability.
It was important to understand how people make their decisions and what information can
help them make better decisions. My role here was to bring them information that was
vital in helping them make an associative map of ideas that revolve around toilets and how
they impact everyday life.
Numbers and facts might help people to reason and reach the right decision is what you
may assume but in problems like this, last mile problems, disconnect between the problem
and solution is due to counter intuitiveness of the solution. Some people find toilets as
counter-intuitive solution or at least an over precaution. In cases such as this, there is need
to understand what else is important for people that is impacted besides explaining the
unapparent rationale. You might have heard “The emotional tail wags the rational dog”, this
is an expression which psychologists use to explain how ideas that affect emotions are
recalled faster than ideas that trigger rational thinking. The ideas that are triggered
immediately when spoken of an object/idea generally shape our opinion or our decisions. I
have worked with the community to understand what are these facts that when realized
can help people make the right decisions.
Firstly, being a patriarchal community it was important to bring forward troubles of women
and responsibility of men, with whom the decision making power lies, in addressing the
situation. As most of you know, women go out to relieve themselves only before sunrise or
after sunset as they are ashamed of relieving themselves in the daylight. This exposes
them to a lot of security concerns. I have come to learn from some of the women here that
young women in an attempt to avoid embarrassment don’t carry water anymore. You
would be thinking if women are going through so much trouble, why don’t they complain?
That is because it has been a routine for years now and they would rather go through
suffering than face embarrassment to bringing up the topic. Like most of the women
issues, a reasonable solution can be achieved only when both the genders are sensitive
and participate in solving the issue.

8
Secondly, adverse effects of unhygienic conditions on children’s health and its impact on
his/her learning ability was highlighted. It was important to remind that good habits need
to be inculcated and parents have a major role to play. The role of toilets in avoiding
epidemics and how it safeguards their children from possible harm convinced more people
than mere knowledge about financial gains from health benefits.
Finally, I was able to show toilets that were damaged due to neglect and how that would
mean they might have to rebuild with larger investments when the need for convenience in
older age appears.
Through this journey of understanding what shapes people’s decision I was able to realize
the beauty of human nature, people value what benefits their loved ones more than what
benefits themselves.
Lentil Experiment
Awareness campaigns and street level public meetings brought decent results but a lot
more unmet intention for change. To tap into the potential change and to bridge the gap
between public intention and action, an experiment was designed to see if providing a
small incentive can help people to overcome procrastination and trigger action. It was
important to achieve results before people forgot about the campaign and problem of
open defecation hardened to seem unsurmountable again.
Pilot Phase
To establish a proof of concept, First Street with 51 target households was chosen for the
experiment. After a public meeting on explaining the intention behind the experiment, all
the houses were monitored for a week by random inspections. Households that were using
toilets were given an incentive of tur daal and other households were told if they fixed and
started using the toilets in the coming week they would be eligible for the incentive. Below
are the results from the pilot phase.

9
Toilet usage improved almost twice as compared to last ten years in just two weeks and by
three time during the entire campaign. Five families invested more than thrice the value of
the incentive in fixing their toilets. Even families that did not completely fix their toilets did
significant effort in clearing out their toilets. Toilets that served as storage space for
firewood and rearing ducks were transformed to show how much the head of the family
cared for his family’s welfare.
Toilet Usage - First Street
 The value of the incentive was more than the price as families considered it as a
matter of prestige
 Families fixed their toilet in part because of their own drive and in part because of
social acceptance
 Neighbors rarely interfered when a family decided against using toilet
No
21%
Till Last
Year
10%
Beginning
39%
This Year
12%
Now
18%
Toilet Usage
Beginning – Families using toilet
since 2002
Till Last Year – Families that started
using toilet after 2002 till the
beginning of intervention
This Year – Families using toilet
after intervention till before the
experiment
Now – Families that started using
toilet after the experiment
No – Families that are not using
toilet

10
Before After
Toilet cleared in during the two weeks of the experiment
Soak pit being fixed during the experiment

11
Lentil experiment – Modified
The experiment was modified to add an additional condition where households of a street
are divided into groups of approximately ten families and a group would receive the
incentive only when all the members of the group fixed and started using their toilets in
the stipulated time. This condition was imposed to ensure public participation in fixing the
neighborhood. A working committee was also created in the street to overlook the process.
Below are the results from Second Street with 62 target households.
Toilet Usage – Second Street
 Implementation was easier in the Second Street as people gained confidence from
the success in the First Street
 There was better participation as people liked to work in groups
 Families spent three to thirty times the value of the incentive to fix their toilets
 Three households that did not fix their toilets had genuine reasons and promised to
fix their toilets given more time
No
5%
Till Last
Year
18%
Beginning
43%
This Year
5%
Now
29%
Toilet Usage
since 2002
experiment
toilet

12
Repeating the Modified Lentil Experiment
Modified lentil experiment was repeated in Third and Fourth streets with 47 and 40 target
households respectively. All the households in these streets have fixed and started using
their toilets. These streets had higher toilet usage to begin with as they did not have easy
access to open areas to relieve themselves.
Toilet Usage – Third Street
Toilet Usage – Fourth Street
No
0% Till Last
Year
17%
Beginning
58%
This Year
4%
Now
21%
Toilet Usage
No
0% Till Last
Year
7%
Beginning
55%
This Year
8%
Now
30%
Toilet Usage
since 2002
experiment
toilet
since 2002
experiment
toilet

13
Summary of Results
 Overall toilet usage in the village improved from 61% to 93% in this year
 Toilets were adopted by more than twice the number of families that started using
the toilet in last decade
 Families that do not have toilets want to build toilets for their families now as more
than 90% of the village is using toilets
 This project has a potential of creating a bandwagon effect that will very soon
transform this village into a completely open defecation free village
Toilet Usage – New Baxipalli
No
7%
Till Last
Year
13%
Beginning
48%
This Year
7%
Now
25%
Toilet Usage
Total Households 200
Beginning 96
Till Last Year 27
This Year 14
Now 49
No 14
Beginning – Families using toilet since 2002
Till Last Year – Families that started using toilet after 2002 till the beginning of intervention
This Year – Families using toilet after intervention till before the experiment
Now – Families that started using toilet after the experiment
No – Families that are not using toilet

15
Households not using toilet
S. No. Name Effort Comments Street
1 J. Satayya Yes Not using - Didn't fix the door 1
2 L. Chinnaiah Yes Not using - Didn't fix soak pits 1
3 L. Ganesh Yes Not using - Didn't fix soak pits 1
4 K. Udhava Rao Yes Husband out of town - Need fixing 1
5 K. Bhima Raju No Old couple - Need help fixing 1
6 S. Parasayya No Not using - Didn't fix the door 1
7 L. Kamaiah No 1
8 J. Veeradasu No 1
9 L. Narayana No Ducks in the toilet 1
10 L. Gorayya No Hens in the toilet 1
11 L. Errayya No 1
12 K. Somayya Yes Doesn't want to spend on repairs 2
13 N. Venkatesh Yes Old woman in critical condition 2
14 T. Balaraju Yes Husband out of town; Needs his consent 2

16
Households using toilet
S.No. Name Using Since Detail Street
1 J. Ankamma This Year 2 Months 1
2 L. Mukunda Rao This Year 6 Months 1
3 L. Ram Murthy This Year 2 Months 1
4 S. Kamiah Beginning Beginning 1
5 D. Simhadri Beginning Beginning 1
6 L. Andrew Beginning Beginning 1
7 L. John Beginning Beginning 1
8 S. Raju Before This Year 5 Years 1
9 J. Krishna Beginning Beginning 1
10 S. Venkatesh Beginning Beginning 1
11 S. Jitendri Beginning Beginning 1
12 J. Krishna Murthy Before This Year 2 Years 1
13 M. Senapati Beginning Beginning 1
14 K. Gorayya Before This Year 4 Years 1
15 K. Lachayya Beginning Beginning 1
16 M. Vasudeva Rao Beginning Beginning 1
17 M. Narayana Beginning Beginning 1
18 K. Somiah Before This Year 4 Years 1
19 K. Simhadri Beginning Beginning 1
20 K. Ram Murthy This Year 1 Month 1
21 K. Anatha Rao Before This Year 5 Years 1
22 K. SImhadri This Year 6 Months 1
23 D. Koralayya Beginning Beginning 1
24 K. Daka Rao Beginning Beginning 1
25 K. Nagaraju Beginning Beginning 1
26 W. Kalayya Now Now 1
27 L. Jogaram Now Now 1
28 L. Babaji Now Now 1
29 K. Paul Now Now 1
30 D. Madayya Now Now 1
31 D. Krishna Murthy Now Now 1
32 J. Kama Raju Now Now 1
33 M. Savitri Beginning Beginning 1
34 M. Venkatesh Beginning Beginning 1
35 K. Dandasi Beginning Beginning 1
36 K. Naidu Now Now 1
37 K. Sriramulu Beginning Beginning 1

17
38 K. Pitambaram Beginning Beginning 1
39 K. Ramudu Now Now 1
40 K. Dilesh This Year 4 Months 1
41 K. Babaji Beginning Beginning 2
42 L. Narayana Beginning Beginning 2
43 D. Pedayya Beginning Beginning 2
44 O. Ravi Now Now 2
45 D. Simhadri Beginning Beginning 2
46 D. Ramiah Beginning Beginning 2
47 M. Simhadri Beginning Beginning 2
48 T. Maryamma Beginning Beginning 2
49 R. Kusuma Beginning Beginning 2
50 D. Ramiah Beginning Beginning 2
51 O. Korlayya Now Now 2
52 G. Adiamma Beginning Beginning 2
53 D. Laxman Rao Beginning Beginning 2
54 K. Giridhar Rao Now Now 2
55 L. Somiah Before This Year 2 years 2
56 K. Ramiah Beginning Beginning 2
57 Ch. Kalayya Before This Year 3 years 2
58 N. Jangamiah This Year 6 Months 2
59 K. Errayya Beginning Beginning 2
60 B. Bairagi Beginning Beginning 2
61 B. Poliah Now Now 2
62 K. Bhuvanesh Now Now 2
63 K. Bairagi Now Now 2
64 K. Danesh Now Now 2
65 K. Sanasamma Before This Year 4 years 2
66 K. Kamiah Now Now 2
67 B. Ramesh Beginning Beginning 2
68 O. Musliah Before This Year 2 years 2
69 G. Purushotam Before This Year 2 Years 2
70 G. Satti Now Now 2
71 S. Madhayya Before This Year 7 years 2
72 S. Raghavulu Before This Year 7 years 2
73 G. Lachayya Now Now 2
74 L. Bairagi Now Now 2
75 G. Chinniah Now Now 2

18
76 K. Bagirath Before This Year 4 years 2
77 K. Krishna Murthy Beginning Beginning 2
78 K. Kamiah Now Now 2
79 J. Errrayya Beginning Beginning 2
80 D. Korlamma Beginning Beginning 2
81 P. Laxmamma Beginning Beginning 2
82 D. Devaraju Before This Year 2 Years 2
83 L. Sanasi Beginning Beginning 2
84 Bhuvani Pradhan Beginning Beginning 2
85 Ch. Dhanraj Beginning Beginning 2
86 K. Padma Beginning Beginning 2
87 M. Mohan Rao Now Now 2
88 S. Rajamma Beginning Beginning 2
89 B. Jagannath Beginning Beginning 2
90 D. Rajesh This Year 2 months 2
91 Ganapati Sahu Before This Year 6 years 2
92 K. Krishna Beginning Beginning 2
93 N. Sanasi Before This Year 7 years 2
94 L. Shekar This Year 1 month 2
95 L. Somiah Now Now 2
96 L. Errayya Now Now 2
97 J. Gorayya Beginning Beginning 2
98 D. Elamma Now Now 2
99 M. Nilamma Now Now 2
100 Sandesh Sahu Beginning Beginning 3
101 K. Apparao Before This Year 10 Years 3
102 K. Yendayya Beginning Beginning 3
103 K. Raghavulu Beginning Beginning 3
104 K. Jagayya Now Now 3
105 K. Denabandu Beginning Beginning 3
106 S. Narayana Beginning Beginning 3
107 B. Mohan Rao Beginning Beginning 3
108 R. Erramma Beginning Beginning 3
109 B. Kamamma Beginning Beginning 3
110 B. Ramiah Beginning Beginning 3
111 B. Dasu Beginning Beginning 3
112 K. Endayya Beginning Beginning 3
113 Ch. Narsimhulu Beginning Beginning 3

19
114 K. Elasi Beginning Beginning 3
115 S. Vijay Before This Year 3 Years 3
116 K. Lachayya Now Now 3
117 B.Kamiah Now Now 3
118 M. Bhuvanesh Now Now 3
119 K. Simhadri Before This Year 4 Years 3
120 K. Appiah Before This Year 4 Years 3
121 S. Danesh This Year 1 Year 3
122 K. Balaji Beginning Beginning 3
123 U. Biaragi Beginning Beginning 3
124 K. Madayya Now Now 3
125 K. Chinayya Now Now 3
126 K. Ramesh Beginning Beginning 3
127 K. Kishore Beginning Beginning 3
128 K. Guru Murthy Beginning Beginning 3
129 K. Lokaraju Beginning Beginning 3
130 Ch. Simhadri Beginning Beginning 3
131 D. Mani Babu Before This Year 3 Years 3
132 K. Appiah Before This Year 4 Years 3
133 K. Guru Murthy Beginning Beginning 3
134 N. Jaga Rao Now Now 3
135 M. Madhava Rao Beginning Beginning 3
136 L. Simhadri Beginning Beginning 3
137 K. Krishna Murthy Now Now 3
138 R. Senapati Beginning Beginning 3
139 B. Somiah Now Now 3
140 S. Somiah Beginning Beginning 3
141 D. Rama Rao Before This Year 7 Years 3
142 B. Danesh Beginning Beginning 3
143 K. Ramiah Before This Year 6 Years 3
144 R. Kurmaya Beginning Beginning 3
145 K. Narayana This Year 6 Months 3
146 M. Mohan Rao Now Now 3
147 K. Garamma Now Now 4
148 K.Appiah Now Now 4
149 K. Ramiah Now Now 4
150 K. David Now Now 4
151 Ch. Sitamma Now Now 4

20
152 S. Ram Murthy Beginning Beginning 4
153 B. Danayya Beginning Beginning 4
154 S. Subbarao Beginning Beginning 4
155 S. Lokanath This Year 1 Year 4
156 K. Tatayya Now Now 4
157 E. Devadas Now Now 4
158 E. Kalamma Before This Year 3 Years 4
159 S. Nagesh Beginning Beginning 4
160 S. Appiah Beginning Beginning 4
161 D. Gopal Now Now 4
162 K. Rama Rao Beginning Beginning 4
163 R. Bairagi This Year 1 Month 4
164 R. Kamesh This Year 1 Month 4
165 K. Gorayya Beginning Beginning 4
166 K. Appiah Beginning Beginning 4
167 K. Ganapati Beginning Beginning 4
168 K. Tatayya Beginning Beginning 4
169 K. Erramma Now Now 4
170 D. Somayya Now Now 4
171 S. Ramiah Beginning Beginning 4
172 S. Madhava Rao Now Now 4
173 O. Narayana Beginning Beginning 4
174 O. Musliah Beginning Beginning 4
175 E. Bhudevi Before This Year 10 Years 4
176 E. Krishna Murthy Before This Year 10 Years 4
177 K. Moshiah Beginning Beginning 4
178 E. Ram Murthy Beginning Beginning 4
179 K. Ramadasu Beginning Beginning 4
180 S. Simhadri Beginning Beginning 4
181 Chandramma Naik Beginning Beginning 4
182 Vishwanath Sahu Beginning Beginning 4
183 Gopal Chandra Behra Beginning Beginning 4
184 Sombari Bayak Beginning Beginning 4
185 L. Avamma Now Now 4
186 K. Somayya Beginning Beginning 4

Reducing Open Defecation in New Baxipalli Village

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (19)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (12)

Similar to Reducing Open Defecation in New Baxipalli Village

Similar to Reducing Open Defecation in New Baxipalli Village (20)

Reducing Open Defecation in New Baxipalli Village