3. Food For Thought
َسْنِ ْ
ْلِل َ
سْیَّل ْنَا
ناََ ّٰ اِا ِنان
َس
یٰع
There is nothing for man except what he strives
for (Holy Quran, Chapter 53, Surah Najm verse
39).
4. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Emphasize words rather than quantification in the
collection and analysis of data
To obtain cultural specific information (e.g. opinion,
perception, behaviors and social context)
(Bryman and Bell, 2008; Creswell, 2003 and Mark et. al, 2005)
5. Ethics in QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
Voluntary Participation
Privacy
Informed consents
Evaluating risk of harm
No deception is involved
Right of withdrawal from the study
Data protection (Bryman and Bell, 2008)
6. Select an individual/participant to represent the entire
population
Selection based on first hand experience
Sampling in QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
8. Qualitative data collection methods
Data
collection
methods
Participant
observation
Document
analysis
Focus
group
Interviews
(For details, Consult your handouts)
9. Focus Group
(Qualitative data collection method)
Form of group interview
Emphasizes a specific theme to be explored in depth
These sessions are usually tape-recorded and
sometimes video-taped.
(Mack et. al. 2005)
10. Practical considerations of
conducting focus group
Tape recording and transcriptions
Ethical guidelines
Explaining the purpose of the focus group
Statement about confidentiality
Handling informed consent given by the participant
Sample size
Time duration
Open ended questions
Probing
Field notes
(Mack et. al. 2005)
11. Tips for Taking
Notes
Create a form on which to write your notes
Take notes strategically
Record participant identifiers
Use shorthand.
Record both the question and the response
Distinguish clearly between participant comments and your
own observations
Cover a range of observations
(Mack et. al. 2005)
12. Behavioral Techniques for Building
Rapport in Focus Groups
Fostering a relaxed, positive atmosphere
Be friendly
Make eye contact with participants (if culturally appropriate)
Speak in a pleasant tone of voice
Use relaxed body language
Incorporate humor where appropriate
Be patient and do not rush participants to respond
14. Practical consideration of participant observation
Remember ethical guidelines
Disclose the information
Confidentiality during participant observation
Responsibilities of observer
Site of observer
Observation time
Behavior of observer
Taking field notes
Preparing report
Participant Observation
(Qualitative data collection method)
15. What to observe during participant
observation?
(Mack et. al. 2005)
Appearance
Verbal behavior and interactions
Physical behavior and gestures
Personal space
Human traffic
16. Document as a Source of Data
(Qualitative data collection method)
Personal document
Diaries, letters, email discussions and autobiographies
Public document
Meeting minutes, magazines and newspapers
Audio-visual material
Photographs, video-tapes, art objects and films
Organizational document
Newsletter, organizational charts, consultancy reports,
manual for organizational policies i.e. recruitment,
training and development and company regulations
(Bryman and Bell, 2008)
18. Semiotics
Science of signs
Analyze symbols
Hermeneutics
Understanding or interpretation of texts
Attention to the social and historical context
Discourse analysis
Forms of communication other than talk (company mission statement,
websites, emails etc)
Content analysis
To highlight main themes
Cont….
19. Home Task
Identify a research topic
Design qualitative study
Design Interview Protocol