General APA Guidelines final.ppt

1
General APA Guidelines
Manuscript Pages
 Title page: Title, author’s name, and
other identifying information. Page 1
 Abstract: Page 2
 Introduction, Analysis & Discussion:
This is body of the research report
(containing four sections; Introduction,
Method, Results and Discussion)
beginning on page 3
 References: Listed together, starting on
a separate page,

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Manuscript Pages
 Appendixes (if any): Each appendix starts on
its own separate page.
 Author note (if any): Listed together, starting
on a separate page.
 Tables: Each starts on its own separate
page.
 Figure Captions: Listed together, starting on
a separate page.
 Figures: Each on its own separate page.

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Title Page
The title page is the first page of the
manuscript and contains four pieces of
identifying information:
(1) A running head for publication.
(2) The title,
(3) The author name,
(4) The author’s institutional affiliation,

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Employees’ job satisfaction 1
Employees’ job satisfaction (Running Head)
Effect of managerial functions on the level of satisfaction of new
employees
Summaya Hqqi
BBA
Department of Business administration
IQRA University, Karachi.
AN APA-STYLE TITLE PAGE
Page Header and
Page number
Max 50 characters
Centre title
Author names
Author Affiliations

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ABSTRACT
The abstract is a brief summary of the research study, totaling no
more than 120 words. The abstract focuses on what was done
and what was found in the study
IT CONTAINS
A one sentence statement of the problem or research question
A brief description of the subjects or participants (identifying how
many and any relevant characteristics)
A brief description of the research methods and procedures
A report of the results
A statement about the conclusions or implications

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Abstract
The issue of Job Satisfaction, Motivation in the workplace
and the role of Job Characteristics have been the cause of
intensive research for many years now and have given rise to
many theories. It is often assumed that all people receive
satisfaction by the same things. Actually a whole range of
factors satisfies employees. The way supervisors treat their
subordinates is obviously very important. The four
dimensions of management that are researched upon in this
paper are planning, organizing, controlling and motivating. All
these management functions, as the hypotheses suggests,
effect the job satisfaction of employees’. A total of hundred
bank employees were surveyed to identify what factors have
a greater effect on their level of job satisfaction. To achieve
this, a regression model was developed based on the
dependent and independent variables. The model identified
that out of the four independent variables, planning and
motivating have a significant effect on the level of satisfaction
of employees .
AN APA-STYLE ABSTRACT
Begin a new page
Center
No Indent
Statement of problem
Describe participants
Conclusion Or
Implications
Describe method &
results

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THE INTRODUCTION
The introduction presents a logical
development of the research question,
including a review of the relevant background
literature, a statement of the research
question or hypothesis, and a brief
description of the methods used to answer
the question or test the hypothesis.

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Employees’ job satisfaction
Effect of managerial functions on the level of satisfaction of
employees
Managers have to perform many roles in an organization and they need to handle various
situations, which will depend on their style of management. A management style is an
overall method of leadership used by a manager but managers must adjust their styles
according to the situation that they are presented with as well as the relationship behavior
(amount of support required) and the task behavior (amount of guidance required)
Job satisfaction emerges from a variety of factors, including characteristics of the
organizational environment, specific features of the job, and the personal characteristics of
the worker. Higher job satisfaction has been linked with employees who are able to exercise
autonomy (Sekaran 1989) and with those who have a higher level of job involvement
(Mortimer and Lorence 1989).
a considerate supervisor who treats his workers as human beings, respects their dignity, is
prepared to help them is respected. (Parkinson, Rustomji & Sapre, 1986)
Similarly, participation in the decision-making process (planning) can increase job
satisfaction (Parkinson, Rustomji & Sapre, 1986). Within superior-subordinate exchanges,
subordinates' perceptions of the exchange affect their attitudes about the job itself
(Wesolowski & Mossholder, 1997).
A questionnaire was designed to carry out the survey. Each participant was handed out a
questionnaire that consisted of various questions inquiring them about the practices of their
supervisors and its subsequent effect on their level of job satisfaction Based on the
arguments above the following hypotheses were developed
Level of satisfaction increases when subordinates are involved in the planning process by
their supervisors”.
“Level of satisfaction increases when subordinates are involved in the organizing process by
their supervisors”.
“Level of satisfaction of subordinates decreases when the supervisors implement high level
of control”.
“Level of satisfaction increases when the supervisors motivate their subordinates”.
AN APA-STYLE INTRODUCTION
Begin a new page
Center title
General
Introduction
Relevant literature
Purpose & Method
Hypothesis

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THE METHOD SECTION
The method section of a research report
describes how the study was conducted,
including the subject or participants, the
apparatus or material and the procedure used.
Usually a method section is divided into three
subsections:
I.Subjects or Participants,
II.Apparatus or Material, and
III.Procedures.

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public recognition, and/or participation (Business Balls, n.d.). Once this is identified, then
it would become a lot easier to direct them towards what is required of them, in this case
efficiency and effectiveness.
Method
Participants
Participants were selected from the newly hired employees of different banks
who had one year or less job experience with the same organization.
Materials
This was the study of a stochastic relationship, the level of job satisfaction was
measured, with relation to the job experience, & managerial behavior to new
employees
so no particular materials were required or used. A questionnaire was used as a
tool of primary data collection, from the respondents.
Procedure
Participants were given the questionnaire individually. After giving informed
consent, each participant completed a general demographic/personal history
questionnaire to collect information such as age, gender, details of job activities,
and job tenure with the company. The questionnaires were recollected after
being filled by the respondents and the data has been transferred to the
computer software for further statistical analysis.
AN APA STYLE METHOD SECTION
End of introduction
No new Page
Center
Italics & flush left
Describe
participants
Describe Apparatus &/or
Materials used
Describe process
of conducting study

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THE RESULTS SECTION
The results section of a research report presents
a summary of the data and the statistical
analysis.
 It begins with a statement of the primary
outcome of the study,
 Followed by the basic descriptive statistics
(usually mean and standard deviation) then
 The inferential statistics (usually the results of
hypothesis tests) and finally the measure of
effect size

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THE RESULTS SECTION
Reports of statistical significance should
be made in a statement that
identifies;
I. The type of test,
II.The degrees of freedom,
III.The outcome of the test and
IV.The level of significance

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Were tested individually, so that the responses be kept unbiased.
Results
A multiple regression model was used to determine the relationship between the
independent variables i.e. planning (PLN), organizing (ORG), controlling (CTRL) &
motivating (MTV), and the dependent variable i.e. job satisfaction (SAT) of employees.
A scale was developed, 3 being the highest, and 1 being the lowest score, to measure
the practices of the supervisors – independent variable.
Summary of the model in table – 3, indicates R Square value of 0.294 with F statistics
value of 11.301 significant at 0.000. It means that the model (independent variables:
planning, organizing, controlling & motivating) has explained almost 30 per cent of the
influencing factors that affect job satisfaction. However, this also indicates a 70 per cent
unexplained variation, showing that there are some significant variables missing in the
model. This may call for a further study in the same area. The significance of F value
suggests that the model calculation of R Square is correct.
Table – 4 shows Sum of Squares for the total variance of the phenomena, i.e. 3264.640,
with regression showing variance explained by the model framed in this research. Mean
while, the residual value depicts the variance unexplained by the model.
The F statistics value of 11.301 has a significance of 0.000.
The t value states the significance of the parametric values. While, Sig of t, shows that
planning and motivating are the two functions that have greater impact on the level of
satisfaction of employees with a significance of 0.047 and 0.000 respectively. Where as,
organizing and controlling have a significance of 0.808 and 0.297 respectively which
states that these two variables do not contribute immensely to the level of satisfaction of
employees.
Discussions
After surveying hundred bank employees using a questionnaire based on managerial
functions and its subsequent effect on the level of satisfaction of employees, a
AN APA STYLE RESULTS SECTION
End of method
Section, no new
page
Descriptive statistics
In a table placed at
The end of manuscript
Inferential
Statistics
Center

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THE DISCUSSION SECTION
The discussion section of a research
report restates the hypothesis,
summarizes the results, and then
presents a discussion of the
interpretations, implications and
possible applications of the results.

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organizing and controlling have a significance of 0.808 and 0.297 respectively which
states that these two variables do not contribute immensely to the level of satisfaction of
employees.
Discussion
After surveying hundred bank employees using a questionnaire based on managerial functions and
its subsequent effect on the level of satisfaction of employees, a regression model was formulated to
determine what functions (independent variable) have a greater effect on the level of satisfaction
(dependent variable). The results partially supported the hypotheses that the level of satisfaction of
employees’ is affected by the four managerial functions: planning, organizing, controlling & motivating.
Employees are considered to be more receptive when their supervisors engage them in the planning
process and/or provide them with incentives to enhance their work performance. Where as when
supervisors demonstrate control over their subordinates, and/or pursue more organizing techniques, it
results in lower level of job satisfaction of employees.
The way supervisors treat their subordinates is obviously very important. A supervisor who tries to
dominate his workers and insults them only creates bitterness. On the other hand, a considerate
supervisor who treats his workers as human beings, respects their dignity, is prepared to help them is
respected. (Parkinson, Rustomji & Sapre, 1986)
Similarly, participation in the decision-making process (planning) can increase job satisfaction
(Parkinson, Rustomji & Sapre, 1986). Within superior-subordinate exchanges, subordinates'
perceptions of the exchange affect their attitudes about the job itself (Wesolowski & Mossholder,
1997).
Besides the four researched factors, there are various other variables that have a significant effect on
the level of satisfaction of employees. Table – 2 provides a summary of the model. It indicates the R
Square value of 0.294 with F statistics value of 11.301 significant at 0.000, meaning that the model has
explained almost 30 per cent of the influencing factors that affect job satisfaction. The significance of F
value suggests that the model calculation of R Square is correct. The table also indicates that there is a
70 per cent unexplained variation, showing that there are almost 70% other unexplained variables
present that may have a significant effect on the level of satisfaction of employees that are not touched
upon in this research.
AN APA STYLE DISCUSSION SECTION
End of results
No New page
Restate
hypothesis
Relate to Other
Research
Implications
or
Applications
Center
Restate Results

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• APA style requires that you provide, in your text, brief parenthetical
references identifying each work referred to. The APA
format for parenthetical references is described below.
• At the end of your paper, provide an alphabetized "Reference List"
containing complete citations for all works cited or referred to
in your paper..
Reference List - Examples for Print Publications
BOOKS
General Format:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2004). Title of book. Location: Publisher
Examples: Holmberg, D., Orbuch, T., & Veroff, J. (2004). Thrice-
told tales: Married couples tell their stories. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

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CHAPTER IN A BOOK
General Format:
Author, A. A. (2004). Title of chapter. In A. Editor, B.
Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (p./pp. nnn-
nnn). Location: Publisher.
Examples: Stein, A. (1997). “The post effects”':
From taxonomy to post structuralism. In D. Owen
(Ed.), Sociology after postmodernism (pp.158-172).
London: Sage.

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JOURNAL ARTICLES
General Format
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author. C. C. (2004). Title
of article. Title of Journal, volume, page-numbers.
McCright, A. M., & Dunlap, R. E. (2003). Defeating Kyoto:
The conservative movement's impact on U.S. climate change
policy. Social Problems, 50, 348-373.
Stein, H. F. (2003, Spring). The inner world of workplaces:
Accessing this world through poetry, narrative literature,
music, and visual art. Consulting Psychology Journal:
Practice & Research, 55(2),84-93.

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MAGAZINE ARTICLES
General Format: Author, A. A. if named or Article title if
no author. (2004, Month day). Title of article if not given
before [useful descriptive information]. Title of Magazine,
volume if given, page-numbers.
Examples:
Kenji, M., & Tanako, K. (2003, February 13). Conflict
and cognitive control. Science, 303, 969-970.

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References
Holmberg, D., Orbuch, T., & Veroff, J. (2004). Thrice-told
tales: Married couples tell their stories. Mahwah, NJ:
Erlbaum
Kenji, M., & Tanako, K. (2003, February 13). Conflict and
cognitive control. Science, 303, 969-970.
McCright A. M., & Dunlap, R. E. (2003). Defeating Kyoto:
The conservative movement's impact on U.S. climate
change policy. Social Problems, 50, 348-373.
Stein, A. (1997). “The post effects”': From taxonomy to
post structuralism. In D. Owen (Ed.), Sociology after
postmodernism (pp.158-172). London: Sage. McCright,
Stein, H. F. (2003, Spring). The inner world of workplaces:
Accessing this world through poetry, narrative literature,
music, and visual art. Consulting Psychology Journal:
Practice & Research, 55(2),84-93.
Book reference
Journal Articles
Book Chapter
Magazine Articles

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Some Elements of Writing Style
 Impersonal Style
 Verb, Tense
 Biased Language
 Citations

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Guidelines for Typing or Word
Processing
The General APA guidelines require that
manuscript be ;
 Double spaced
 With no more than 27 lines of text per
page (8.1/2 X 11 inch page),
 With at least a one inch margin on all sides
 The text should have a straight left-hand
margin but an uneven or ragged right-hand
margin without hyphenation breaking
words at the ends of lines

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Guidelines for Typing or Word
Processing
 Indentation should be consistent throughout the
manuscript.
 Indent the first line of each paragraph 5 to 7
spaces;
 The preferred typefaces (Fonts) are 12 point,
Times Roman or 12 point Courier.

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 Page Numbers & Page Headers
Each page of the manuscript, except
the “figures” page, is numbered and
identified with a page header. The
page number should be positioned in
the upper “right-hand” edge.

General APA Guidelines final.ppt

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