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1. APPENDAGES OF THORAX (LEGS & WINGS) AND
THEIR MODIFICATIONS, ABDOMEN (MALE AND
FEMALE GENITALIA)
Dr. MuhammadHamidBashir
Assistant Professor
Department of Entomology
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

2. OUTLINE
Legs
Typical leg Modifications
Wings
• Typical
• Modifications
Wings
coupling
apparatus
Abdomen
Genitalia
• Male
• Female
APPENDAGES OF THORAX

3. FUN FACTS ABOUT INSECTS
Most successful creatures on the planet
Insects have been around for at least 350 million years
Over 900,000 described species (75% of all
animal species)
Biomass
•Diversified Habitat from aquatic to terrestrial

4. AN INSECT
Head Thorax
Abdomen
3 pairs of legs

5. THORAX
Prothorax Mesothorax Metathorax
Pterothorax
3 Segmented

6. Prothorax
Mesothorax Metathorax
Leg I Leg II Leg III
Pterothorax
Thorax
Fore wing
Hind wing

7. THORAX APPENDAGES
Legs Wings

8. Typical Leg
Coxa
 1st basal segment
 Large, elongated.
 Attached with body by
coxal corium membrane

9.  Small, Triangular
segment, Fixed with
femur
Trochanter

10.  Long and thick segment
 Fishbone provided
muscles on it
 Narrows towards apex
 Femasulcus`
 Brunners organ on it
Femur

11.  Long, slender
 Spines over it
 Strong spurs at apex
Tibia

12.  3 segmented
 1st segment longer than 2nd
 3rd segment largest
 Plantulae present
 Claws present
 Arolium
Tarsus

13. CURSORIAL
 Femur normal not thickened
 Femur and tibia are long
 Legs are well developed
similar in form
• Metaleg of cockroach
Ambulatory or walking

14. Pro leg of Grasshopper

15. Green Grasshopper
Pro Leg

16. Cockroach

17. Boxelder bug

18. Red Cotton Bug

19. Red Cotton Bug
Pro Leg
Meso Leg

20. House Fly

21. Bug

22. Tarnished Plant Bug

23.  Leaping or jumping
 Femur with powerful
muscles and thick.
 Metaleg of grasshopper
SALTATORIAL

25. Saltatorial

26.  Catching or grasping
 Coxa is very long
 Femur long, thick with
spines
 Tibia is shorter
 Proleg of mantid
RAPTORIAL

28. RAPTORIAL

29.  Parts are reduced and
flattened for digging.
 Tibia has finger like
projections.
 The tarsus is produced into
three finger like processes
 Proleg of mole cricket
FOSSORIAL Digging

30. Fossorial

31. Fossorial

32.  Swimming
 All parts flattened and
tarsus with hairs
 Metaleg of water beetle.
NATATORIAL

33.  Tibia has small process
at apex.
 Tibia with claw.
 Louce
CLINGING

34.  1st segment of tarsus swollen
and contains silk glands.
 Proleg of female web spinner
SILK SCRETING

35. SILK SCRETING

36.  Apex of tibia with large
spur.
 Many Hairs over it
 Proleg of worker
honey bees
ANTENNA CLEANER

37. Antenna Cleaner

39.  Has polliniferous apparatus,
 Corbicula
 Metaleg of worker honeybees
POLLEN COLLECTING

42.  During flight all legs come
together to form a basket.
 Dragonfly and damselfy
BASKET LIKE

43. Basket like legs

44. INSECT WINGS

45. Wing development
• Apterous (without wings)
• Brachypterous (Reduced wings)
• Macropterous (Well developed wings)
• Wing pads (In nymphs of Exopterygota)

46. WINGS MARGINS AND AREAS
Disc
With maximum veins

47. Longitudenal
veins
Cross veins
WINGS VENATION

48. Longitudenal veins
Costa (C)
Subcosta (Sc)
Radius (R)
Media (M)
Cubitus (Cu)
Anals (A)
Unbranced
2-branced
5-branced
6-branced
2-branced
3 or 4 anals
unbranched

49. Humeral (h)
Radial (r)
Sectorial (s)
Radiomedial
(r-m)
Medial (m)
Mediocubital
(m-cu)
Cross veins

50. INSECT WING
costa
subcosta
radius
cubitus
jugal
h=
Costa + Subcosta
anal
r= s = r-m =
R1 + Rs R3 + R4 R + M
medial
m = m -cu=
M2 + M3 M + Cu

51. • Archedictyon (Irregular network of veins)
• Nodus (Thick short cross vein in the midded of costal
margin)
• Pterostigma (Pigmented spot in costal margin)
• Marginal Setae
(Thrips)
Archedictyon

52. Cells of Wings
• Open Cells (Area extends to the margin of the wing)
• Closed Cells (Area completely surrounded by
veins)

53. TAGMINA
 Forewings modified into
long, narrow, hard and
slightly thick structure.
 Grasshopper
 Cockroaches
 Mantids
 Crickets

54. ELYTRA
Forewings modified thick and hard.
Beetles, Weevils, Earwigs

55. HEMELYTRA
 Basal part of forewing hard and thick
 Apical part thin and membranous
 Bugs

56. HALTERES
Hind wings modified into tiny knobbed structure.
Flies

57. PSEUDOHALTERES
 Forewings modified into halteres
Male stylopids

58. FILOHALTERES
 Hindwings modified into
long thread like structure
 Some Lacewings
 Ribbon winged insects

59. STRIPPY
 Strips or rod like structure
and fringed with long hairs.
 Thrips

60. Strippy

61. MEMBRANOUS
 Hind wings very thin and
broad like membrane.
 Grasshopper

62. Membranous

63. WING COUPLING APPARATUS

64. OVERLAPPING
 Fore wing overlaps the
anterior border of the
hind wing.
 Butterflies

65. FRENULUM & RETINACULUM
Frenulum
(Geomatrid Moth)
Retinaculum
(Geomatrid Moth)

66. HAMULI
Hamuli
(Honeybees)
Hamuli
(Honeybees)

67. JUGUM
Jugum
(Lepidoptera)

70. ABDOMEN

71. ABDOMEN

72. TYMPANUM

73. GENITALIA

74. MALE GENITALIA
Epiproct
9th

75. MALE GENITALIA
Genital organs are called phallic
complex
Phallic complex contains aedeagus
and epiphallus
Aedeagus flask shaped wrapped in
ectophallic membrane
Basal valves connected to apical
lobes
Penis present in phallotreme cleft.

76. Epiphallus is collar like present
on dorsal side of aedeagus.
Consist of two long lateral
sclerites connected with a bridge
Have two two hook like posterior
projections

77. MALE GENITALIA

78. FEMALE GENITALIA

79.  Subgenital plate very
large with egg guide
present posteriorly.
 Ovipositor consists of
dorsal and ventral valves.
 Valves have tips directed
in opposite directions
 Egg guide is triangular
present between valves
of ovipositor.
FEMALE GENITALIA

80. QUESTIONS???????