2. GROUP MEMBERS {1}
S/N NAMES REG. NO
1 BILYAMINU ABDU BABA CLS/19/MBB/00403
2 UMAR ABDUL-RAHMAN HAMMAN CLS/19/MBB/00413
3 SAMIN ADAM YUNUS CLS/19/MBB/00423
4 SADIQ DAHIR ABDULKADIR CLS/19/MBB/00443
5 MUSA HAMZA CLS/19/MBB/00453
6 ZAINAB IBRAHIM MUSA CLS/19/MBB/00463
7 AISHA KABIR BABA CLS/19/MBB/00473
8 GHALI MUHAMMAD UMAR CLS/19/MBB/00483
9 IBRAHIM MUSA ONORUOBORO CLS/19/MBB/00493
10 AYOMIDE OPAREMI QAWIY CLS/19/MBB/00503
3. GROUP MEMBERS {2}
S/N NAMES REG. NO
11 SAID AMINU SAID CLS/19/MBB/00513
12 NANA SHEHU ASMAU CLS/19/MBB/00523
13 AYUBA TANIMU KASIRKAGUDDUM CLS/19/MBB/00533
14 FATIMA UMAR MAKARFI CLS/19/MBB/00543
15 ABDULAZEEZ YUSUF OLAIDE CLS/19/MBB/00553
16 ALIYU SANI CLS/20/MBB/00703
17 IBRAHIM ABDULLAHI LAWAL DEN/18/DEN/00313
18 REJOICE ADENIYI OLUWADARA DEN/19/DEN/00383
19 MARTHA IBUKUN OJUKANNAIYE DEN/19/DEN/00393
4. TABLE OF CONTENTS
• BRIEF INTRODUCTION ON MALNUTRITION
• TYPES OF MALNUTRITION
• CAUSES OF MALNUTRITION
• CONSEQUENCES OF MALNUTRITION
• CONCLUSION
5. BRIEF INTRODUCTION
According to the World Health Organization, the term
‘Malnutrition’ refers to the deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a
person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients.
The concept of malnutrition encompases two main categories;
undernutrition (which comprises of stunting, wasting, underweight, and
deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals) and overweight or
obesity, and diet-related noncommunicable diseases.
In Nigeria, and in Africa at large, malnutrition is predominantly of the
undernutrition type. Thus, understanding the types, causes and
consequences of malnutrition is vital to finding ways to fight, tackle,
manage, prevent, and cure it.
6.
7. TYPES OF MALNUTRITION
• Malnutrition is often split into two broad groups of conditions;
undernutrition and overweight, obesity, and diet-related non-
communicable diseases.
• 1. Undernutrition: Is the lack of proper nutrition, caused by
depleted intake of nutrients necessary for growth and health. It
can also be due to disease, which can make the processing and
use of ingested nutrients deficient. The effects of undernutrition
include; stunting, wasting, underweight, and micronutrient
deficiencies. We can have macronutrient and micronutrient
undernutrition.
8. a) Macronutrient undernutrition: This is also called protein-energy
undernutrition. It is a deficiency of the macronutrients (carbohydrates,
proteins, and fats), which can have depleting effects on the body and it’s
overall function as these macronutrients are the main building blocks and
nutrients of the body.
b) Micronutrient undernutrition: This is the deficiency of the micronutrients
(vitamins and minerals), which the body admitedly needs in smaller
amounts, but requires them nonetheless. Many people are mildly
micronutrient deficient due to a lack of variety in their diets, and effects
might not be noticed right away, but once it becomes more severe, it can
start to have more lasting, serious effects on the body and its functions.
• Stunting is also known as chronic undernutrition.
• Wasting is also known as acute malnutrition.
9.
10. • 2. Overnutrition: Also refered to as overweight or obesity, is the excess or
abnormal accumulation of fats and nutrients that may impair health.
Overweight and obesity are major causes of many NCDs, including non-
insulin-dependent diabetes melitus, heart disease, and stroke. It also includes
the toxicity that can result from overdosing on specific micronutrients.
Under this we can have;
a) Macronutrient overnutrition: The body stores excess carbohydrates,
proteins, and fats as fat cells. Enlarged fat cells are associated with chronic
inflammation and a host of other metabolic diseases which can cause the
NCDs listed above.
b) Micronutrient overnutrition: In general, micronutrient overnutrition is
uncommon, but it is possible to overdose on vitamins and minerals
supplements, hence causing toxicity to the body. However, more research is
needed to explain the mechanisms by which this happens.
11.
12. CAUSES OF MALNUTRITION
• Immediate Level Causes: this includes reduced dietary intake, increased
losses of nutrients or alteration in the requirement, reduced absorption of
macronutrients and micronutrients, increased energy expenditure that
alters the energy balance.
• Underlying Level Causes: this includes household food insecurity, poor
social and care environment, lack of access to healthcare, and unhealthy
environments. This can be as a result of conflicts, gender bias,
inadequate infrastructure, illiteracy, and other social issues.
13.
14. • Basic Level Causes: Here, there are three vital parts of the
resources; human resource (people, knowledge, skill, and time),
economic resource (assets, land, income), and organizational
resources (formal and informal institutions, extended families,
and child care organizations). So it can be said that the basic
level causes of malnutrition encompases environment and
seasonability, formal and informal institutions, and of course,
the livelihood system of a given geographical framework, in
this case being Africa.
15.
16. CONSEQUENCES OF MALNUTRITION
• Physical and Health Conequences: encompases stunted growth,
wasting, underweight, anemia, weakened immune system,
cognitive impairments, delayed physical development, and
organ damage in undernutrition. In overnutrition, the physical
consequences include increased risk of heart disease, diabetes,
high blood pressure, high cholesterol, osteoarthritis, fatty liver,
insulin resistance, and breathing difficulties. Severe and
unchecked malnutrition can lead to early death, and ultimately
the decline of a population.
17.
18. • Social and Emotional Consequences: Malnutrition can have
significant impact on the social and emotional status of an
individual, and the community at large. These consequences
include; stigmatization, reduced productivity, economic impact due
to increased healthcare costs, strained interpersonal relationships,
and educational impact due to impaired cognitive abilities.
Malnutrition can also have emotional consequences such as
depression and anxiety, low self esteem, eating disorders,
emotional distress, and psychological impact on the caregivers of
malnourished individuals, often imprinting them with feelings of
guilt or hopelessness.
19. CONCLUSION
• Malnutrition is a complex gobal issue that affects
individuals, communities, countries, and even
continents at large.
• Identifying its types, causes, and impacts or
consequences is crucial for effective prevention and
intervention of malnutrition.
