Aircraft and its evolution

1. INTRODUCTION TO
AEROSPACE ENGINEERING

2. INTRODUCTION
AERONAUTICS Vs AEROSPACE
Atmosphere Only Aeronautics + Astronautics

3. INTRODUCTION
AERONAUTICS Vs AVIATION

4. INTRODUCTION
Wings
Lift
Mechanism
Forward
Speed and
Efficiency
Range and
Altitude
Maneuverability
Take-off
and
Landings

5. FAMALIARIZATION WITH AIRCRAFTS

6. Aeronautics – A brief History

7. To have wings and be free like a
bird
 Curiosity, learning
 Fight for freedom, defense
 Means of transportation

8. Definitions of flight
 Flight is a passing through the air or through space outside
the earth's atmosphere
 (Merriem-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary)
 Powered, sustained and controlled flight of an airplane
 Flight is motion of an object in fluid or gaseous medium

9. Observations. How birds fly?
Power consumption
Continuous power
output:
- 100 watts/kg of
muscle mass for
birds
- 10 watts/kg of
muscle mass for
human

10. Mastery of flight
 Range: 6000 ml
 Speed: 0-200 ml/hr
 Altitude: 30,000 ft?
 Aerodynamic efficiency
 Streamlined forms to reduce
drag
 Flying efficiency by saving
energy
 Landing into the winds
 Keeping weight down
(feathers, thin-walled stiffened
bones)
 Repair and maintenance

11. Motivation. To fly or not to fly?
 Insects. 350 mln years
 Pterosaurs. 200 mln years, launched
themselves from cliffs. Wings were of skin
between fingers
 Archeopteryx had feathers. Transformation
of the skin to feathers.
 Several families of birds were established
50 mln years ago. No big jaws or teeth.
 If they would not fly they would not last
long
 Flight for the life. Survival of the fittest

12. A Brief History of Aeronautics

13. Major Chronology
 Mythological
 Ancient Dreamers
 The Quest for Flight
 20th Century Beginnings
 WW I
 Between the Wars
 WW II
 Jet Age
 Space Flight

14. Mythology
 Indian Mythology – Pushpaka Vimana
 In the Greek Mythology, there is a legend
about
 Daedalus and his son Icarus.
 They built the wings to escape imprisonment

17. Ancient Dreamers
 Legends of flight attempts date to 2000
B.C.
 Many believed flying was for the mythical gods
 Others tried to copy bird flight-unsuccessfully
 Chinese invented kites about 1000 B.C.
 17th century A.D. kites carried soldiers aloft
 Leornardo da Vinci, 15th century Italian
artist
 First recorded scientific study of aeronautics
 Experimented to prove feasibility of mechanical
flight
 Drew sketches and plans to construct flying
machines

19. His inventions: helicopter, ornithopter (airplane with flapping
wings), parachute
Find a scientific explanation (Why scientific explanation?)
How did people learn about flight?
Leonardo da Vinci

20. Leonardo da Vinci

21. Montgolfier brothers designed and built the first hot air balloon.
It first flew in 1783
Balloons
How it can be controlled?

22. Otto Lilienthal

23.  Otto Lilienthal of Germany:
“It is easy to invent a flying machine; more difficult to
build one; to make it fly is everything.”
Otto Lilienthal

25. Otto von Lilienthal (1848-1896)

27.  Octave Chanute, a Chicago engineer, performed a number
of flights on his glider
Octave Chanute

28.  Hiram Maxim, 1894
Pioneers

29.  Alexander Mozhaiski. 1884 Steam engine powered
monoplane with incline-assisted take-off.
Pioneers

30.  Samuel Langley. October 7, 1903
Pioneers (cont.)

31. Samuel Pierpont Langley (1834
– 1906)

32. Wilbur (1867 – 1912)
Orville (1871 – 1948)
 Wilbur was born in Indiana and
Orville was born in Ohio; they grew
up in Dayton, Ohio
 Designed the Wright Flyer in their
bicycle shop
 December 17, 1903: first manned
flight, Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

33.  1900 - The Wright brothers, Wilbur
Wright (1867-1912) and Orville
Wright (1871-1948) fly their first
glider.
 1902 - The Wright brothers
successfully modify their first glider
resulting in improved performance.

36. Historical Moment
 Dec. 17, 1903, 10:35 am - The
Wright brothers fly their first
successful powered, controlled,
heavier-than-air Wright Flier at Kitty
Hawk.
 The Wright Flier flies a distance of
37m for a period of 12 sec.
 The Wright brothers build their
second and third flier in 1904 and
1905 respectively.

37.  The first heavier-than-air, powered, controlled,manned
flight on December 17, 1903
Wright Brothers

41. World War I
 Combat required faster,
maneuverable, longer range,
dependable, rugged designs
 Huge technology advances in design,
manufacturing, engines, armament
 R&D and manufacturing moved from
workshops to large companies
 Foundation for civil aviation growth
between wars

42. World War I
The Main Events
 War speeds up
technology
development
 Airplane speed,
loads increased
 Large
manufacturing
base developed
Congressional medal of Honor winner Captain Eddie Rickenbacker went on to
be a pioneer in civil aviation, too

43. Between the Wars
 Veteran pilots kept interest alive
 Commercial aviation catches on
 Dramatic design advances
 Beginning of rocket flight
 Invention of the jet engine

44. Between the Wars
The Main Events
 Barnstorming
 US Mail
 Commercial Air
 Structures
 Powerplants
1933 The Douglas DC-3 was the first commercially successful airliner. This
ageless design is still making revenue flights today

45. World War II
 Pioneers
 Science Fundamentals
 Technology advances
 Experimental Methods

46. C-141 STARLIFTER First jet powered aircraft

47. Jet Age
 Science Fundamentals
 Technology advances
 Experimental Methods

48. Jet Age
1957 Boeing Aircraft Company rolls out the B-707. It and the DC-8 were
immediate commercial successes
The Main Events
 The Sound Barrier
 Commercial Jets
 Supersonic
Transport

49. Space Flight
 Russians orbit Sputnik
 The race is on: US Space Programs
 Man on the Moon
 Exploiting Space
 Planetary Explorations
 Space Stations

50. Space Flight
• The Main Events
 Sputnik
 Freedom 7
 Saturn-Apollo 11
 STS
 ISS
• 1957 Soviets launch Sputnik, the first
man-made satellite

51.  The plane, Spirit of St. Louis, was designed by Ryan
Airplane Company
 It was a small monoplane with a large fuel tank
 Non-stop solo flight from New-York to Paris in 33 hrs and
39 min, 1927
Long-distance flights – Charles
Lindbergh

52. Long-distance flights – Charles
Lindbergh

54. EVOLITION
Evolution of Airplanes 1903 - 2020.mp4

55. Assignment
Draw Evolution Timeline

56. Thank You