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1. After placing $8,000 in a savings account paying annual
compound interest of 8%, calculate the amount that will
accumulate if it is left for 8 years?
2. Much to your surprise, you were selected to appear on the TV
show, "The Price is Right." As a result of your prowess in
identifying how many rolls of toilet paper an average American
family keeps on hand, you win the opportunity to choose one of
the following: $2,000 today, $10,000 in 10 years, or $31,000 in
29 years. Assuming you can earn 12% on your money, which
should you choose?
3. Alex Karez has taken out a loan of $180,000 with an annual
rate of 10% compounded monthly to pay off hospital bills from
his wife’s illness. If the most Alex can afford to pay is $3,500 a
month, how long will it take to pay off the loan? How long will
it take to pay off the loan if he can pay $4,000 each month? Use
five decimal places for the monthly percentage rate in your
calculations. If Alex can pay $3,500 a month, how many years
will it take to pay off the loan?
4. What is the present value of a perpetual stream of cash flow
that pays $80,000 at the end of one year and grows at a rate of
5% indefinitely? The rate of interest used to discount the cash
flows is 10%. What is the present value of the growing
perpetuity?
5. How much do you have to deposit today so that, beginning 11
years from now, you can withdraw $9,000 a year for the next 8
years (periods 11 through 18) plus an additional amount of
$18,000 in the last year (period 18)? Assume an interest rate of
6%.
C6-1
CASE STUDY 6
CHEVRON’S INFRASTRUCTURE
EVOLUTION
Chevron Corporation (www.chevron.com) is one of the world’s
leading
energy companies. Chevron’s headquarters are in San Ramon,
California.
The company has more than 62,000 employees and produces
more than
700,000 barrels of oil per day. It has 19,500 retail sites in 84
countries. In
2012, Chevron was number three on the Fortune 500 list and
had more than
$244 billion in revenue in 2011 [STAT12].
IT infrastructure is very important to Chevron and to better
support all
facets of its global operations, the company is always focused
on improving
its infrastructure [GALL12]. Chevron faces new challenges
from increased
global demand for its traditional hydrocarbon products and the
need to
develop IT support for new value chains for liquid natural gas
(LNG) and the
extraction of gas and oil from shale. Huge investments are being
made
around the world, particularly in Australia and Angola on
massive projects of
unprecedented scale. Modeling and analytics are more important
than ever
to help Chevron exploit deep water drilling and hydrocarbon
extraction in
areas with challenging geographies. For example, advanced
seismic imaging
tools are used by Chevron to reveal possible oil or natural gas
reservoirs
beneath the earth’s surface. Chevron’s proprietary seismic
imaging
http://www.chevron.com/
C6-2
technology contributed to it achieving a 69% discovery rate in
2011[CHEV12].
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
Systems
Chevron refineries are continually collecting data from sensors
spread
throughout the facilities to maintain safe operations and to alert
operators to
potential safety issues before they ever become safety issues.
Data from the
sensors is also used to optimize the way the refineries work and
to identify
opportunities of greater efficiency. IT controls 60,000 valves at
Chevron’s
Pascagoula, Mississippi refinery; the efficiency and safety of its
end-to-end
operations are dependent on advanced sensors, supervisory
control and data
acquisition (SCADA) systems, and other digital industrial
control systems
[GALL12].
SCADA systems are typically centralized systems that monitor
and
control entire sites and/or complexes of systems that are spread
out over
large areas such as an entire manufacturing, fabrication, power
generation,
or refining facility. The key components of SCADA systems
include:
units (RTUs)
connected to sensors that convert sensor signals to digital data
and
send it to the supervisory system
process
and sends control commands to the process
-machine interface (HMI) that presents process to
the human
operators that monitor and control the process.
system and
RTUs and PLCs.
These are illustrated in Figure C6.1.
C6-3
Data acquisition occurs at the PLC or RTU level. This includes
meter
readings and equipment status reports that are sent to the
supervisory
system. The collected data is compiled and formatted by the
HMI to enable
the operator to make determine whether adjustments to normal
PLC or RTU
settings are needed. Current data may also be compared to
historical data in
a SCADA database to assess trends or perform analytical
auditing.
C6-4
In addition to Chevron refineries, SCADA are extremely
important in
national infrastructures such as water supplies, pipelines, and
electric grids.
Because attacks or damage to SCADA systems can affect large
numbers of
people, ensuring adequate security is important.
Business Infrastructure Transformation
Because of the complexity of its operational processes and the
IT that is
needed to support them, Chevron has traditionally been more
infrastructure
than business focused. SCADA systems and digital industrial
control systems
are critical IT infrastructure at Chevron’s refineries and will
always play an
important role in monitoring and managing facility-based
processes. These
also are among the first IT systems needed to support Chevron’s
new value
chains for LNG and shale oil extraction. However, like any
large corporation,
Chevron relies on a wide variety of business applications to run
its
businesses.
As it is for most global businesses, SAP ERP is a key
transaction
processing system at Chevron. Chevron has been using SAP for
more than
two decades and it has played an important role in the
development of SAP’s
vertical solutions for the hydrocarbon industry. There are more
than 50
instances of SAP used by Chevron [SCRI11]. Most of these run
on Oracle
databases. Some other key enterprise applications at Chevron
include Ariba
Buyer, EMC Documentum, Informatica, MicroStrategy,
multiple Oracle
applications [SCRI11].
Going forward, IT executives at Chevron would like to flip the
company’s
traditional IT priorities so that the majority of the IT staff’s
time and
attention is focused on improving business capabilities
[GALL12]. To do this,
Chevron’s IT leaders have increasingly turned their attention to
Web
services, software as a service (SaaS), and cloud computing to
help it run its
business. Chevron considers mobility to be a game changer in
how it
C6-5
delivers information and provides solutions and it is convinced
that it can do
both without sacrificing security or reliability.
IT infrastructure at Chevron pervades every facet of its
operations.
However, Chevron’s executives have not lost sight of the fact
that IT is not
the company’s core competency. By moving business solutions
to the cloud,
Chevron executives hope to help the company maintain its focus
on its core
competencies.
C6-6
Chevron has used business-oriented Web services for several
years.
Ariba Buyer, Salesforce.com, and Ketera’s price negotiation
system are just
a few of the SaaS solutions that Chevron has woven into its IT
architecture.
Chevron is interested in developing an integrated information
network
that includes all of its major supply chain partners, both
upstream and
downstream. Identify management has emerged as a priority at
Chevron to
ensure secure data transfer among its business partners. A
generic example
of an identify management system is illustrated in Figure C6.2.
When users
at Chevron partners need to access Chevron’s intranet and/or
SaaS data or
solutions, they are first cleared by an identity broker. The
identity broker
authenticates the user and transparently provides a single sign
on (SSO)
token that enables the partner to access Chevron’s intranet (2)
or the
company’s SaaS solution providers (3).
Chevron hopes to better align its operations with those of its
business
partners via its migration of business applications to the cloud.
It hopes that
the business infrastructure transformation that is currently
underway will
also lead to better IT and business alignment. As a global
company, the
cloud may be an ideal platform for running the business.
In the years ahead, Chevron’s IT leaders expect mobility,
analytics and
visualization, and social media to become critical aspects of its
business
infrastructure. At the facilities level, advanced sensors and
deeper
embedding of RTUs and PLCs within operations are foreseen
[GALL12].
Technical appreciation of convergence network infrastructure
will continue to
be important, but business literacy/savvy will be most important
to the long-
term success of Chevron’s IT leaders.
Discussion Points
1. Do some Internet research on Chevron’s use of seismic
imaging
technology. Briefly explain how it works and how it has helped
Chevron discover new oil and gas reservoirs.
C6-7
2. Do some Internet research on security vulnerabilities
associated with
SCADA and digital industrial control systems. Summarize the
major
security concerns associated with these systems and steps than
can be
taken to enhance their security.
3. Discuss the pros and cons of moving enterprise-wide
applications that
have traditionally been supported on premises to the cloud.
4. Do some Internet research on identify management and single
sign on
systems. Briefly explain how these work and why they are
important in
business intranets and extranets.
5. Why is it increasing most important for a CIO or IT executive
who
oversees geographically distributed enterprise networks to be
business
literate?
Sources
[CHEV12] Chevron.com “Seismic Imaging.” Retrieved online:
at
http://www.chevron.com/deliveringenegy/oil/seismicimaging.
[GALL12] Gallant, J. ”Chevron’s CIO Talks Transformation
and Why IT
Leaders Should Smile.” April 12, 2012. Retrieved online at:
http://www.cio.com/article/print/704095.
[SCRI11] Scribd.com. “Chevron Corporation CRUSH Report.”
August 17,
2011. Retrieved online at
http://www.scribd.com/doc/62481977/Chevron-
CRUSH-Report-09A1.
[STAT12] Statistic Brain. “Chevron Company Statistics.”
February 12, 2102.
Retrieved online at: http://www.statisticbrain.com/chevron-
company-
statistics/.
http://www.chevron.com/deliveringenegy/oil/seismicimaging
http://www.cio.com/article/print/704095
http://www.scribd.com/doc/62481977/Chevron-CRUSH-Report-
09A1
http://www.scribd.com/doc/62481977/Chevron-CRUSH-Report-
09A1
http://www.statisticbrain.com/chevron-company-statistics/
http://www.statisticbrain.com/chevron-company-statistics/

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1. After placing $8,000 in a savings account paying annual compoun.docx

  • 1. 1. After placing $8,000 in a savings account paying annual compound interest of 8%, calculate the amount that will accumulate if it is left for 8 years? 2. Much to your surprise, you were selected to appear on the TV show, "The Price is Right." As a result of your prowess in identifying how many rolls of toilet paper an average American family keeps on hand, you win the opportunity to choose one of the following: $2,000 today, $10,000 in 10 years, or $31,000 in 29 years. Assuming you can earn 12% on your money, which should you choose? 3. Alex Karez has taken out a loan of $180,000 with an annual rate of 10% compounded monthly to pay off hospital bills from his wife’s illness. If the most Alex can afford to pay is $3,500 a month, how long will it take to pay off the loan? How long will it take to pay off the loan if he can pay $4,000 each month? Use five decimal places for the monthly percentage rate in your calculations. If Alex can pay $3,500 a month, how many years will it take to pay off the loan? 4. What is the present value of a perpetual stream of cash flow that pays $80,000 at the end of one year and grows at a rate of 5% indefinitely? The rate of interest used to discount the cash flows is 10%. What is the present value of the growing perpetuity? 5. How much do you have to deposit today so that, beginning 11 years from now, you can withdraw $9,000 a year for the next 8 years (periods 11 through 18) plus an additional amount of $18,000 in the last year (period 18)? Assume an interest rate of 6%.
  • 2. C6-1 CASE STUDY 6 CHEVRON’S INFRASTRUCTURE EVOLUTION Chevron Corporation (www.chevron.com) is one of the world’s leading energy companies. Chevron’s headquarters are in San Ramon, California. The company has more than 62,000 employees and produces more than 700,000 barrels of oil per day. It has 19,500 retail sites in 84 countries. In 2012, Chevron was number three on the Fortune 500 list and had more than $244 billion in revenue in 2011 [STAT12]. IT infrastructure is very important to Chevron and to better support all facets of its global operations, the company is always focused on improving its infrastructure [GALL12]. Chevron faces new challenges from increased
  • 3. global demand for its traditional hydrocarbon products and the need to develop IT support for new value chains for liquid natural gas (LNG) and the extraction of gas and oil from shale. Huge investments are being made around the world, particularly in Australia and Angola on massive projects of unprecedented scale. Modeling and analytics are more important than ever to help Chevron exploit deep water drilling and hydrocarbon extraction in areas with challenging geographies. For example, advanced seismic imaging tools are used by Chevron to reveal possible oil or natural gas reservoirs beneath the earth’s surface. Chevron’s proprietary seismic imaging http://www.chevron.com/ C6-2 technology contributed to it achieving a 69% discovery rate in 2011[CHEV12].
  • 4. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems Chevron refineries are continually collecting data from sensors spread throughout the facilities to maintain safe operations and to alert operators to potential safety issues before they ever become safety issues. Data from the sensors is also used to optimize the way the refineries work and to identify opportunities of greater efficiency. IT controls 60,000 valves at Chevron’s Pascagoula, Mississippi refinery; the efficiency and safety of its end-to-end operations are dependent on advanced sensors, supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, and other digital industrial control systems [GALL12]. SCADA systems are typically centralized systems that monitor and control entire sites and/or complexes of systems that are spread out over
  • 5. large areas such as an entire manufacturing, fabrication, power generation, or refining facility. The key components of SCADA systems include: units (RTUs) connected to sensors that convert sensor signals to digital data and send it to the supervisory system process and sends control commands to the process -machine interface (HMI) that presents process to the human operators that monitor and control the process. system and RTUs and PLCs. These are illustrated in Figure C6.1.
  • 6. C6-3 Data acquisition occurs at the PLC or RTU level. This includes meter readings and equipment status reports that are sent to the supervisory system. The collected data is compiled and formatted by the HMI to enable the operator to make determine whether adjustments to normal PLC or RTU settings are needed. Current data may also be compared to historical data in a SCADA database to assess trends or perform analytical auditing. C6-4 In addition to Chevron refineries, SCADA are extremely important in national infrastructures such as water supplies, pipelines, and electric grids. Because attacks or damage to SCADA systems can affect large numbers of people, ensuring adequate security is important.
  • 7. Business Infrastructure Transformation Because of the complexity of its operational processes and the IT that is needed to support them, Chevron has traditionally been more infrastructure than business focused. SCADA systems and digital industrial control systems are critical IT infrastructure at Chevron’s refineries and will always play an important role in monitoring and managing facility-based processes. These also are among the first IT systems needed to support Chevron’s new value chains for LNG and shale oil extraction. However, like any large corporation, Chevron relies on a wide variety of business applications to run its businesses. As it is for most global businesses, SAP ERP is a key transaction processing system at Chevron. Chevron has been using SAP for more than
  • 8. two decades and it has played an important role in the development of SAP’s vertical solutions for the hydrocarbon industry. There are more than 50 instances of SAP used by Chevron [SCRI11]. Most of these run on Oracle databases. Some other key enterprise applications at Chevron include Ariba Buyer, EMC Documentum, Informatica, MicroStrategy, multiple Oracle applications [SCRI11]. Going forward, IT executives at Chevron would like to flip the company’s traditional IT priorities so that the majority of the IT staff’s time and attention is focused on improving business capabilities [GALL12]. To do this, Chevron’s IT leaders have increasingly turned their attention to Web services, software as a service (SaaS), and cloud computing to help it run its business. Chevron considers mobility to be a game changer in how it
  • 9. C6-5 delivers information and provides solutions and it is convinced that it can do both without sacrificing security or reliability. IT infrastructure at Chevron pervades every facet of its operations. However, Chevron’s executives have not lost sight of the fact that IT is not the company’s core competency. By moving business solutions to the cloud, Chevron executives hope to help the company maintain its focus on its core competencies. C6-6 Chevron has used business-oriented Web services for several years. Ariba Buyer, Salesforce.com, and Ketera’s price negotiation system are just a few of the SaaS solutions that Chevron has woven into its IT
  • 10. architecture. Chevron is interested in developing an integrated information network that includes all of its major supply chain partners, both upstream and downstream. Identify management has emerged as a priority at Chevron to ensure secure data transfer among its business partners. A generic example of an identify management system is illustrated in Figure C6.2. When users at Chevron partners need to access Chevron’s intranet and/or SaaS data or solutions, they are first cleared by an identity broker. The identity broker authenticates the user and transparently provides a single sign on (SSO) token that enables the partner to access Chevron’s intranet (2) or the company’s SaaS solution providers (3). Chevron hopes to better align its operations with those of its business partners via its migration of business applications to the cloud. It hopes that
  • 11. the business infrastructure transformation that is currently underway will also lead to better IT and business alignment. As a global company, the cloud may be an ideal platform for running the business. In the years ahead, Chevron’s IT leaders expect mobility, analytics and visualization, and social media to become critical aspects of its business infrastructure. At the facilities level, advanced sensors and deeper embedding of RTUs and PLCs within operations are foreseen [GALL12]. Technical appreciation of convergence network infrastructure will continue to be important, but business literacy/savvy will be most important to the long- term success of Chevron’s IT leaders. Discussion Points 1. Do some Internet research on Chevron’s use of seismic imaging technology. Briefly explain how it works and how it has helped
  • 12. Chevron discover new oil and gas reservoirs. C6-7 2. Do some Internet research on security vulnerabilities associated with SCADA and digital industrial control systems. Summarize the major security concerns associated with these systems and steps than can be taken to enhance their security. 3. Discuss the pros and cons of moving enterprise-wide applications that have traditionally been supported on premises to the cloud. 4. Do some Internet research on identify management and single sign on systems. Briefly explain how these work and why they are important in business intranets and extranets. 5. Why is it increasing most important for a CIO or IT executive who oversees geographically distributed enterprise networks to be business
  • 13. literate? Sources [CHEV12] Chevron.com “Seismic Imaging.” Retrieved online: at http://www.chevron.com/deliveringenegy/oil/seismicimaging. [GALL12] Gallant, J. ”Chevron’s CIO Talks Transformation and Why IT Leaders Should Smile.” April 12, 2012. Retrieved online at: http://www.cio.com/article/print/704095. [SCRI11] Scribd.com. “Chevron Corporation CRUSH Report.” August 17, 2011. Retrieved online at http://www.scribd.com/doc/62481977/Chevron- CRUSH-Report-09A1. [STAT12] Statistic Brain. “Chevron Company Statistics.” February 12, 2102. Retrieved online at: http://www.statisticbrain.com/chevron- company- statistics/.