Training_Curriculum_Bangla[1]

`y‡h©vM SyuwK n«v‡m
bvixi †bZ…Z¡
cÖwk¶Y KvwiKzjvg

`y‡h©vM SuywK n«v‡m
bvixi †bZ…Z¡
cÖwkÿY KvwiKzjvg
KvwiMwi mnvqZvq:

cÖwkÿY KvwiKzjvg `y‡h©vM SuywK n«v‡m bvixi †bZ…Z¡
cÖKvk: Ryb, 2012
¯^Z¡: bvwi Kb‡mvwU©qvg
AvBGmweGb: 978-984-33-5148-0
mvwe©K ZË¡veavb
KvRx mvwn`yi ingvb
gvbxk Kzgvi AvMÖvIqvj
M‡elYv I m¤úv`bv
Rvwn` †nv‡mb
kvgxgv cvifxb
bvivqb Kzgvi †fŠwgK
nvwmbv Av³vi wgZv
Gm Gg wknveyj Bmjvg
Qwe: Rvwn` †nv‡mb
wPÎY: mygb Kzgvi ˆe`¨
AjsKiY: AK©

K…ZÁZv ¯^xKvi
wbivc‡ì KvwiMwi mnvqZvq A·dvg wRwe KZ©…K cÖYxZ `y‡h©vM SuywK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi †bZ…Z¡ kxl©K n¨vÛey‡Ki Dci wfwË K‡i `y‡h©vM
SuywK n«v‡m bvixi †bZ…Z¡ cÖwk¶Y KvwiKzjvg cÖYq‡b wbivc`Õ‡K m¤ú„³ Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv K…ZÁZv Rvbvw”Q bvwi-Kb‡mvwU©qvg-†K|
cÖwk¶Y KvwiKzjvgwU ˆZwii mgq cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I civgk© w`‡q mvwe©K mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ AvšÍwiKfv‡e abëv` RvbvB Rbve gvbxl
Kzgvi AvMÖvIqvj, †cÖvMÖvg g¨v‡bRvi (wW‡c‡Kv †cÖvMÖvg), A·dvg wRwe‡K I bvwi-Kb‡mvwU©qvg-Gi Ab¨vb¨ mKj †cÖvMÖvg
g¨v‡bRvi‡K|
cÖwk¶Y KvwiKzjvgwU cÖYq‡b mve©¶wYK mnvqZv I cÖqv‡mi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì KbmvjU¨v›U Rvwn` †nv‡mb, kvgxgv cvifxb Ges bvivqb
Kzgvi †fŠwgK‡K AvšÍwiKfv‡e abëv` Rvbvw”Q | GQvov n¨vÛeyKwU cÖYq‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ gvV ch©v‡q, MvBevÜv I wmivRM‡Ä wdì wfwRU-
Gi Av‡qvRb K‡i Avgv‡ì D‡Ïk¨‡K mdj Kivi Rb¨ Gm‡KGm dvD‡Ûkb I wR‡KGm Gi cÖwZ Avgiv AvšÍwiK K…ZÁZv Ávcb
KiwQ| cÖwk¶Y KvwiKzjvgwU cÖYq‡bi mgq †`wk I we‡`wk wewfbœ ms¯’vi gwWDj, M‡elYvcÎ, n¨vÛeyK Ges cÖKvkbvi mn‡hvwMZv
†bqv n‡q‡Q| GB ms¯’v¸‡jvi cÖwZI Avgv‡ì we‡kl K…ZÁZv cÖKvk KiwQ| m‡e©vcwi Avgiv K…ZÁ bvwi-Kb‡mvwU©qvg Ges Zvi
Askx`vi ms¯’v¸‡jvi cÖwk¶K‡ì cÖwZ Ges Gi mv‡_ mv‡_ wmweI m`m¨‡ì cÖwZ hviv †kl ch©šÍ GB cÖwk¶Y KvwiKzjvgwU gvV ch©v‡q
eënvi Ki‡eb|
KvRx mvwn`yi ingvb
†Kv-AvwW©‡bUi I wm. B. I, wbivc`
K„ZÁZv¯^xKvi
02

cÖwkÿY KvwiKzjv‡gi cUf~wg
mvaviYZ, cyiæ‡li Zyjbvq Aa¯Íb Ae¯’vb, kvixwiK kw³ eënv‡i AcUzZ¡ I RxebiÿvKvix `ÿZvi NvUwZi Kvi‡Y bvix‡K `y‡h©v‡M
†ewk wec`vcbœ g‡b Kiv nq Ges cÖ_vMZfv‡e, `y‡h©vMKv‡j bvix‡K †evSv g‡b Kiv nq| bvixi GB wec`vcbœZvi †cÖwÿ‡Z `y‡h©vM SyuwK
eë¯’vcbvq bvixi AskMÖnY I bvixi cÖwZ mnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi cÖ¯Íve I cwiKíbv Kiv n‡q _v‡K| `y‡h©vM cÖ¯‘wZ I mvov`v‡b bvixi gh©v`v
iÿv Kiv I bvixi we‡kl Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi †Póv Kiv nq| Z‡e A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB Ávb, `ÿZv I m¤ú‡ì mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y GUv
Avkvbyiƒcfv‡e Kiv m¤¢e nqbv|
`y‡h©vM wec`vcbœZv m‡Ë¡I, `y‡h©vM SyuwKn«v‡m bvixi A‡bK mÿgZv i‡q‡Q|
ev¯Íe‡ÿ‡Î bvix cÖ¯ÍywZ I mvov`v‡b wewea KvR K‡i _v‡K Ges Gfv‡e
`y‡h©vMKv‡j bvix cwiev‡ii `y`©kv Kgv‡Z I mvgvwRK KvRKg© mPj ivL‡Z
mvnvh¨ K‡i| G¸‡jv bvix cÖavbZ cvwievi ch©v‡q K‡i _v‡K| Gme Kv‡Ri
gva¨‡g `y‡h©vM SyuwK n«v‡m bvixi †bZ…Z¡g~jK wKQy f~wgKv cÖKvk cvq| Z‡e
bvixi GB Ae`vb mvaviYZ cÖvwZôvwbKfv‡e †MvP‡i Avbv nqbv|
`y‡h©vM SyuwKn«vm Kv‡R bvix wbR¯^ `„wófw½, AwfÁZv I †KŠkj eënvi K‡i hv
cyiæ‡li `„wófw½, AwfÁZv I †KŠkj †_‡K wfbœ| ZvQvov, Rb‡Mvôxi cÖvq
A‡a©KB n‡jv bvix| ZvB `y‡h©vM SyuwKn«vm Kvh©µg AviI †ewk djcÖm~ Kivi
Rb¨ mvgvwRK I cÖvwZôvwbK ch©v‡q bvixi AskMÖnY I †bZ…‡Z¡i cÖ‡qvM Lye
Riæwi| bvixi GB †bZ…Z¡ cÖ‡qvM I cÖmv‡ii Rb¨ `ywU welq ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| cÖ_gZ,
bvixevÜe `y‡h©vM SyuwK eë¯’vcbv- GLb ch©šÍ `y‡h©vM SyuwK n«v‡mi KvR¸‡jv
Avkvbyiƒc bvixevÜe bq| `y‡h©vMKv‡j ev Zvi Av‡Mi I c‡ii KvR¸‡jv
†ewkifvM †ÿ‡Î bvixi Dci AwZwi³ Kv‡Ri †evSv Pvwc‡q †`q| ZvQvov,
cÖPwjZ mvov`vb h‡_ó gvÎvq bvixi gh©v`v myiÿv Ki‡Z ev bvixi we‡kl
Pvwn`v¸‡jv †gUv‡Z mÿg nqbv| wØZxqZ, `y‡h©vM SyuwKn«v‡m bvix †bZ…Z¡ cÖmv‡i
mnvqK cwi‡ek- mgv‡R bvixi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v I Ae¯’vb Ges gvbweK
ms¯’v¸‡jvi AvMÖn I cÖ‡Póv m‡Ë¡I, cÖPwjZ `y‡h©vM SyuwKn«vm Kvh©µ‡g bvixi
cÖwZ we`¨gvb êlg¨ `y‡h©vM SyuwKn«v‡m bvix †bZ…Z¡ cÖmv‡i AbyK‚j bq|
mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j, `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq AwaKZi mdjZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ bvixi
†bZ…Z¡ weKv‡ki welqUv ¸iæZ¡ jvf K‡i‡Q Ges A‡bK gvbweK ms¯’v GB
j‡ÿ¨ mgwš^Z cÖ‡Póv ïiæ K‡i‡Q| GB Kv‡Ri Ask wnmv‡e, ms¯’v¸‡jv
cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g G wel‡q Kg©x‡ì Ávb I `ÿZv evov‡bvi KvR nv‡Z
wb‡”Q| A·dvg wRwe evsjv‡`‡ki wnDg¨v‡b‡Uwiqvb †cÖvMÖvg GB j‡ÿ¨ 2011
mv‡j wbivc‡ì KvwiMwi mnvqZvq Ò`y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbvq bvixi †bZ…Z¡Ó bv‡g GKUv n¨ÛeyK cÖYqb K‡i| n¨ÛeyKUv wQ‡jv mvaviYfv‡e,
cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK, we‡klfv‡e, GdAvBwfwWwe (FIVDV) I XvKv AvnQvwbqv wgkb Gi AbvbyôvwbK wkÿv Kg©m~wPi mv‡_
RwoZ wkÿK‡ì cÖwkÿ‡Yi Rb¨| n¨vÛeyK cÖYqYKv‡j G wel‡q we`¨gvb M‡elYvcÎ I cÖwZ‡e`b ch©v‡jvPbv I we‡kølY Kiv nq Ges
mswkøó wel‡q Kg©iZ miKvix I †emiKvix cÖwZôv‡bi we‡klÁM‡Yi (†hgb, `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv we‡klÁ, KvwiKyjvg Dbœqb we‡klÁ I
cÖwkÿY we‡klÁ) mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv I civgk© Kiv nq|
bvwi-wW‡c‡Kv-6 cÖK‡íi mv‡_ RwoZ wmweIÕi bvix I cyiæl m`m¨‡ì mÿgZv e„w×i D‡Ï‡k¨ †h eûgvwÎK mÿgZv e„w× I d‡jv-
Av‡ci cwiKíbv i‡q‡Q, bvwi KbmwU©qvg Zv‡Z H n¨vÛeyK eënv‡ii m¤¢vebv †`‡L‡Q| ZvB, GB n¨vÛey‡Ki Dci wbf©i K‡i
Kb‡mvwU©qvg wbivc`-Gi KvwiMix mnvqZvq GB Ò`y‡h©vM SyuwKn«v‡m bvixi †bZ…Z¡Ó bvgK GB cÖwkÿY KvwiKyjvg cwiKíbv K‡i‡Q| GB
KvwiKyjv‡gi cÖv_wgK D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv `y‡h©vM SyuwKn«v‡m bvixi †bZ…Z¡ cÖmv‡ii j‡ÿ¨ wmweI m`m¨‡ì cÖwkÿY`v‡b GbwRI Kg©xi `ÿZv
e„w× Kiv| Avi -Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Rb‡Mvôx‡Z mvgvwRK I cÖvwZôvwbK ch©v‡q `y‡h©vM SyuwKn«v‡m bvixi †bZ…Z¡ cÖmv‡i ev¯ÍewfwËK
Kvh©µg cwiKíbv I cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ wmweI m`‡mï mÿgZv m„wó Kiv|
cÖwkÿYKvwiKzjv‡gicUf~wg
03
`y‡h©vM SzuwK nªv‡m
bvixi †bZ…Z¡
bvixi mvgvwRK
Ae¯’v I Ae¯’vb
bvix I cyiæ‡li gv‡S
kªg wefvRb
bvixi Aa¯Íb Ae¯’v
I m¶gZv
bvixi `y‡h©vM
wec`vcbœZv
kªg wefvRb cÖwZôvq
cÖPwjZ cÖ_v I bvixi
cÖwZ êlg¨
bvixi †bZ…‡Z¡i
aiY
`y‡h©vM SzuwK nªv‡m
bvixi m¶gZv `y‡h©vM SzuwK
cwi‡ek I bvix
bvixi †bZ…Z¡
cÖmv‡i KiYxq
bvixi †bZ…Z¡
cÖmv‡i KiYxq
bvixevÜe `y‡h©vM SzuwK
nªvm Kvh©µg SzuwK e¨ve¯’vcbvq
bvixi AskMÖnY

KvwiKzjv‡gi welq web¨vm
GB KvwiKzjv‡gi cÖ_‡g i‡q‡Q cÖvK-cÖwkÿY cwiwPwZce©| G‡Z cÖwkÿ‡Y AskMÖnYKvix‡ì cwiwPwZ, wkLb HK¨gZ MVb,
AskMÖnYKvix‡ì cÖZ¨vkv I cÖwkÿ‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ e¨vL¨v Kivi welq¸‡jv AšÍf‚©³| Gic‡i, cÖwkÿ‡Yi welq¸‡jv PviUv gwWD‡j wef³
Kiv n‡q‡Q|
gwWDj 1: mgv‡R bvix I cyiæ‡li gv‡S we`¨gvb kÖg wefvRb; cÖPwjZ cÖ_v wKfv‡e GB kÖg wefvRb cÖwZôv I †Rvi`vi K‡i I bvixi
cÖwZ êlg¨ m„wó K‡i Ges bvixi Kv‡R wKfv‡e Zvi mÿgZv cÖKvk cvq|
gwWDj 2: bvixi Dci `y‡h©v‡Mi cÖfve; `y‡h©vM SyuwKn«v‡m, ¯^vfvweK mg‡q I `y‡h©vMKv‡j, bvixi mÿgZv|
gwWDj 3: `y‡h©vM SyuwKn«v‡m bvixi †bZ…‡Z¡i aiY; bvix †bZ…‡Z¡i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I Gi Rb¨ KiYxq- bvixevÜe `y‡h©vM SyuwKn«vm Kvh©µ‡gi
iƒc‡iLv I `y‡h©vM SzuwK n«v‡m bvixi †bZ…Z¡|
gwWDj 4: wmweIÕi bvix †bZ…Z¡ cÖmv‡i ev¯ÍewfwËK Kvh©µ‡gi cwiKíbv I Gi ev¯ÍevqbKv‡j Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZ gwbUwis|
cÖwZUv gwWD‡j K‡qKUv Awa‡ekb AšÍf‚©³| PviwU gwWD‡j †gvU 9Uv Awa‡ekb i‡q‡Q Ges cÖwZUv Awa‡ek‡bi †ÿ‡Î wbgœwjwLZ
welq¸‡jv i‡q‡Q-
wk‡ivbvg: Awa‡ek‡bi cÖavb welq wPwýZ K‡i|
D‡Ïk¨: GB Awa‡ek‡b mvgwMÖKfv‡e Kx AR©b cÖZ¨vkv Kiv n‡”Q Zv cÖKvk K‡i Ges cÖwZwU Awa‡ek‡bi ïiæ‡Z Gi D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K©
mKj‡K ¯úó aviYv cÖ`vb K‡i|
g~j evZ©v: AskMÖnYKvix GB Awa‡ekb †_‡K †h Ávb jvf Ki‡e ev hv Rvb‡Z I eyS‡Z cvi‡e GK K_vq Zv cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mgq: Awa‡ekb cwiPvjbv I mgvß Ki‡Z †h mgq jvM‡Z cv‡i Zv D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|
welqe¯Íy: cÖavb wel‡qi AšÍf©~³ Ab¨vb¨ welq, †h¸‡jv Awa‡ek‡bi g~jevZ©v cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
DcKiY: Awa‡ekb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †hme DcKiY ìKvi Zvi ZvwjKv|
cÖwµqv: Awa‡ekb wKfv‡e cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z n‡e I Gi Rb¨ †h Uzjm eënvi Kiv ìKvi, †m wel‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kbv|
mnvqK Z_¨: GB Awa‡ek‡bi AšÍf©~³ welq¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv, Gi g~jevZ©v e¨vL¨v Kiv Ges Awa‡ek‡bi D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨
cÖwkÿ‡Ki †h mnvqK Z_¨ cÖ‡qvRb Zvi eY©bv| wbivc`ÕGi KvwiMwi mnvqZvq A·dvg-wRwe cÖYxZ Ô`y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi
†bZ…Z¡Ó welqK n¨vÛey‡Ki wfwË‡Z GB mnvqK Z_¨¸‡jv eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| D‡jøL¨ †h, mnvqK Z_¨¸‡jv mvaviYfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki
MÖvgxY cUf~wg‡Z eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q, hwÌ A‡bK †ÿ‡Î wk‡ivbv‡g GUv Dn¨ i‡q‡Q|
B›Uv‡iw±f Uyjm: Awa‡ekb AskMÖnYg~jK I wØg~Lx Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ m¤¢ve¨ wcAviG UzjmÕGi weeiY, Gi cÖ‡qvM
cÖwµqvi eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q I Gi D`vniY †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| mvaviYZ G ai‡Yi Uzjm KwgDwbwU ch©v‡q Z_¨ I DcvË msMÖ‡ni Rb¨
eënvi Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î Z_¨ ev DcvË msMÖ‡ni e`‡j Awa‡ek‡bi m~Pbv‡Z, cÖwkÿ‡Y AskMÖnYKvix wmweI m`m¨‡ì mwµqfv‡e
Av‡jvPbvq hy³ Kivi Rb¨ GB Uzjm eënv‡ii civgk© †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|
04
KvwiKyjv‡giwelqweb¨vm

05
cÖwkÿY KvwiKzjv‡gi welqe¯‘
gwWDj 1: evsjv‡`‡k bvixi Ae¯’vb
gwWDj 2: `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«vm I bvixi †bZ…Z¡
gwWDj 3: `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«v‡m bvixi †bZ…Z¡
gwWDj 4: `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«v‡m bvixi †bZ…Z¡ cÖmvi
Awa‡ekb 1.1: bvix I cyiæ‡li f‚wgKv
Awa‡ekb 1.2: mvgvwRK cÖ_v I kªgwefvRb
Awa‡ekb 1.3: bvixi mÿgZv I AšÍivq
Awa‡ekb 2.1: SzuwK cwi‡ek I bvix
Awa‡ekb 2.2: `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«v‡m bvixi mÿgZv
Awa‡ekb 3.1: bvixi †bZ…Z¡ m¤ú‡K© aviYv
Awa‡ekb 3.2: bvixevÜe `y‡h©vM SzuwK n«vm Kvh©µg
Awa‡ekb 3.3: `y‡h©vM SyuwK e¨e¯’vcbvq bvixi AskMÖnY
Awa‡ekb 4.1: `y‡h©vM SzuwK n«v‡m bvixi †bZ…Z¡ cÖmv‡ii cwiKíbv
cÖwkÿYKvwiKzjv‡giwelqe¯‘

07
f‚wgKv
cÖwµqv
mnvqK Z_¨
D‡Ïk¨:
Awa‡ek‡bi mswÿß weeiY:
DcKiY:
D‡Ïk¨:
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY-
Ÿ cÖwkÿ‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
Ÿ cÖwkÿ‡Y Zv‡ì cÖZ¨vkv Kx Zv Rvbv‡Z cvi‡eb
mgq: 0.5 N›Uv|
Ÿ D‡Øvab
Ÿ cwiwPwZ ce©
Ÿ wkLb HKgZ¨
Ÿ AskMÖnYKvix‡ì cÖZ¨vkv Ges cÖwkÿ‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ e¨vL¨v
Ÿ cÖwkÿY mgqm~wPi mswÿß weeiY
Ÿ wfwWI wPÎ
Ÿ wd¬cPvU©
Ÿ wfc KvW©
Ÿ AvU©jvBb gvK©vi
Ÿ †cwÝj
1. cÖwkÿY msµvšÍ wbqgvejx¸‡jv Rvbv‡eb|
2. Av‡qvRK Kg©KZ©vMY cÖwkÿ‡Y AskMÖnYKvix‡ì ¯^vMZ Rvbv‡eb|
3.mnvqK AskMÖnYKvix‡ì cwiwPZ nIqvi Rb¨ GKwU AskMÖnYg~jK cÖwµqvq mevB‡K Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡eb| AskMÖnY cÖwµqvi
GKwU nj AskMÖnYKvixiv †Rvovq †Rvovq wef³ n‡q †Rvovi GKRb Av‡iKR‡bi cwiPq ej‡eb| †Rvovi cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Zvi
wb‡Ri bvg Ges cÖwkÿY wb‡q Zv‡ì `yBwU cÖZ¨vkv Rvbv‡eb| GB cwiPq c‡e© êwPÎ¨ Avbvi Rb¨ Zv‡ì g‡a¨ wj½wfwËK
cwiPqI n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, Zviv bvix‡ì wK ai‡Yi f‚wgKv cQ›` ev AcQ›` K‡ib Zv Rvbv‡Z cv‡ib|
GB mnvqK Z‡_ï D‡Ïk¨ nj wmweIÕ†ì cÖwkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ cÖwkÿK‡ì cwiKíbvq mnvqZv Kiv hv `y‡h©vM SzuwK n«v‡m bvixi †bZ…Z¡
cÖmv‡i mnvqZv Ki‡e, we‡kl K‡i GB mnvqK Z‡_ï gva¨‡g-
Ÿ cwievi I mgv‡R bvixi f‚wgKv eY©bv I we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
Ÿ bvixi Dci `y‡h©v‡Mi cÖfve Kx Zv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
Ÿ `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«v‡m bvixi †bZ…‡Z¡i f‚wgKv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
Ÿ `y‡h©vM SzuwK n«v‡m bvixi †bZ…Z¡ cÖmv‡i Kg©-cwiKíbv ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
cÖvK-cÖwkÿY cwiwPwZ
cÖvK-cÖwkÿYcwiwPwZf~wgKv

gwWDj 1: mgv‡R bvixi Ae¯’vb

gwWDj1
Awa‡ekb 1.1: bvix I cyiæ‡li f‚wgKv
cÖwµqv
D‡Ïk¨:
gyj evZ©v:
welqe¯‘:
DcKiY:
Ÿ GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY cwievi I mvgvwRK cwigÛ‡j bvix I cyiæ‡li f‚wgKv eY©bv I e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Ÿ mgv‡R bvix I cyiæ‡li gv‡S kÖg wefvRb i‡q‡Q Ges GUv bvix I cyiæ‡li f‚wgKv I Ae¯’vb wbav©iY K‡i †`q|
mgq : 1 N›Uv|
Ÿ bvix I cyiæ‡li kªg wefvRb
Ÿ Drcv`bg~jK, cybiærcv`bg~jK I mvgvwRK f‚wgKv
Ÿ M„n¯’vwj KvR welqK wfwWI
Ÿ ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡Ri ZvwjKv Uzj
Ÿ wd¬cPvU©
Ÿ wfc KvW©
mgv‡RbvixiAe¯’vb
gwWDj 1: mgv‡R bvixi Ae¯’vb
09
Awa‡ekb cwiPvjbv cÖwµqv
Ÿ AskMÖnYKvix‡ì‡K Òbvix I cyiæ‡li f‚wgKvÓ welqK Awa‡ek‡b ¯^vMZ Rvwb‡q M„n¯’vwj KvR
m¤úwK©Z GKwU wfwWI cÖ`k©b Kiæb|
Ÿ Gici, mvaviY GKUv w`‡b Zv‡ì GjvKvq bvix I cyiæl Kx ai‡Yi KvR K‡i Zv wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z ejyb| Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ cvuP wgwbU mgq w`b|
Ÿ Gevi, ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡Ri ZvwjKv-Uzj 1.1 cÖ`k©b I e¨vL¨v Kiæb Ges eo`‡j AskMÖnYKvix‡ì mv‡_
Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vwcZ Q‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ bvix I cyiæ‡li ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡Ri GKUv ZvwjKv ˆZwi
Ki‡Z ejyb I GB Kv‡R Zv‡ì‡K mvnvh¨ Kiæb|
Ÿ ZvwjKv ˆZwi n‡j `yRb‡K WvKzb I Zv‡ì‡K ZvwjKvUv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z ejyb|
Ÿ AskMÖnYKvix‡ì abëv` Rvwb‡q Uzj †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨, AskMÖnYKvix‡ì e¨vL¨v I mnvqK Z‡_ï
Dci wfwË K‡i mgv‡R we`¨gvb bvix I cyiæ‡li g‡a¨ kªg wefvRb Av‡jvPbv Kiæb-
- GUv wKfv‡e mgv‡R bvix I cyiæ‡li c„_K f‚wgKvi aviYv m„wó K‡i Ges bvix I cyiæ‡li Rb¨ wfbœ
wfbœ KvR wVK K‡i †`q Zv Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g ¯úó Kiæb;
- Av‡jvPbvi mgq msÁv eënvi bv K‡i ¯’vbxq fvlvq welqUv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
Ÿ me‡k‡l, Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Awa‡ek‡bi g~jevZ©v Abyhvqx welqmg~‡ni mvims‡ÿc Kiæb |
mgq
10 wgwbU
25 wgwbU
15 wgwbU
10 wgwbU

gwWDj1mgv‡RbvixiAe¯’vb
10
mnvqK Z_¨
1.1. mgv‡R bvix I cyiæ‡li f~wgKv
mgv‡R bvix I cyiæ‡li gv‡S kÖg wefvRb i‡q‡Q| GUv GKUv mvgvwRK wbg©vY Ges GUv bvix I cyiæl m¤c‡K© aviYv¸‡jv M‡o †Zv‡j|
GB kÖg wefvR‡bi d‡j bvix GK ai‡Yi Kv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ cvq Avi cyiæ‡li Rb¨ _v‡K Avi GK ai‡Yi KvR|
bvix I cyiæl wbR wbR K‡Ri gva¨‡g
wgwjZfv‡e wZb ai‡Yi f‚wgKv cvjb
K‡i| †hgb- Drcv`bg~jK,
cybiærcv`bg~jK I mvgvwRK f~wgKv|
Drcv`bg~jK f~wgKv: Drcv`bg~jK
f~wgKv n‡jv bvix ev cyiæ‡li †mBme
KvR hv RxweKv wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ ev
weµ‡qi Rb¨ †mev ev mvgMÖx Drcv`b
K‡i _v‡K| mvaviYZ Avqg~jK
KvR‡K Drcv`bg~jK KvR e‡j|
K…wlLv‡Z Gi D`vniY n‡jv- wb‡Ri
Lvgv‡i ev gRyi wnmv‡e exR ecb,
cïcvjb I evMvb Kiv|
c y b i æ r c v ` b g ~ j K f ~ w g K v :
cybiærcv`bg~jK KvR n‡jv †mBme
KvR hv Drcv`bg~jK KvR‡K
wbiwew”Qbœ ivLvi Rb¨ ìKvi nq| Gi
gva¨‡g cwievi Drcv`bg~jK Kv‡R
kª‡gi †hvMvb I `ÿZv eRvq iv‡L|
†hgb- mšÍvb jvjbcvjb, M„n¯’vwj
KvR Ges wkï, †ivMx I eq¯‹‡ì
†mevhZœ|
c~biærcv`bg~jK
f‚wgKv
(mvaviYZ
bvixi)
Drcv`bg~jK
f‚wgKv
(mvaviYZ
cyiæ‡li)
mvgvwRK f‚wgKv
Ÿ ˆRweK cybiærcv`bkxj KvR-wkïi
Rb¥`vb Ges wkï‡K ey‡Ki `ya LvIqvq
Ÿ mvgvwRK cybiærcv`bkxj KvR-
†Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì gvbyl Kiv, ivbœv Kiv,
cwi®‹vi-cwi”QbœZv, Kvco †avuqv, R¡vjvbx
KvV I cvwb Avbv BZ¨vw`
Ÿ A`„k¨gvb I webv cvwikªwg‡Ki KvR
Ÿ wm×všÍ A‡bï AvbyK‚‡jï Dci wbf©ikxj
n‡q _v‡K
Ÿ RxweKvi Kvh©µg ¯^í cvwikªwg‡Ki
(cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq)
Ÿ A`„k¨gvb I Kg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR
Ÿ mvaviYZ cybiær`cv`bg~jK Kv‡Ri Dci
wfwË K‡i GB Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ M‡o D‡V
Ÿ AvZ¥xqZvi m¤cK© iÿv K‡i, ag©xq
Abykvmb †g‡b P‡j, mvgvwRK †hvMm~Î
iÿv K‡i I wewfbœ mvgvwRK Abyôv‡b
(we‡q, Rb¥w`b, g„Zÿevwl©Kx) †hvM †`q
Ÿ webv cvwikªwg‡Ki KvR
Ÿ Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ cybiærcv`bg~jK Kv‡Ri
Abyiƒc|
Ÿ me©wbgœ cybiæ`rcv`bgyjK
KvR
Ÿ AwaK ZrciZv RwoZ
Ÿ G¸‡jv Hw”QK cÖK…wZi
Ÿ `„k¨gvb KvR
Ÿ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi ÿgZv iv‡L
Ÿ AwaK cvwikªwg‡Ki RxweKvi
Kvh©µg (bvixi Zzjbvq)
Ÿ `„k¨gvb KvR
Ÿ KvR¸‡jv cyiæl‡K Abœ`vZv
wnmv‡e ¯^xK…wZ G‡b †`q
Ÿ ivR‰bwZK cÖK…wZi
Ÿ cvwikªwgK cvIqv hvq Ggb
KvR
Ÿ LyeB `„k¨gvb
f‚wgKv bvix cyiæl

11
mvgvwRK f~wgKv: mgvR eë¯’v wUwK‡q ivLvi Rb¨ †hme KvR Ki‡Z nq †m¸‡jv n‡jv mvgvwRK f~wgKv| †hgb- AvZ¥xqZvi m¤cK©
iÿv Kiv, ag©xq Abykvmb †g‡b Pjv, mvgvwRK †hvMm~Î iÿv Kiv I wewfbœ mvgvwRK Abyôv‡b (we‡q, Rb¥w`b, g„Zzëvwl©Kx) †hvM †`qv|
Avgv‡ì †`‡k, cybiærcv`bg~jK Kv‡Ri kZKiv beŸB fvMB K‡i bvix| D`vniY ¯îƒc, cÖ_vMZfv‡e bvix ivbœv, cvwb Avbv, R¡vjvwb
msMÖn, wkï cwiPh©v Ges e„× I †ivMxi †mev Kivi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡K| cybiærcv`bg~jK Kv‡Ri mv‡_ mv‡_ bvix mvgvwRK Kv‡RI
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Zviv wewfbœ Abyôvb I Drm‡e †hvM †`q Ges AvZ¥xqZvi m¤cK© I mvgvwRK †hvMm~Î iÿv K‡i|
GQvovI, bvix Drcv`bg~jK KvRK‡g© Ask wb‡q _v‡K| cjøx GjvKvq, bvix dmj †Zvjvi Av‡M I c‡i dmj msiÿ‡Yi 90% Kv‡RB
hy³ _v‡K| kn‡i, bvix bvbvfv‡e Avq-†ivRMv‡ii Rb¨ KvR K‡i| K…wl, Kj-KviLvbv I †mev Drcv`‡b bvixi f~wgKv‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`qv
nq bv| KviY mvgvwRKfv‡e G¸‡jv bvixi g~L¨ KvR wnmv‡e aiv nqbv| G¸‡jv e¨wZµg wnmv‡eB aiv nq| †hgb, cyiælB cwiev‡ii
cÖavb AvqKZ©v Avi bvix AcÖavb AvqKvix| GB Kvi‡Y, GKB ai‡Yi Kv‡RI (w`b gRyi wnmv‡e gvwU KvUv) bvix cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq Kg
gRywi †c‡q _v‡K| ZvQvov, K…wl‡Z bvix †hme KvR K‡i _v‡K †m¸‡jv mvaviYZ nq evwoi †fZ‡i| G¸‡jv Lye KgB mevi †Pv‡L
c‡o| ZvB, Drcv`bg~jK Kv‡R bvixi GB f‚wgKv mvgvwRKfv‡e ¯^xK…wZ cvqbv|
GB ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡Ri ZvwjKvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv, bvix I cyiæ‡li KvR¸‡jv †h wfbœ Zv †`Lv‡bv| Gi gva¨‡g mvivw`b N‡i I evB‡i †h KvR
Kiv nq Zvi g‡a¨ bvix †h KvR¸‡jv K‡i Avi cyiæl †h KvR¸‡jv K‡i Zvi GKUv Zzjbvg~jK wPÎ cvIqv hvq| bvix I cyiæ‡li GB
ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡Ri Zzjbvg~jK wPÎ †_‡K †`Lv hvq cwievi I mgv‡R bvixi f‚wgKv cyiæ‡li f‚wgKv †_‡K wfbœ Ges Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î mgv‡R
bvix I cyiæ‡li gv‡S kªg wefvRb i‡q‡Q|
1. cÖ_‡g GB Uz‡ji D‡Ïk¨ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. Gevi GB UzjUv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
GB UzjUv n‡”Q GKUv QK| G‡Z wZbUv Kjvg I K‡qKUv mvwi i‡q‡Q| cÖ_g Kjv‡g cÖwZ mvwii Rb¨ GKUv Kv‡Ri Qwe AvuKv
Av‡Q| GB KvRUv hw` cÖ_vMZfv‡e bvixi KvR nq Zvn‡j wØZxq Kjv‡g GKUv wPý ev bvixi Qwe w`‡q †`Lv‡Z n‡e| KvRUv hw`
cÖ_vMZfv‡e cyiæ‡li KvR nq, Zvn‡j Abyiƒcfv‡e Zv Z…Zxq Kjv‡g †`Lv‡Z n‡e| Avi KvRUv hw` bvix I cyiæl Df‡qiB nq
Zvn‡j wØZxq I Z…Zxq `yB Kjv‡gB wPý w`‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e, GKUv GKUv mvwi a‡i cy‡iv QKUv cyiY Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. eo`‡j Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g QKUv c~iY Ki‡Z ejyb Ges GB Kv‡R AskMÖnYKvix‡ì mvnvh¨ Kiæb|
5.QKUv c~iY n‡q †M‡j `yRb AskMÖnYKvix‡K WvKzb I Zv‡ì‡K QKUv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z ejyb|
6. Gici, GB Uzj †_‡K cvIqv Z_¨, AskMÖnYKvix‡ì e¨vL¨v I mnvqK Z_¨ eënvi K‡i, mgv‡R bvix I cyiæ‡li g‡a¨ we`¨gvb
kªg wefvRb m¤c‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb Ges GB Awa‡ek‡bi g~jevZ©v e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
B›Uv‡iKwUf Uzjm
Uzj 1.1: ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡Ri ZvwjKv
Uzj eënvi cÖwµqv:

12
Uz‡ji bgybv:
ivbœv Kiv
cvwb Avbv
R¡vjvbx msMÖn Kiv
nvj Pvl Kiv
†bŠKv Pvjv‡bv
wi·v/f¨vb Pvjv‡bv
Ni Svo– †`qv
avb KvUv
gvwU KvUv
MvQ KvUv
Kvu_v †mjvB Kiv
mvgvwRK f‚wgKv
¯^vfvweK mg‡q cÖavbZ bvixi KvR n‡j GB Kjv‡g cÖavbZ cyiæ‡li KvR n‡j GB Kjv‡g cyiæ‡li
bvix I cyiæ‡li bvixi Qwe ev wPý w`‡q Zv eySv‡Z n‡e Qwe ev wPý w`‡q Zv eySv‡Z n‡e
ˆbwgwËK KvR
cyiæl bvix

13
Awa‡ekb 1.2: mvgvwRK cÖ_v I kªgwefvRb
cÖwµqv
D‡Ïk¨:
g~j evZ©v:
welqe¯‘ :
DcKiY :
Ÿ GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY mgv‡R we`¨gvb kÖgwefvRb wKfv‡e bvix‡ì ewÂZ K‡i Zv eyS‡Z I e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
Ÿ mvgvwRK cÖ_v I ms¯‹…wZi gva¨‡g bvix I cyiæ‡li gv‡S we`¨gvb kªg wefvRb †Rvi`vi nq| Gi gva¨‡g wkïKvj †_‡K mevB‡K
†kLv‡bv nq †h, Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î bvix I cyiæ‡li f‚wgKv wfbœ|
Ÿ mvgvwRKxKiY cÖwµqv bvixi cÖwZ êlg¨ m„wó K‡i| Gi d‡j bvixi Pjv‡divi MwÛ, †mev MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM I m¤c‡ì gvwjKvbv
K‡g Av‡m, †mB mv‡_ Zviv wm×všÍ MÖnY ev gZcÖKv‡ki ÿgZvI nvivq|
Ÿ g‡b Kiv nq †h, bvixi Kv‡Ri †Zgb †Kvb A_©‰bwZK g~j¨ †bB| GB aviYv †_‡K bvix‡K cyiæ‡li †evSv g‡b Kiv nq| Gi d‡j
cwiev‡i I mgv‡R bvixi Ae¯’vb n‡q c‡o cyiæ‡li Aa¯Íb|
mgq: 1 N›Uv|
Ÿ we`¨gvb kªgwefvRb ˆZwi‡Z mvgvwRK wewaweavb
Ÿ †g‡qwkï I bvixi cÖwZ êlg¨
Ÿ wd¬cPvU©
Ÿ wfc KvW©
Ÿ Kvh©µ‡gi cÖeYZv we‡kølY Uzj
Ÿ c~e©eZ©x Awa‡ek‡bi m~Î a‡i AskMÖnYKvix‡ì ÒmvgvwRK cÖ_v I kªgwefvRbÓ Awa‡ek‡b ¯^vMZ
Rvbvb;
Ÿ Gici, Zv‡ì‡K †Q‡jwkï I †g‡qwkïiv Kx Kv‡R Ask †bq I RxebP‡µi wewfbœ ch©v‡q GKBfv‡e
GKB ai‡Yi KvR K‡i wK bv Zv wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z ejyb| GiRb¨ cvuP wgwbU mgq w`b|
Ÿ Gevi bvix I cyiæ‡li Kvh©µ‡gi cÖeYZv we‡kølY-Uzj e¨vL¨v Kiæb; Ges AskMÖnYKvix‡ì eo`‡j
Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g GB Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ †Q‡jwkï I †g‡qwkï wewfbœ eq‡m †hme Kv‡R Ask wb‡q _v‡K
Zvi GKUv cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Ki‡Z ejyb I GB Kv‡R Zv‡ì‡K mvnvh¨ Kiæb|
Ÿ GUv ˆZwi n‡j `yRb‡K WvKzb I Zv‡ì‡K cÖwZ‡e`b e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z ejyb|
Ÿ Gevi, GB Uzj †_‡K cvIqv Z_¨, AskMÖnYKvix‡ì e¨vL¨v I mnvqK Z‡_ï Dci wfwË K‡i Av‡jvPbv
Kiæb-
- wKfv‡e mvgvwRK cÖ_v Ges ms¯‹…wZ †Q‡j I †g‡q‡ì Rb¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v KvR wba©viY K‡i †`q;
- wKfv‡e G¸‡jv Zv‡ì‡K mvgvwRKfv‡e wba©vwiZ kªgwefvR‡bi w`‡K wb‡q hvq;
- mvgvwRKxKiY cÖwµqv¸‡jv wKfv‡e mgv‡R bvixi cÖwZ êlg¨ m„wó K‡i, -†Kb aviYv Kiv nq †h
bvixi Kv‡Ri †Kvb A_©‰bwZK g~j¨ †bB, Ges G ai‡Yi g‡bvfv‡ei d‡j mgv‡R bvixi Ae¯’vb
wKfv‡e cyiæ‡li Aa¯Íb n‡q c‡o|
Ÿ me‡k‡l, Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Awa‡ek‡bi g~jevZ©v Abyhvqx welqmg~‡ni mvims‡ÿc Kiæb|
mgq
10 wgwbU
25 wgwbU
15 wgwbU
10 wgwbU

14
mnvqK Z_¨
1.2 mvgvwRK cÖ_v I kªgwefvRb
mvgvwRK cÖ_v I ms¯‹…wZ cÖPwjZ kÖgwefvRb‡K Av‡iv †Rvi`vi
K‡i| mvgvwRKxKiY cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g wkïKvj †_‡KB †Q‡jwkï I
†g‡qwkïiv mgv‡R I cwiev‡i Zv‡ì Avjv`v Avjv`v KvR I `vwqZ¡
m¤ú‡K© wkÿv jvf K‡i|
mvaviYfv‡e g‡b Kiv nq †h, we‡q Kiv I mšÍvb Rb¥ †Ìqv I
jvjb-cvjb Kiv nj bvixi KvR; Avi cwiev‡ii Rb¨ A‡_©i †hvMvb
†Ìqv n‡jv cyiæ‡li KvR| bvixiv wb‡Ri Kj¨v‡Yi K_v fvevi
Av‡MB cwiev‡ii Kj¨v‡Yi K_v fve‡e; Ges Zviv n‡e cwiev‡ii
cÖwZ hZœkxj I ms‡e`bkxj| Ab¨w`‡K, cyiæliv n‡e ¯^vaxb‡PZv,
mvnmx I Av‡eMgy³|
mvaviYZ cyiæ‡liv wm×všÍ †bq, Avi bvixiv Zv AbymiY K‡i| Gi
gva¨‡g mgv‡R bvix-cyiæ‡li Amg ÿgZvi cÖwZdjb †`Lv hvq|
Avi GwUB n‡jv bvix-cyiæ‡li kÖgwefvR‡bi wfwË| mvgvwRKxKiY
cÖwµqv G‡K Av‡iv `„p K‡i| GUv wkïKvj †_‡KB ïiæ nq|
mvgvwRK cÖ_v wkïKvj †_‡KB †Q‡jwkï I †g‡qwkïi Rb¨ wfbœ
†cvkvK wba©viY K‡i †`q hv mviv Rxeb a‡i Pj‡Z _v‡K|
†g‡qwkïi †Ljbv nq †Q‡jwkïi †_‡K wfbœ; A‡bK‡ÿ‡ÎB G¸‡jv nq cwievi cÖwZcvjb welqK, †hgb- cyZzj, †h¸‡jv‡K LvIqv‡Z
nq I †cvkvK cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq, ivbœvevbœvi †mU| G¸‡jv Mvn©¯’¨ Kvh©vejx‡K †g‡qwkïi g‡b Av‡iv my`„pfv‡e †cÖvw_Z K‡i|
Ab¨w`‡K, †Q‡jwkïi †Ljbv¸‡jv mvaviYZ mwnsmZv I AvMÖvmb wfwËK nq, †hgb- jovB‡qi miÄvg, †Ljvi miÄvg| †Q‡jwkï I
†g‡qwkï‡K wkïKvj †_‡KB wfbœ ai‡Yi †Ljvq Drmvn †Ìqv nq; †Q‡jwkï‡K mvaviYZ AvµgYvZœK †Ljvq Drmvn †Ìqv nq, Avi
†g‡qwkï‡K N‡i e‡m †Lj‡Z DrmvwnZ Kiv nq|
bvix -
Ÿ webgª n‡e
Ÿ j¤^v Pzj _vK‡e
Ÿ mšÍvb Rb¥ w`‡e
Ÿ hZœkxj n‡e
Ÿ j¾vkxj n‡e
Ÿ Lye KwVb n‡ebv
Ÿ Z¨vMx n‡e
cyiæl -
Ÿ †Kvbiƒc Av‡eM
cÖ`k©b Ki‡ebv
Ÿ cwiev‡ii cÖavb
AvqKZ©v n‡e
Ÿ iæ¶ I KwVb n‡e
Ÿ Zv‡ì †hŠb AvR©x
_vK‡e
Ÿ mKj mgm¨vi mvgvj
w`‡e
Ÿ bvixi Dci ¶gZv
cÖ`k©b Ki‡e

15
mvgvwRKxKiY cÖwµqv bvixi cÖwZ êlg¨g~jK| †g‡qwkïiv N‡ii evB‡i †h‡Z cv‡i bv| Zviv Zv‡ì gZvgZ `„pfv‡e cÖKvk Ki‡Z
cv‡ibv| G¸‡jv †g‡qwkïi PjvP‡ji MÛx mxwgZ K‡i Avi Lvevi I Ab¨vb¨ †mevmg~‡n Zv‡ì AwaKvi msKzwPZ K‡i| Gid‡j bvix
Rxeb iÿvKvix `ÿZv, †hgb- muvZvi KvUv, Mv‡Q Povi `ÿZv AR©‡bi my‡hvM nvivq| GQvov, GUv Z‡_¨ bvixi cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv mxwgZ
K‡i I Zv‡ì‡K `~e©j K‡i ˆZwi K‡i Ges wm×všÍ MÖnY cÖwµqvq Zv‡ì AskMÖnY‡K evav †`q| Gme êlg¨ ¯^‡Z¡I bvixiv cwiev‡ii
Ab¨ m`m¨‡ì †mevhZœ K‡i Ges Zv‡ì Avivg-Av‡q‡ki eë¯’v Ki‡Z A‡bK Z¨vM ¯^xKvi K‡i|
†Q‡jwkï I †g‡qwkïiv wkïKvj †_‡KB bvix-cyiæ‡li g‡a¨ we`¨gvb kªgwefvRb m¤ú‡K© wkÿv jvf K‡i Ges ax‡i ax‡i G¸‡jv Zv‡ì
g‡bi g‡a¨ `„pfv‡e †Mu‡_ hvq| GB e¨vcviwU‡K †`Lv‡bvB Kvh©µ‡gi cÖeYZv we‡køl‡Yi D‡Ïk¨|
mvgvwRK cÖ_v I ms¯‹…wZ wKfv‡e †Q‡jwkï I †g‡qwkïi wfbœ ai‡Yi f‚wgKv m¤ú‡K© ax‡i ax‡i Zv‡ì g‡a¨ aviYv m„wó K‡i Zv
Kvh©µ‡gi cÖeYZv we‡kølY Uzj Gi gva¨‡g wPwÎZ Kiv nq| Zviv wKfv‡e mgv‡R bvix I cyiæ‡li wfbœ wfbœ `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© wk‡L,
Ges GB cÖ_v I ms¯‹…wZ wKfv‡e Zv‡ì‡K kªgwefvR‡bi we`¨gvb mvgvwRK eë¯’vgZ KvR Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡i Zv Kvh©µ‡gi cÖeYZv
we‡kølY K‡i Rvbv hvq| Rxe‡bi wewfbœ ch©v‡q †Q‡j I †g‡q‡ì mvgvwRKfv‡e wba©vwiZ KvR¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Zzjbvi gva¨‡g mvgvwRK
wbqgKvbyb I AvPvi¸‡jv wKfv‡e bvix‡ì Kv‡R euvav n‡q `vuovq Ges bvix‡ì ewÂZ K‡i Zv Gi gva¨‡g Rvbv hvq |
1. cÖ_‡g GB Uz‡ji D‡Ïk¨ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. Gevi ÒKvh©µ‡gi cÖeYZv we‡kølYÓ Uzj 1.2 e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
GUv GKUv QK; G‡Z PviUv Kjvg I K‡qKUv mvwi i‡q‡Q| cÖ_g Kjv‡g, cÖwZ mvwii Rb¨ GKUv Kv‡Ri Qwe AvuKv Av‡Q| wØZxq
Kjv‡g 10 eQ‡ii Kg eqmx wkïi GB Kv‡R AskMÖnY GKUv wPý ev Qwe w`‡q †`Lv‡Z n‡e| KvRUv hw` †g‡qwkï K‡i Zvn‡j
ïay bvixi Qwe w`‡Z n‡e, ïay †Q‡jwkï Ki‡j ïay cyiæ‡li Qwe w`‡Z n‡e, †Q‡jwkï I †g‡qwkï Df‡q Ki‡j bvix I cyiæl
Df‡qi Qwe w`‡Z n‡e| †Q‡jwkï †g‡qwkïi Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg †ewk gvÎvq KvRUv Ki‡j bvix ev cyiæ‡li Qwe Kg‡ewk msL¨vq
†Ìqv †h‡Z cv‡i| GKBfv‡e mvwii Z…Zxq Kjv‡gi Ni 10-15 eQi eqmx wkï I PZz_© Kjv‡gi Ni 15 eQ‡ii †ewk eqmx‡ì
Rb¨ c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e|
3.QKUv c~iY n‡q †M‡j `yRb AskMÖnYKvix‡K WvKzb I Zv‡ì‡K QKUv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z ejyb|
4. Gici GB Uzj †_‡K cvIqv Z_¨, AskMÖnYKvix‡ì e¨vL¨v I mnvqK Z_¨ eënvi K‡i wKfv‡e cÖPwjZ cÖ_v I mvgvwRK cÖwµqv
mgv‡R bvix I cyiæ‡li g‡a¨ kªg wefvRb ˆZwi Ki‡Q ev †Rvi`vi Ki‡Q Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
5.Gevi Av‡jvPbv Kiæb; wKfv‡e Gi gva¨‡g bvixi cÖwZ êlg¨ m„wó n‡”Q; bvix‡K Aa¯Íb Ae¯’v‡b ivLv n‡”Q|
B›Uv‡iKwUf Uzjm
Uzj 1.2 Kvh©µ‡gi cÖeYZv we‡kølY
Uzj eënvi cÖwµqvt

16
Uz‡ji bgybv:
†Ljva~jvmn KvRKg©
eqm
ivbœv-evbœv
cyZzj †Ljv
dzUej †Ljv
`uwojvd †Ljv
†bŠKv Pvjv‡bv
nvj Pvl
Mv‡Q Pov
†mjvB‡qi KvR
¯‹z‡j hvIqv
mvuZvi KvUv
10 eQ‡ii Kg eqm 10-15 eQi eqm 15 eQ‡ii †ewk eqm
cyiæl bvix

17
Awa‡ekb 1.3: bvixi mÿgZv I AšÍivq
cÖwµqv
D‡Ïk¨:
g~j evZ©v :
welqe¯‘ :
DcKiY:
Ÿ GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY bvixi KvR n‡Z wKfv‡e cwievi I mgvR DcK…Z nq Zv eyS‡Z I e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Ÿ bvixiv †ewkifvM cybiærcv`bg~jK KvR¸‡jv K‡i _v‡K; †mB mv‡_ Drcv`bg~jK KvR Kivi gva¨‡g cvwievwiK A_©bxwZ‡Z
bvix ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Q| Gme wKQzi ciI Zviv cwiev‡ii cÖavb DcvR©bKvix wn‡m‡e wPwýZ nqbv|
mgq: 1 N›Uv|
Ÿ mgv‡R bvixi mÿgZv I Ae`vb
Ÿ bvixi KvR mwVK fv‡e Kivi †ÿ‡Î AšÍivqmg~n Kx
Ÿ bvixi Ae`v‡bi ¯^xK…wZ
Ÿ wd¬c-PvU©
Ÿ wfc KvW©
Ÿ cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv-wbqš¿Y †cÖvdvBj Uzj
Ÿ c~e©eZ©x Awa‡ek‡bi m~Î a‡i AskMÖnYKvix‡ì Òbvixi mÿgZv I AšÍivqÓ kxl©K Awa‡ek‡b ¯^vMZ
Rvbvb|
Ÿ Gici, Zv‡ì‡K cwiev‡i mvaviYZ †hme m¤c` _v‡K †m¸‡jv KZUv cyiæ‡li Kv‡R jv‡M Avi
KZUv bvixi Kv‡R jv‡M Ges bvix G¸‡jvi †KvbUv †Kbv‡ePvi e¨cv‡i wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡i Zv wb‡R‡ì
g‡a¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z ejyb| GiRb¨ cvuP wgwbU mgq w`b|
Ÿ Gevi, cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv-wbqš¿Y †cÖvdvBj- Uzj 1.3 e¨vL¨v Kiæb; Ges AskMÖnYKvix‡ì eo`‡j
Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g GB Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ cvwievwiK ch©v‡q m¤c‡` bvix I cyiæ‡li cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv-wbqš¿Y
†cÖvdvBj ˆZwi Ki‡Z ejyb I GB Kv‡R Zv‡ì‡K mvnvh¨ Kiæb|
Ÿ GUv ˆZwi n‡j `yRb‡K WvKzb I Zv‡ì ˆZwi †cÖvdvBjUv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z ejyb|
Dci wfwË K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiæb-
- m¤c` eënvi I wbqš¿‡Y bvixi GLwZqvi I cÖwZeÜKZv wKiƒc;
- Gme cÖwZeÜKZv ¯^‡Ë¡I bvix wKfv‡e Zvi KvR¸‡jv KZUzKz Kvh©Kifv‡e Ki‡Q I cwiev‡ii
A_©bxwZ‡Z wK ai‡Yi Ae`vb ivL‡Q|
mgq
10 wgwbU
25 wgwbU
15 wgwbU
10 wgwbU

18
mnvqK Z_¨
B›Uv‡iKwUf Uzjm
1.3 bvixi mÿgZv I AšÍivq
Uzj 1.3: cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv-wbqš¿Y †cÖvdvBj
bvix cyiæ‡li kªg wefvR‡bi g~j †f` †iLv nj, †h me KvR A_©‰bwZK gvcKvwV‡Z gvcv hvq †m¸‡jv cyiæ‡li GLwZqv‡i; Avi †h me
KvR A_©‰bwZK gvcKvwV‡Z gvcv hvq bv †m¸‡jv bvixi KvR wnmv‡e aiv nq| cÖv_wgKfv‡e cyiæ‡li f~wgKv n‡jv cwiev‡i UvKv-cqmv
†hvMvb †Ìqv| Zv‡ì‡K cwiev‡ii AvqKZ©v wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq- Zviv DcvR©b K‡i cwiev‡ii Rb¨ Lv`¨, e¯¿, AvkÖq I Ab¨vb¨
mvgMÖxi eë¯’v K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, bvix‡ì cÖv_wgK `vwqZ¡ n‡jv M„n¯’vwj Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b Kiv I cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì cwiPh©v Kiv|
Zv‡ì‡K Drcv`K wn‡m‡e bq, †fv³v wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| A_©bxwZi gvcKvwV‡Z bvix †Zgb †Kvb Ae`vb iv‡Lbv, GB aviYv
†_‡K bvix‡K cyiæ‡li †evSv g‡b Kiv nq| Avi Gfv‡eB cwiev‡i I mgv‡R bvixi Ae¯’vb aiv nq cyiæ‡li wb‡P|
G K_v ejvi A‡cÿv iv‡Lbv †h, bvixi M„n¯’vwj Kvh©vejxB cyiæ‡li Drcv`bg~jK Kv‡Ri wfwË| Z‡e, bvix evwowfwËK wewfbœ
Drcv`bg~jK KvR K‡i _v‡K, †hgb- evwoi cv‡k mewR evMvb, nuvm-gyiMx cvjb, Lv`¨ cÖwµqvRvZKiY| hwÌ bvixi Gme KvR
A_©‰bwZK gvcKvwV‡Z gvcv nqbv, wKš‘ cwiev‡ii A_©bxwZ‡Z G¸‡jv mivmwi Ae`vb iv‡L| GQvov, A_© DcvR©‡bi Rb¨ bvix A‡bK
Drcv`bg~jK KvR K‡i _v‡K| GRb¨ Zviv evB‡i hvq; Ges †hme Kv‡Ri A_©‰bwZK g~j¨vqb Av‡Q †m¸‡jv Zviv K‡i _v‡K| cyiælB
n‡jv cwiev‡ii cÖavb DcvR©bKvix, GB aviYv GZB cÖej †h, A_©‰bwZK Kv‡R bvixi m¤ú„³Zv Lye KgB ¯^xKvi Kiv nq| ZvB M„n¯’vwj
KvR Kivi cvkvcvwk AwZwi³ KvR wnmv‡e bvix‡K evB‡ii KvR Ki‡Z nq; bZzev mgvR Zvi cÖv_wgK `vwqZ¡ cvjb bv Kivq Zv‡K
†`vlv‡ivc Ki‡Z cv‡i|
cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv-wbqš¿Y †cÖvdvB‡ji D‡Ïk¨ mgv‡R bvix‡ì Ae¯’v
I Ae¯’vb wKiƒc Zv cÖ`k©b Kiv| cÖ‡ek-wbqš¿Y †cÖvdvBj
cwiev‡ii wewfbœ m¤c` I Rb‡Mvôx‡Z we`¨gvb †mev¸‡jv bvix
cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq KZUzKz eënvi Ki‡Z ev wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi
GKUv ev¯Íe wPÎ Zz‡j a‡i| G †_‡K †`Lv hv‡e †h, cwiev‡ii
m¤c`¸‡jvi Dci bvixi gvwjKvbv Lye Kg cwigv‡Y Av‡Q Ges †m
Gme m¤c‡ì †Kbv‡ePvq †Zgb †Kvb wm×všÍ w`‡Z cv‡ibv|
Abyiƒcfv‡e Rb‡Mvôx‡Z we`¨gvb †mev¸‡jv †m cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv
wb‡Z cv‡ibv|

19
1. cÖ_‡g GB Uz‡ji Abykxj‡bi D‡Ïk¨ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. Gevi ÒcÖ‡ekMg¨Zv-wbqš¿Y †cÖvdvBjÓ Uzj 1.3 e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
GUv GKUv QK, G‡Z wZbUv Kjvg I K‡qKUv mvwi Av‡Q| cÖwZmvwii cÖ_g Kjv‡gi N‡i Qwe w`‡q GKUv m¤c` †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
wØZxq Kjv‡g, GB m¤c` bvix, mvaviYfv‡e, cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq, Kx cwigvY eënvi K‡i I Kv‡R jvMvq Zv †`Lv‡Z n‡e|
eënv‡ii cwigvY ev gvÎv †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ 0-3 Gi †¯‹j eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i- 0 gv‡b †gv‡UB eënvi K‡ibv; 1 gv‡b cyiæ‡li
Zzjbvq Kg eënvi K‡i; 2 gv‡b cyiæ‡li mgcwigvb eënvi K‡i I wZb gv‡b cyiæ‡li †_‡K †ewk cwigv‡Y eënvi K‡i| GKUv
wPý 1evi, 2evi ev 3evi Gu‡K I 0 n‡j NiUv dvuKv †i‡L QKUv c~iY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z…Zxq Kjv‡g Abyiƒcfv‡e GB m¤c`
†Kbv‡ePvi †ÿ‡Î bvix wb‡R KZUv wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡i Zv †`Lv‡Z n‡e|
3.Gevi eo `‡j Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g AskMÖnYKvix‡ì mvnv‡h¨ QKUv c~iY Kiæb|
4. QKUv c~iY n‡q †M‡j `yRb‡K WvKzb I Zv‡ì‡K QKUv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z ejyb|
5. Gici GB Ujz †_‡K cvIqv Z_¨, AskMnÖ YKvix‡ì e¨vL¨v I mnvqK Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z, m¤c` eënvi I m¤c‡ì gvwjKvbvq
ciy æ‡li Zjz bvq bvixi ÿgZv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| GLv‡b †`Lv hv‡e †h, m¤c‡ì gvwjKvbv I Gi wbqš‡¿ Y bvixi GLwZqvi Ley B Kg|
Uz‡ji bgybv:
A_©
Miæ
Rwg
Ni
AjsKvi
nvum-gyiMx
mewR †ÿZ
QvMj
cvwievwiK m¤c` cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq bvix wK cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq bvix wK gvÎvq †Kbv‡ePv, n¯ÍvšÍi ev ¯’vbvšÍ‡i
gvÎvq eënvi K‡i wm×všÍ wb‡Z ev wb‡Ri wm×všÍ Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z cv‡i

gwWDj 2: `y‡h©vM SzuwK n«vm
I bvixi †bZ…Z¡

21
gwWDj 2: `y‡h©vM SzuwK n«vm I bvixi †bZ…Z¡
Awa‡ekb 2.1: SzuwK cwi‡ek I bvix
cÖwµqv
D‡Ïk¨:
gyj evZ©v:
welqe¯‘ :
DcKiY :
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY bvixi Dci `y‡h©v‡Mi cÖfve wKiƒc Zv eyS‡Z I e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Ÿ `y‡h©v‡Mi d‡j Rxeb I m¤c‡ì ÿwZ nq, †mevmg~‡n weNœ N‡U I gvbyl `y`©kvq c‡o; `y‡h©vMKv‡j bvixi `y`©kv cyiæ‡li `y`©kv
†_‡K wfbœ|
Ÿ AšÍiv‡j Ae¯’vb, mxwgZ MwÛ‡Z PjvPj, m¤c` eënv‡i KZ©…Z¡nxbZv I gZcÖKv‡k `~e©j K‡Éi Kvi‡Y `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«v‡m mKj
ch©v‡qi Kv‡R bvixi †evSv, eÂbv I SzuwK †e‡o hvq|
mgq: 1 N›Uv|
- bvixi `y‡h©vM wec`vcbœZvi †cÖwÿZ
- `y‡h©v‡M bvixi `y`©kvi aiY
Ÿ `y‡h©vM welqK wfwWI
Ÿ wd¬cPvU©
Ÿ `y‡h©vM RwbZ `y`©kv-g¨vwUª· †¯‹vwis-Uzj
Ÿ AskMªnYKvix‡ì‡K ÒSzuwKi cwi‡ek I bvixÓ kxl©K Awa‡ek‡b ¯^vMZ Rvbvb;
Ÿ Av‡jvPbvi m~ÎcvZ Kivi Rb¨ `y‡h©vM welqK GKwU wfwWI wPÎ cÖ`k©b Kiæb;
Ÿ Gici, Zv‡ì‡K `y‡h©v‡Mi cÖfve Ges bvix I cyiæl `y‡h©vMKv‡j wKiƒc `y`©kvq c‡o Zv wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z ejyb| Gi Rb¨ cvuP wgwbU mgq w`b|
Ÿ Gevi `y‡h©vMRwbZ `y`©kv-g¨vwUª· †¯‹vwis-Uzj 2.1 e¨vL¨v Kiæb; Ges AskMÖnYKvix‡ì eo `‡j
Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g GB Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ bvix I cyiæl `y‡h©vMKv‡j wKiƒc gvÎvq `y`©kv ev K‡ó c‡o Zv
†`Lv‡Z ejyb I GB Kv‡R Zv‡ì‡K mvnvh¨ Kiæb|
Ÿ GB KvRUv n‡q †M‡j `yRb‡K WvKzb I Zv‡ì ˆZwi g¨vwU· †¯‹vwis-G ewY©Z welq¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z
ejyb|
Ÿ AskMÖnYKvix‡ì abëv` Rvwb‡q Uzj †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨, AskMÖnYKvix‡ì e¨vL¨v I mnvqK Z‡_ï Dci
wfwË K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiæb
- wKfv‡e bvixiv cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq `y‡h©v‡M †ewk I wfbœfv‡e ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq
- wKfv‡e bvixi eÂbv I SzuwK AviI †e‡o hvq|
mgq
10 wgwbU
25 wgwbU
15 wgwbU
10 wgwbU
gwWDj2`y‡h©vMSzuwKn«vmIbvixi†bZ…Z¡

mnvqK Z_¨
2.1 SzuwK cwi‡ek I bvix
eb¨v, Liv, N~wY©So, R‡jv”Q¡vm, ˆkZ¨cÖevn ev b`x fv½‡bi g‡Zv
NUbv cÖwZ eQiB G‡`‡ki †Kvb bv †Kvb AÂ‡j N‡U _v‡K|
eZ©gv‡b, f‚Mf©¯’ cvwb‡Z Av‡m©wbK `~lY, `wÿY-cwðgvÂ‡j
jeYv³Zv e„w×, `wÿY c~e©vÂ‡j f‚wgaŸ‡mi NUbv NU‡Q|
evsjv‡`k f‚wgK¤ú GjvKvq Aew¯’Z| †h‡Kvb mg‡q GLv‡b
gvivZ¥K f‚wgK¤ú NU‡Z cv‡i| GQvovI, we‡kl K‡i, kni
GjvKvq AwMœKvÛ I BgviZaŸm NU‡Q|
Gme Avc‡ì Kvi‡Y Rxeb, m¤ú` I cwi‡e‡ki e¨vcK ÿwZ
nq| gvbyl gviv hvq, A‡b‡K AvnZ nq| †fŠZKvVv‡gv-
KjKviLvbv, evwoNi, `vjvb‡KvVv, iv¯ÍvNvU, weªR, KvjfvU©
ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq| gv‡Vi dmj bó nq| M„n¯’vwj m¤ú` bó nq|
eb¨v, Liv, N~wY©So ev b`x fv½‡bi Kvi‡Y A‡bK mgq cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek wech©¯Í n‡q c‡o| A‡bK wbPy GjvKv Rjve× n‡q c‡o| evjy
c‡o dm‡ji Rwg Pvlvev‡ì Abyc‡hvMx n‡q hvq| A‡bK GjvKv, we‡kl K‡i, DcK‚j AÂ‡j Rwg I f~Mf©¯’ cvwb AwZgvÎvq jeYv³
n‡q c‡o| ZvQvov, f‚Mf©¯’ cvwbi ¯Íi wb‡P P‡j hvq| Gid‡j gvby‡li RxweKv I mvgvwRK KvRKg© gvivZ¥Kfv‡e e¨vnZ nq|
†hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v wew”Qbœ n‡q c‡o| ¯‹zj-K‡jR, wPwKrmv‡K›`ª I Ab¨vb¨ †mevcÖwZôv‡bi KvRK‡g© e¨vNvZ N‡U| KjKviLvbv eÜ n‡q
hvq| nvUevRvi I eëmvevwYR¨ APj n‡q c‡o| gvby‡li Avq-†ivRMv‡ii my‡hvM †jvc cvq|
N~wY©SoRwbZ `y‡h©v‡M bvix wb‡R gviv †h‡Z cv‡i ev cwievi cwiRb nviv‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e G ai‡Yi `y‡h©v‡M cyiæ‡li Zyjbvq †ewk msL¨K
bvix gviv hvq| mvaviYZ, `y‡h©v‡Mi mZK©evZ©v bvix mgqg‡Zv cvqbv| Avi mZK©evZ©v †c‡jI mvgvwRK wewawb‡l‡ai Kvi‡Y, Ni‡`vi
A‡MvQv‡jv †i‡L ev wkï‡ì †d‡j †i‡L A_ev M„nKZ©vi webv AbygwZ‡Z GKv GKv AvkÖq‡K‡›`ª hvIqv bvixi c‡ÿ m¤¢e nqbv| ZvQvov,
cÖ_vMZ Kvi‡Y Zvi mvuZvi KvUv ev Mv‡Q Povi `ÿZv _v‡Kbv| Gme Kvi‡Y `y‡h©vMKv‡j bvix g„Zzï nvi me mgqB †ewk n‡q _v‡K|
1991 mv‡ji N~wY©S‡o †gvU g„‡Zi kZKiv 91 fvMB wQ‡jv bvix|
22
`y‡h©v‡M hviv Rxeb nvivq Zv‡ì g‡a¨ bvixi msL¨vB †ekx
`y‡h©v‡M bvix M„n¯’vwj nvivq
cwi‡e‡ki ÿwZi Kvi‡Y bvix Lv`¨, R¡vjvbx I cvwb msK‡U c‡o
†mevmg~‡n weNœ NU‡j bvix Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ekx ewÂZ nq
cwiev‡i, `y‡h©vMRwbZ mKj msKU †kl ch©šÍ bvixi Dci G‡m eZ©vq
`y‡h©vMmnvqZvq g~j jÿ¨ bvixi Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv bq, eis A_©‰bwZK
ÿwZc~iY Kiv

23
`y‡h©vMKv‡j †mevmg~‡ni weNœ N‡U, evRvi eë¯’v e¨nZ nq, cwiev‡ii Avq-†ivRMvi _v‡Kbv| Lvevi, R¡vjvwb, cvwb, cqtwb®‹vlb I
wPwKrmvi msKU †`Lv †`q| G‡Z bvix wb‡R Lye Kó cvq| Dciš‘, G mg‡qI bvix‡K cwiev‡ii mevi Rb¨ Lvevi I cvwbi eë¯’v Ki‡Z
nq, Ni‡`vi cwi¯‹vi ivL‡Z nq I mK‡ji †mevh‡Zœœi fvi wb‡Z nq| eb¨v ev N~wY©S‡o ev¯‘Pz¨Z bvixi c‡ÿ wb‡Ri e¨w³MZ cwi”QbœZv
wbwðZ Kiv I GBme `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kiv AviI KwVb n‡q c‡o|
A‡bK mgq cwiev‡ii cyiæl KZ©v m¤ú` ev †ivRMvi bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y fiY‡cvl‡Yi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| G‡Z †m gvbwmKfv‡e
wech©¯Í n‡q c‡o I bvixi cÖwZ mwnsm n‡q c‡o| ZvQvov, AvkÖq‡K‡›`ª mvaviYZ h_vh_ myiÿv eë¯’v _v‡Kbv| d‡j bvixi wbh©vZb I
†hŠb nqivwbi SyuwK A‡bK¸Y †e‡o hvq|
cwiev‡ii cÖavb AvqKZ©v wbnZ, wb‡LvuR ev ¸iæZifv‡e RLg n‡j A_ev Kv‡Ri mÜv‡b Ab¨Î P‡j †M‡j bvix‡KB cwievi cÖav‡bi
`vwqZ¡ wb‡Z nq| GUvI bvixi Rb¨ LyeB KóKi| KviY, cwievi cÖavb wnmv‡e bvix‡K Nimsmv‡ii KvR- cvwb Avbv, ivbœvevbœv Kiv,
wkïi hZœ †bIqv, I GKB mv‡_ Avq-†ivRMv‡ii KvR Ki‡Z nq|
Mf©eZx bvix ev cÖwZeÜx bvix `y‡h©vMKv‡j LyeB `y`©kvq c‡o| Zvi we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb ev Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi †Kvb eë¯’v ZLb _v‡Kbv| G
mg‡q `y‡h©v‡Mi SyuwK mvgjv‡bvi Rb¨ mevB G‡Zv e¨¯Í _v‡K †h Mf©eZx ev cÖwZeÜx bvixi cÖwZ bRi †èvi my‡hvM KgB cvq| Gi Dci
Mf©eZx ev cÖwZeÜx bvix‡K hw` msmv‡ii Ab¨vb¨ `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq Zvn‡j Zvi Kó AviI †e‡o hvq|
cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK ev cÖvwZôvwbK ch©v‡q `y‡h©vM SyuwKn«vm KvRKg© bvixi Kv‡Ri †evSv evovq I Zv‡K K‡ó †d‡j| gywóPvj Rgv K‡i
Avc`Kvjxb Lv`¨gRyZ M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ bvix‡K K…”QZv mvab Ki‡Z nq| emZwfUv DuPy Kivi Rb¨ bvix‡K Zvi ˆ`bw›`b KvR Kivi
ci AwZwi³ kÖg w`‡Z nq| ¯’vbxq `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv KwgwU ev †¯^”Qv‡mex`‡j †hvM w`‡jI bvixi Kv‡Ri †evSv †e‡o hvq|
`y‡h©vM SyuwK cÖkg‡b †hme AeKvVv‡gv ˆZix Kiv nq Zv A‡bK mgq bvixi Kó evovq| †hgb- evua wbg©v‡Yi d‡j Db¥y³ GjvKv ev
Rjvkq Pv‡li AvIZvq P‡j Av‡m ev GjvKvi dmjP‡µ cwieZ©b N‡U| bvix ZLb Db¥y³ GjvKv †_‡K m¤ú` Avni‡Yi my‡hvM nvivq|
we‡kl K‡i, Lv`¨ k‡mï e`‡j evwYwR¨K dm‡ji Pvl ïiæ n‡j Mixe cwiev‡ii bvix gv‡V dmj Kyov‡bv ev Miæ-QvMj Piv‡bvi my‡hvM
nvivq|
`y‡h©vM RwbZ `y`©kv-g¨vwUª· †¯‹vwis Uzj Gi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv `y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y bvixi `y`©kv †h cyiæ‡li `y`©kv †_‡K wfbœ Zv †`Lv‡bv|
`y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y Rxebnvbx I m¤c‡ì ÿwZ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e bvixi †ÿ‡Î †ewk N‡U; Ges `y‡h©vMKv‡j bvixi wec`vcbœZv, eÂbv I
Kv‡Ri †evSv A‡bK¸Y †e‡o hvq|
1. cÖ_‡g GB Uzj Abykxj‡bi D‡Ïk¨ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. Gevi `y‡h©vM RwbZ `y`©kv-g¨vwUª· †¯‹vwis Uzj 2.1 e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
GUv GKUv QK; G‡Z wZbUv Kjvg I K‡qKUv mvwi i‡q‡Q| cÖ_g Kjv‡g, cÖwZ mvwi‡Z, GKUv `y`©kv ev Kó D‡jøL Av‡Q| mvwii
wØZxq Kjv‡gi N‡i `y‡h©vMKv‡j bvix ¯^vfvweK mg‡qi Zzjbvq H Kó Kx gvÎvq †fvM K‡i Zv 0-5 Gi †¯‹‡j †`Lv‡Z n‡e|
GiRb¨ GB N‡i K‡ói gvÎv Abymv‡i GKUv wPý GKevi, `yBevi, wZbevi, Pvievi ev cvuPevi †Ìqv †h‡Z cv‡i; Avi bvixi hw`
Kó bv _v‡K Zvn‡j †Kvb wPý †Ìqvi ìKvi bvB| Z…Zxq Kjv‡g Abyiƒcfv‡e cyiæ‡li K‡ói gvÎv †`Lv‡Z n‡e|
3.Gevi, eo`‡j Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g AskMÖnYKvix‡ì mvnv‡h¨ QKUv cyiY Kiæb|
4. QKUv cyiY n‡q †M‡j `yRb‡K WvKzb I Zv‡ì‡K QKUv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z ejyb|
5.Gici, GB Uzj †_‡K cvIqv Z_¨, AskMÖnYKvix‡ì e¨L¨v I mnvqK Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z `y‡h©v‡Mi cÖfve †h bvix I cyiæ‡li Dci
wfbœfv‡e c‡o I bvixi `y`©kv cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq wfbœ Ges Gid‡j bvixi eÂbvI †e‡o hvq, Zv †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
B›Uv‡iKwUf Uzjm
Uzjm 2.1: `y‡h©vM RwbZ `y`©kv-g¨vwUª· †¯‹vwis

Uz‡ji bgybv:
`y‡h©vMKv‡j gvby‡li Kó ev `y`©kv bvixi Kó ev `y`©kvi gvÎv cyiæ‡li Kó ev `y`©kvi gvÎv
ÿzav ev bv LvIqvi Kó
cvwbi Afv‡e Kó
Avkªq bv _vKvi Kó
m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v bv _vKvi Kó
AmyL-wemy‡Li Kó
Pjv‡div bv Ki‡Z cvivi Kó
Avq-†ivRMvi bv _vKvi Kó
ÎvY msMÖ‡ni Kó
Lvevi ˆZwi ev ivbœv Kivi Kó
Kv‡Ri †evSv evovi Kó
nqivwbi SzuwK evovi Kó
24

Awa‡ekb 2.2 `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«v‡m bvixi mÿgZv
cÖwµqv
D‡Ïk¨:
gyj evZ©v:
welqe¯‘ :
DcKiY:
GB Awa‡ek‡bi †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq bvixi Kx mvg_© i‡q‡Q I `y‡h©vMKv‡j †m wKfv‡e Ab¨‡ì mvnvh¨ K‡i Zv
eyS‡Z I e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
`y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq bvixi wKQz mÿgZv i‡q‡Q, †m ¯^cÖ‡Yvw`Zfv‡e c~e©cÖ¯‘wZ †bq I `y‡h©vMKv‡j wb‡R‡K I Ab¨‡ì iÿv Kivi Rb¨
cÖ_vMZ f‚wgKvi evB‡i AwZwi³ `vwqZ¡ †bq
mgq: 1 N›Uv|
Ÿ `y‡h©vM SzuwK n«vm I bvixi AwZwi³ Kv‡Ri Pvc
Ÿ `y‡h©vMKv‡j bvix-cyiæ‡li f‚wgKvi cwieZ©b
Ÿ `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«v‡m bvixi Ae`vb welqK wfwWI
Ÿ wd¬cPvU
Ÿ bvixi `y‡h©vM SzuwK nªvm KvR we‡kølY Uyj
Ÿ AskMªnYKvix‡ì‡K Ò`y‡h©vM SzuwKn«v‡m bvixi mÿgZvÓ kxl©K Awa‡ek‡b ¯^vMZ Rvbvb;
Ÿ `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«v‡m bvixi Ae`vb wb‡q GKwU wfwWI wPÎ cÖ`k©b Kiæb;
Ÿ Gici Zv‡ì‡K `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ bvix ¯^vfvweK mgq I `y‡h©vMKv‡j Kx K‡i Ges G¸‡jv
Zvi ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡Ri AwZwi³ wK bv Zv wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z ejyb| GiRb¨ cvuP wgwbU
mgq w`b|
Ÿ Gevi `y©‡hvM †gvKv‡ejvq bvixi KvR we‡kølY Uzj 2.2 e¨vL¨v Kiæb; Ges
Ÿ AskMÖnYKvix‡ì eo `‡j Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g GB Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«vmg~jK KvR Kivi
Rb¨ bvix‡K ¯^vfvweK mg‡q ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡Ri `vwq‡Z¡i Zzjbvq Kg ev †ewk ev mgvb Kv‡Ri Pvc enb
Ki‡Z n‡”Q wKbv Zv †`Lv‡Z ejyb I GB Kv‡R Zv‡ì‡K mvnvh¨ Kiæb|
Ÿ GB KvRUv n‡q †M‡j `yRb‡K WvKzb Ges Zv‡ì ˆZwi bvixi `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«vm Kv‡Ri †cÖvdvB‡j ewY©Z
welq¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z ejyb|
- wKfv‡e bvix `y‡h©vM cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z KvR K‡i I `y‡h©vMKv‡j mvov †`q;
- wKfv‡e bvix `y‡h©vMKv‡j cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZi mv‡_ wb‡R‡K Lvc LvB‡q †bq;
- wKfv‡e bvixi `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«vmg~jK KvR¸‡jv Zvi Kv‡Ri †evSv evwo‡q †`q|
mgq
10 wgwbU
25 wgwbU
15 wgwbU
10 wgwbU
25

26
mnvqK Z_¨
B›Uv‡iKwUf Uzjm
2.2 `y‡h©vM SyuwKn«v‡m bvixi mÿgZv
Uzjm 2.2: bvixi `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«vm KvR we‡kølY
mgv‡R bvixi Ae¯’vb cyiæ‡li wb‡P n‡jI `y‡h©vMKv‡j bvixB me©cÖ_g mvovcÖ`v‡b GwM‡q Av‡m I `y‡h©vM RwbZ `y`©kv †_‡K DËi‡Yi
j‡ÿ¨ cwiev‡ii cÖvq me Kv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ †bq| †m fMœ¯y‘c I RÄvj cwi¯‹vi K‡i I _vKvi RvqMv wVK K‡i| cwiev‡ii mevi Rb¨ cvwb I
Lvev‡ii eë¯’v K‡i Ges AvnZ †jvKR‡bi †mevhZœ K‡i|
`y‡h©vMKv‡j hLb mKj mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK KvRKg© cÖvq APj n‡q hvq Avi AvµvšÍ Rb‡Mvôx evB‡ii mvnv‡hï Dci wbf©ikxj n‡q
c‡o ZLb mnRvZfv‡eB bvix cwiev‡ii `y`©kv †gvP‡bi †ÿ‡Î g~L¨ f~wgKv MÖnY K‡i| evB‡ii mvnvh¨ bv Avmv ch©šÍ cwiev‡ii mxwgZ
m¤ú‡ì mvnv‡h¨B †m cwiev‡ii mevB‡K ÿyav, Z…òv I †ivMe¨vwai nvZ †_‡K evuwP‡q iv‡L|
ÎvY Kg©m~Px ïiæ n‡j bvix M„n¯’vwj me Kv‡Ri cvkvcvwk weZiY †K›`ª †_‡K Lv`¨ I Ab¨vb¨ mvgMÖx msMÖn K‡i Av‡b| cybe©vmb
Kg©m~Px‡Z †hvM w`‡q kÖ‡gi wewbg‡q Lv`¨ ev A_© msMÖn K‡i| GQvovI cyiæl cwieviKZ©vi AeZ©gv‡b bvix GKB mv‡_ Avq-‡ivRMv‡ii
Rb¨ KvR K‡i I M„n¯’vwji ˆbwgwËK `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i|
ev¯Íe AwfÁZvi wfwË‡Z bvix `y‡h©v‡Mi c~‡e© wewfbœ cÖ¯‘wZg~jK KvR K‡i _v‡K| `y‡h©v‡Mi m¤¢ve¨ Amyweavi K_v we‡ePbv K‡i bvix
AvjMv Pyjv ˆZwi K‡i, ïK‡bv Lvevi, †hgb- wPov, gywo, mewR Ges ïuUwK gRyZ iv‡L I R¡vjvbx †hvMvo K‡i iv‡L| wb‡Ri Avq †_‡K
wKQy UvKv Rwg‡q iv‡L I wbqwgZ gywóPvj Rgv K‡i cwiev‡ii Rb¨ Avc`Kvjxb Lv`¨gRyZ M‡o †Zv‡j| cv‡Ui wmuKv evbvq hv‡Z eb¨vi
mgq N‡ii wRwbmcÎ DuPy‡Z Sywj‡q ivLv hvq| `y‡h©v‡Mi ÿwZ Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ emZwfUvi Pvicv‡k †XvjKjwg I KjvMvQ jvMvq| SyuwK
cÖkg‡Yi Rb¨ ÿy`ªFY mnvqZv Kv‡R jvMvq, †hgb F‡Yi UvKv w`‡q N‡i Kswµ‡Ui LyuwU jvMv‡bv| GQvovI bvix cvov-cowki mv‡_
mvgvwRK m¤úK©Rvj M‡o †Zv‡j hv msKUKv‡j we‡kl Kv‡R jv‡M|
ÿqÿwZ Kgv‡bv I `y`©kv jvN‡ei D‡Ï‡k¨ mvgvwRK ch©v‡q cÖ¯‘wZg~jK wewea KvR Kiv nq| Gig‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ¯’vbxq `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv
KwgwU I †¯^”Qv‡mex `j MVb Ges G‡ì gva¨‡g `y‡h©vM SyuwK wbiƒcY Kiv I `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ Kg©cwiKíbv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv| GB me
KwgwU ev `‡ji m`mïv cÖwkÿ‡Y Ask †bq I bvbv ai‡Yi gnovq Ask †bq| bvix Nimsmv‡ii ˆbwgwËK `vwq‡Z¡i AwZwi³ Gme Kv‡R
mwµqfv‡e Ask wb‡q _v‡K|
bvixi `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«vm KvR we‡kølY Uz‡ji D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv `y‡h©vM
†gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ bvix AwZwi³ Kv‡Ri †evSv wb‡q †h Zvi mÿgZv
cÖKvk K‡i Zv †`Lv‡bv| `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq bvix `y‡h©v‡Mi Av‡M, c‡i
I `y‡h©vMKv‡j †h KvR¸‡jv K‡i Zv‡Z ¯^vfvweK M„n¯’vwj `vwq‡Z¡i
Zzjbvq Zvi Kv‡Ri Pvc wK gvÎvq ev‡o Zv GB Uz‡ji gva¨‡g †`Lv hvq|
2. Gevi bvixi `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«vm KvR we‡kølY Uzj 2.2 e¨vL¨v Kiæb| GUv GKUv QK| G‡Z wZbUv Kjvg I K‡qKUv mvwi i‡q‡Q|
cÖ_g Kjv‡g, cÖwZ mvwii Rb¨, bvixi GKUv M„n¯’vwj ev `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«vmg~jK KvR †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q; wØZxq Kjv‡g GKUv wPý
eënvi K‡i †`Lv‡Z n‡e GB KvR Kivi Rb¨ bvix‡K ¯^vfvweK mg‡q ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡Ri `vwq‡Z¡i Zzjbvq Kg ev †ewk ev mgvb
Kv‡Ri Pvc enb Ki‡Z n‡”Q wKbv| Z…Zxq Kjv‡g GKUv wPý eënvi K‡i †`Lv‡Z n‡e GB KvR Kivi Rb¨ bvix‡K `y‡h©vMKv‡j
Rb¨ bvixi Kv‡Ri cwigvY ev Pvc ¯^vfvweK mg‡qi Zzjbvq †ewk ev Kg nq ev mgvb _v‡K wKbv|
3.Gevi, eo `‡j Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g AskMÖnYKvix‡ì mvnv‡h¨ QKUv c~iY Kiæb|

27
4. QKUv c~iY n‡q †M‡j `yRb‡K WvKzb I Zv‡ì‡K QKUv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z ejyb|
5.Gici GB Uzj †_‡K cvIqv Z_¨, AskMÖnYKvix‡ì e¨vL¨v I mnvqK Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq bvix wKfv‡e ¯^vfvweK
M„n¯’vwj `vwq‡Z¡i Zzjbvq AwZwi³ `vwqZ¡ wb‡q Zvi mÿgZv cÖKvk K‡i Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
Uz‡ji bgybv:
bvixi M„n¯’vwj I `y‡h©vM
SzuwKn«vmg~jK KvR
`y‡h©vM SzuwKn«v‡mi Rb¨ GB Kv‡R bvix‡K
¯^vfvweK mg‡q ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡Ri `vwq‡Z¡i
Zzjbvq Kg ev †ewk ev mgvb `vwqZ¡
wb‡Z nq wK bv?
`y‡h©vMKv‡j GB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ bvixi
Kv‡Ri cwigvY ev Pvc ¯^vfvweK mg‡qi
Zzjbvq †ewk ev Kg ev mgvb _v‡K wK
bv?
ivbœv Kiv
R¡vjvwb msMÖn Kiv
cvwb Avbv
Ni-evwo cwi¯‹vi ivLv
wkïi hZœ †bIqv
eq¯‹ I †ivMxi †mev Kiv
Miæ-QvM‡ji hZœ †bIqv
nvum-gyiwM cvjb Kiv
Ni-evwo †givgZ Kiv
evwo-wfUv DuPz Kiv

gwWDj 3: `y‡h©vM SzuwK n«v‡m
bvixi †bZ…Z¡

29
gwWDj 3: `y‡h©vM SzuwKnªv‡m bvixi †bZ…Z¡
Ÿ AskMªnYKvix‡ì‡K Òbvixi †bZ…Z¡ m¤ú‡K© aviYvÓ Awa‡ek‡b ¯^vMZ Rvbvb;
Ÿ Gici, Zv‡ì‡K cÖ_vMZfv‡e cyiæl ¯^vfvweK mg‡q cwiev‡ii Rb¨ Kx f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i I
`y‡h©vMKv‡j H f‚wgKv KZUzKy Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z ejyb| GiRb¨ cvuP wgwbU
mgq w`b|
Ÿ Gevi `y‡h©vMKv‡j cyiæ‡li KvR we‡kølY Uzj 3.1 e¨vL¨v Kiæb AskMÖnYKvix‡ì eo`‡j Av‡jvPbvi
gva¨‡g GB Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ `y‡h©vMKv‡j cyiæl cwiev‡ii cÖwZ cÖ_vMZ `vwqZ¡ ¯^vfvweK mg‡qi Zzjbvq Kg
ev †ewk ev mgvbfv‡e cv‡i wK bv Zv †`Lv‡Z ejyb I GB Kv‡R Zv‡ì‡K mvnvh¨ Kiæb|
Ÿ GB KvRUv n‡q †M‡j `yRb‡K WvKzb I GB Uz‡j ewY©Z Zv‡ì we‡kølY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z ejyb|
Ÿ AskMÖnYKvix‡ì abëv` Rvwb‡q Uzj †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨, AskMÖnYKvix‡ì e¨vL¨v I mnvqK Z‡_ï Dci
wfwË K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
- `y‡h©v‡Mi ÿqÿwZ wKfv‡e cyiæ‡li cÖ_vMZ `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b AšÍivq nq I G mg‡q bvix wKfv‡e wb‡Ri
f‚wgKv cwieZ©b K‡i;
- `y‡h©vMKv‡j wb‡Ri f‚wgKv cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g bvix wKfv‡e †bZ…‡Z¡i wKQz êwkó¨ cÖKvk K‡i;
- `y‡h©vM SzuwKnªv‡m bvixi †bZ…Z¡ wKfv‡e cÖPwjZ †bZ…‡Z¡i aviYv †_‡K wfbœ|
mgq
10 wgwbU
15 wgwbU
25 wgwbU
10 wgwbU
gwWDj3`y‡h©vMSzuwKnªv‡mbvixi†bZ…Z¡
Awa‡ekb 3.1 bvixi †bZ…Z¡ m¤ú‡K© aviYv
cÖwµqv
D‡Ïk¨:
g~j evZ©v:
welqe¯‘:
DcKiY:
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY `y‡h©vM SzuwKnªv‡m bvix †bZ…‡Z¡i Ae`vb eyS‡Z I e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Ÿ `y‡h©vMKv‡j bvix ¯^xq f‚wgKv cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g GK ai‡Yi †bZ…Z¡ cÖ‡qvM K‡i hv cÖv‡qvwMK `ÿZvi Dci wbf©ikxj, mw¤§wjZ
cÖ‡Póv‡K g~j¨ †`q, A‡bï Pvwn`v we‡ePbv K‡i, cvi¯cwiK mym¤cK© eRvq iv‡L I A‡bï cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b mnvqZv K‡i|
Ÿ bvixi †bZ…‡Z¡i cÖmvi Rb‡Mvôxi `y‡h©vM SzuwKnªvm Kg©m~Px AviI djcÖm~ I †UKmB K‡i †Zv‡j|
Ÿ `y‡h©vM SzuwKnªv‡m bvixi †bZ…Z¡ cÖmv‡i bvixevÜe `y‡h©vM SzuwKnªvm Kvh©µg I cÖvwZôvwbK `y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi AskMÖnY
we‡kl Riæwi |
mgq: 1 N›Uv|
Ÿ `y‡h©vMKv‡j bvixi f‚wgKvi cwieZ©b I bvixi †bZ…Z¡
Ÿ bvixi †bZ…‡Z¡i aiY I êwkó¨
Ÿ `y‡h©vM SzuwKnªv‡m bvix †bZ…Z¡ cÖmv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I GRb¨ KiYxq
Ÿ wd¬cPvU©©
Ÿ `y‡h©vMKv‡j cyiæ‡li KvR we‡kølY Uzj

gwWDj3
30
mnvqK Z_¨
3.1 bvixi †bZ…Z¡
mvaviYfv‡e a‡i †bIqv nq †h †bZv n‡e cÖfvekvjx, Avi Abïv n‡e Zvi Abymvix| †bZv Av‡`k I wb‡`©‡ki gva¨‡g wbqš¿Y Ki‡e
Ges wbqgKvbyb I wewa-wb‡l‡ai gva¨‡g KvRKg© cwiPvjbv Ki‡e| GB eë¯’vq †bZvi mv‡_ Abymvix‡ì m¤cK© wewbgqg~jK| Awc©Z
KvR mdjfv‡e Ki‡Z cvi‡j Abymvixiv cvq cyi®‹vi, Avi wedjZvq cvq wZi®‹vi| a‡i †bIqv nq †h, †bZv Ab¨‡ì Zzjbvq †ewk `ÿ
I cÖfvekvjx| †m cÖvwZôvwbK ÿgZvi AwaKvix Ges GB ÿgZv cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Ab¨‡ì Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z mÿg| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ,
†bZ…‡Z¡i g~jK_v n‡jv, mve©Rbxb jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ mevB‡K mg‡eZ Kiv| cwieZ©bkxj cwiw¯’wZ Abyaveb K‡i ¯^xq cÖ‡Yv`bvq ¯^vaxb
fv‡e I wbR `vwq‡Z¡ mvwe©K jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ Kv‡Ri D‡Ï‡k¨ Ab¨‡ì mÂvwjZ KivB †bZ…Z¡| GUv GKUv cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g Awfó
jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ mevB‡K GK‡RvU Kiv nq| GiRb¨ Av‡`k-wb‡`©k Rvix Kiv ev ÿgZv I cÖfve we¯Ív‡ii gva¨‡g mevB‡K wbqš¿Y
Kiv me mgq Riæwi bq| GgbwK me©Rbxb AvK•Lv mw¤§wjZfv‡e AR©b Kivi Rb¨ memgq cÖvwZôvwbK GLwZqviI ìKvi nqbv|
cÖPwjZ †bZ…‡Z¡i GB aiY †_‡K bvixi †bZ…‡Z¡i
aiY wfbœ| wbqš¿Y I ¯ÍiwfwËK ÿgZv KvVv‡gv
cÖ‡qv‡Mi e`‡j †bZ…Z¡‡K Zviv †`‡L ev¯Íeeyw×i
eënvi I mevB‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi c×wZ wnmv‡e|
G‡Z g~L¨ welq n‡jv ci¯ú‡ii Av¯’v, m¤cK© I
†mŠnv`¨© m„wó Kiv| Gi gva¨‡g mK‡ji mÿgZv
evov‡bv Avi AccÖPvi cwinvi K‡i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki
wbR wbR `vwqZ¡ ey‡S wb‡q mw¤§wjZfv‡e Zv cvjb
Kiv| GK K_vq, wbqš¿‡Yi e`‡j mK‡ji
AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv| `y‡h©vM SzuwKnªv‡m bvix Zvi
mÿgZvi gva¨‡g †h f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i Zv‡Z
†bZ…‡Z¡i A‡bK êwkó¨ cÖKvk cvq| †hgb-
Ÿ msKUKv‡j ¯^cÖ‡Yvw`Z I mevi Av‡M Kv‡R
bvgvÑ `y‡h©vMKv‡j bvix mevi Av‡M mvov
†`q| Zviv RÄvj mivq, Nievwo mvd K‡i,
AvnZ‡ì †mev K‡i I cybe©vmb Kv‡R
Ask †bq|
`y‡h©vMSzuwKnªv‡mbvixi†bZ…Z¡
†bZ…‡Z¡i wZbwU aiY:
Ÿ wb‡`©kbvg~jK †bZ…‡Z¡i †¶‡Î `j‡bZv Kg©-m¤cv`‡b D‡`¨vMx nb, Ab¨‡ì
Drmvn cÖ`vb K‡ib, `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y K‡ib, cvkvcvwk Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖksmv A_ev
frm©bv K‡ib|
Ÿ AskMÖnYg~jK †bZ…‡Z¡ `j‡bZv Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g djvdj wbwðZ K‡ib,
Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨‡ì AšÍf‚©w³i Rb¨ bvbwea cÖkœ DÌvcb K‡ib, ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e
`vwqZ¡ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Ab¨‡ì DrmvwnZ K‡ib, A½xKvi i¶v K‡ib Ges msL¨v
MwiôZvi Dci wfwË K‡i wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ m`m¨‡ì gZvgZ msMÖn
K‡ib|
Ÿ Awc©Z †bZ…‡Z¡i †¶‡Î `j‡bZv wb‡R †Kvb wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ibbv eis Ab¨
†KD Kvh©Kix wKQz DÌvcb Ki‡j Zv‡K wbie mg_©b (nvwm ev gv_v bvov‡bvi
gva¨‡g) †`b| G‡¶‡Î `j‡bZv †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`v‡b m¶g KvD‡K Lyu‡R †c‡j ax‡i
ax‡i Zvui Dci †bZ…Z¡ n¯ÍvšÍi K‡ib|
Handout, ALNAP Training - Leadership in Action
†bZ…Z¡ nj †Kvb e¨w³i (ev `‡ji) g‡a¨ Af¨šÍixY A_ev/Ges evwn¨K †÷K‡nvìvi‡ì cÖfvweZ A_ev/Ges
MwZkxj Kivi gva¨‡g Kvg¨ djvdj AR©‡bi ¶gZv|
Ÿ GK‡hv‡M KvR Kiv- GKRb `j‡bZvi GKvi c‡¶ KLbB mvdj¨ AR©b Kiv m¤¢e bq| Ò`j‡bZv wcivwg‡Wi kx‡l© _vK‡ebÓGB
cyi‡bv aviYv mwZ¨ bq|
Ÿ `~i`„wó- `j‡bZv Zvi `~i`„wói gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi fwel¨r j¶¨ wba©viY K‡ib| cÖwZôv‡b Ab¨vb¨ m`‡m¨‡ì mv‡_ G j¶¨ m¤c‡K©
K_v ejv I Zv‡ì Gi mv‡_ m¤c„³ Kiv GKwU Riæwi welq|
Ÿ SzuwK MÖnY- cÖ‡qvR‡b SzuwK †bqv I bZzbZ¡ Avbv †bZ…‡Z¡i GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| `j‡bZvMY ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB SzuwK MÖnY K‡ib
cvkvcvwk wb‡R‡ì fzj Ges mvdj¨ †_‡K wk¶v MÖnY K‡ib| myZivs Zviv Aek¨B Zv‡ì `‡ji m`m¨‡ì Drmvn cÖ`vb Ki‡eb
†hb Zviv Zv‡ì fzj †_‡K wk¶v MÖnY K‡i| †Kbbv fzj bv K‡i wKQz †kLv m¤¢e bq| mKj bZzbZ¡ I cwieZ©‡bB SzuwK I evav
_v‡K|
Ÿ ¯^xK…wZ I Drmvn cÖ`vb- GKRb Kvh©Ki `j‡bZv‡K Aek¨B Zvui `‡ji m`m¨‡ì fv‡jv KvR‡K g~j¨vqb I ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z
nq| `‡ji Kg©¯ú„nv evov‡Z I mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kiv‡Z n‡j mKj m`m¨‡ì Drmvn cÖ`vb Kiv `j‡bZvi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ
¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
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31
Ÿ cÖwZK‚j cwiw¯’wZ‡ZI ¯^xq `vwqZ¡ cvjb KivÑ msKU Kv‡jI bvix cwiev‡ii mK‡ji cywó, cvwb, cwi”QbœZv I ¯^v‡¯’ï wbðqZv
weavb K‡i|
Ÿ SzuwK¸‡jv eyS‡Z cviv I Av‡M †_‡K eë¯’v †bIqvÑ `y‡h©v‡Mi cÖ¯‘wZ wnmv‡e bvix R¡vjvwb msMÖn K‡i iv‡L, AvjMv Pzjv evbvq I
ïK‡bv Lvevi gRyZ K‡i iv‡L|
Ÿ mevi ¯^v‡_© evowZ KvR KivÑ bvix msmv‡ii me Kv‡Ri AwZwi³ `y‡h©vM SzuwKnªvm Kv‡R Ask †bq| †m evwo-wfUv DuPz Kivi KvR
K‡i, `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv KwgwU‡Z †hvM †`q I SzuwK we‡køl‡Y Ask †bq|
Ÿ cÖ‡qvRb n‡j AwZwi³ `vwqZ¡ †bIqvÑ `y‡h©vMKv‡j bvix wb‡Ri f‚wgKv cwieZ©b Ki‡Z mÿg| cwiev‡ii AvqKZ©v Abycw¯’Z
_vK‡j †m wb‡RB AvqKZ©vi f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| ZLb †m N‡ii I evB‡ii me ai‡bi KvR K‡i|
Ÿ wec`Kv‡j mvnm bv nvwi‡q `vwqZ¡ cvjb KivÑ cwiev‡ii m`m¨ (we‡kl K‡i wkï) I m¤c` iÿv Kivi Rb¨ bvix h‡_ó mvnmx
c`‡ÿc †bq| N~wY©S‡oi mgq msmv‡ii mewKQz ¸wQ‡q †i‡L mevi †k‡l Avkªq †K‡›`ª hvq|
Ÿ mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póv‡K g~j¨ †ÌqvÑ `y‡h©vMKv‡j bvix cÖv‡qvwMK `ÿZvi Dci ¸iæZ¡ †`q, cvi¯cwiK mym¤cK© eRvq iv‡L I A‡bï
cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b mnvqZv K‡i; Avi Gfv‡e cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki D‡ØM I Pvwn`v we‡ePbv Kivi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i|
hwÌ bvixi Gme Kv‡Ri ga¨ w`‡q †bZ…‡Z¡i †ek wKQz ¸Yvejx cÖKvk cvq ZeyI G¸‡jv †m Ki‡Z cv‡i cÖavbZ cvwievwiK ch©v‡q|
bvixi mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb I cÖ_vMZ wewawb‡l‡ai Kvi‡Y mvgvwRK I cÖvwZôvwbK ch©v‡q bvix †bZ…Z¡g~jK `vwqZ¡ MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM †Zgb
cvq bv| Z‡e mnvqK cwi‡ek I my‡hvM †c‡j cwievi QvovI Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Î bvix †bZ…Z¡g~jK f‚wgKv wb‡Z cvi‡e e‡j aviYv Kiv hvq|
Rb‡Mvôxi wecyj Ask- RbmsL¨vi cÖvq wZb fv‡Mi `yB fvM nj bvix I bvixi ZË¡veav‡b _vKv wkï| Rb‡Mvôxi `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«vm Ki‡Z
n‡j bvixi we‡kl SzuwK¸‡jv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| bvixi SzuwK I cyiæ‡li SzuwK GK iKg bq| bvixi SzuwK¸‡jv fv‡jvfv‡e bv †R‡b
cwiKíbv Ki‡j ev Kvh©µg ïiæ Ki‡j Zv Lye GKUv Kvh©Ki n‡ebv| ZvQvov `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq bvix †h `„wóf½x I †KŠkj eënvi
K‡i Zv cyiæ‡li `„óxf½x I †KŠkj †_‡K wfbœ| bvix Zvi wbR¯^ †KŠkj eënvi K‡i `y‡h©v‡Mi wewfbœ ch©v‡q wb‡Ri I cwiev‡ii
ÿqÿwZ Kgv‡Z cv‡i| bvixi GB Ávb, `ÿZv I †KŠkj¸‡jv g~javivq eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡j `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«vm Kvhµg Av‡iv †ewk
Kvh©Ki I djcÖm~ n‡e| `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«v‡m bvix‡K †bZ…‡Z¡i f‚wgKvq wb‡q Avm‡Z cvi‡j bvixi Ávb, `ÿZv I †KŠkj¸‡jv g~javivq
m¤ú„³ Kiv m¤¢e n‡e| Gid‡j, `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«vm Kvh©µg GKw`‡K †hgb Av‡iv †ewk Kvh©Ki I djcÖm~ n‡e, †Zgwb Ab¨w`‡K bvixi
cÖwZ êlg¨ Kgv‡bv I bvixi AwaKvimg~n iÿv Kiv m¤¢e n‡e|
`y‡h©vM SzuwKnªv‡m bvixi †bZ…Z¡ cÖmvi Ki‡Z n‡j hv we‡kl Riæwi Zv n‡jv, cÖ_gZ, bvix evÜe `y‡h©vM SzuwKnªvm Kvh©µg| `y‡h©v‡M bvixi
wbR¯^ m¤c‡ì ÿqÿwZ, bvixi `y`©kv I Zvi we‡kl Pvwn`v¸‡jv MYbvq Avbv| `y‡h©vM cÖ¯‘wZ I mvov`vb KvR¸‡jv Ggbfv‡e Kiv I
Ggb ai‡Yi mnvqZv †Ìqv hv bvixi DcKv‡i Av‡m wKš‘ Zvi Dci †Kvb †bwZevPK cÖfve †d‡jbv| wØZxqZ, `y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq
`y‡h©vM SzuwKnªv‡m bvix †bZ…Z¡ cÖmv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
`y‡h©vM SzuwKnªv‡m bvix †bZ…Z¡ cÖmv‡ii wel‡q KiYxq
†bZ…‡Z¡i cvuPwU we‡kl ¸Yvejx
Ÿ †KŠkjMZ †bZ…Z¡- cwiw¯’wZ †evSvi mnRvZ cÖe„wË _vKv, ¶wZMÖ¯’ gvby‡li `y`©kv m¤c‡K© cwi®‹vi aviYv _vKv;
Ÿ cvi¯úvwiK m¤cK© I †hvMv‡hvM- A‡bï K_v‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`qv I Zv †_‡K wk¶v MÖn‡Yi ¶gZv/ cÖeYZv _vKv, A‡bï mv‡_ K_v
ejv, Z_¨ wewbgq Kiv I cvi¯úvwiK m¤úK© Dbœqb Kivi ¶gZv/ cªeYZv _vKv;
Ÿ wm×všÍ MÖnY I SzuwK †bqv- cvwicvwk©K Ae¯’v I cwiw¯’wZ Abyhvqx wm×všÍ MÖnY I cwieZ©b Kivi ¶gZv/mvg_© _vKv, `vq-fvi
MÖnY I cÖ‡qvR‡b SzuwK †bqvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z _vKv, fzj †_‡K `ªæZ wk¶v MÖnY I Zv †_‡K wm×v‡šÍ cwieZ©b Avbvi ¶gZv _vKv;
Ÿ eë¯’vcbv I cÖvwZôvwbK †bZ…Z¡- mvsMVwbK I `j MV‡bi ¶gZv _vKv, mvwe©K ZË¡veavb I `¶Zvi mv‡_ `j cwiPvjbv Kivi
¶gZv _vKv;
Ÿ e¨w³MZ ¸Yvejx- K. ˆbwZK I mr AvPiY Kiv, L. AvZœm‡PZbZv I AvZœwek¦vm _vKv, M. webq- A‡bï KvQ †_‡K †kLv I
Ac‡ii cÖksmv Kivi cÖeYZv _vKv, N. Aaëmvq _vKv I `„p msKí nIqv, Ges O. D`¨gx I Kg©¯ú„nv _vKv;
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32
bvixi AskMÖnY-Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q cÖvwZôvwbK ch©v‡q wewae× eë¯’v hv bvixi `„wóf½xi g~j¨ †`q I wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y bvixi cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv
wbwðZ K‡i, Avi Ggb GK mvgvwRK cwi‡ek hv cÖ_vMZ kªg wefvRb cÖwZôvi wecix‡Z bvixi PjvP‡ji MwÛ evovq, Rxeb iÿvKvix
`ÿZv AR©‡bi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i, Avqg~jK KvR¸‡jv †MvP‡i Av‡b I `y‡h©vM SzuwKnªvm Kv‡R AskMÖnY mvgvwRKfv‡e MÖnYxq K‡i
†Zv‡j|
`y‡h©vMKv‡j cyiæ‡li KvR we‡kølY Uzj Gi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv msKUKv‡j bvix †h cwiev‡ii mevB‡K iÿv Kivi Rb¨ AwZwi³ `vwqZ¡ †bq I
Acwinvh©fv‡e Zvi cÖ_vMZ f‚wgKvq cwieZ©b Av‡b Zv †`Lv‡bv| `y‡h©vMKv‡j bvix I cyiæ‡li Kv‡Ri aiY I cwigv‡Y cwieZ©b N‡U I
Gid‡j Zv‡ì cÖ_vMZ f‚wgKvi cwieZ©b nq| GB Uz‡ji gva¨‡g H cwieZ©b¸‡jv †`Lv‡bv hvq|
2. Gevi `y‡h©vMKv‡j cyiæ‡li KvR we‡kølY-Uzj 3.1 e¨vL¨v Kiyb|
GUv GKUv QK| G‡Z wZbUv Kjvg I K‡qKUv mvwi i‡q‡Q| cÖ_g Kjv‡g, cÖwZ mvwii Rb¨, GKUv M„n¯’¨ `vwqZ¡ wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨
†`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wØZxq Kjv‡g GKUv wPý eënvi K‡i †`Lv‡Z n‡e ¯^vfvweK mg‡q cyiæl GB `vwqZ¡ enb K‡i wKbv; Z…Zxq
Kjv‡g GKUv wPý eënvi K‡i †`Lv‡Z n‡e `y‡h©vMKv‡j ciæl GB `vwqZ¡ ¯^vfvweK mg‡qi Zzjbvq †ewk ev Kg ev mgvbfv‡e
K‡i wKbv|
3. Gevi, eo`‡j Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g AskMÖnYKvix‡ì mvnv‡h¨ QKUv c~iY Kiæb|
4. QKUv c~iY n‡q †M‡j, `yRb‡K WvKzb I Zv‡ì‡K QKUv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z ejyb|
5. Gici, GB Uzj †_‡K cvIqv Z_¨, AskMÖnYKvix‡ì e¨L¨v I mnvqK Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z Av‡jvPbv Kiæb bvix wKfv‡e `y‡h©vMKv‡j
AwZwi³ `vwqZ¡ †bq I wKfv‡e Gi gva¨‡g †bZ…‡Z¡i wKQz êwkó¨ cÖKvk cvq Ges bvixi GB †bZ…‡Z¡i aiY wKiƒc|
B›Uv‡iKwUf Uzj
Uzj 3.1: `y‡h©vMKv‡j cyiæ‡li KvR we‡kølY
Uzj eënvi cÖwµqv
Uz‡ji bgybv:
cwiev‡ii Rb¨ Avq‡ivRMvi ev A_© DcvR©b Kiv
cwiev‡ii m¤ú` (†hgb, Rwg) eënvi K‡i Drcv`b Kiv
wkï jvjb-cvjb Kiv
cwiev‡ii mevi Rb¨ fvZ-Kvc‡oi †hvMvb †Ìqv
cwiev‡ii mevi ìKvigZ wPwKrmv eë¯’v Kiv
cwiev‡ii mevB‡K nqivwb, eÂbv I †kvlb †_‡K iÿv Kiv
mvaviY M„n¯’¨ `vwqZ¡ ¯^vfvweK mg‡q cyiæl GB `vwqZ¡ `y‡h©vMKv‡j cyiæl GB `vwqZ¡
cvjb K‡i wKbv ¯^vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q Kg, †ekx ev
mgvb cvjb K‡i wK bv

33
Awa‡ekb 3.2 bvixevÜe `y‡h©vM SzuwK n«vm Kvh©µg
cÖwµqv
D‡Ïk¨:
gyj welqe¯y‘:
welqe¯‘:
DcKiY:
Ÿ GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY bvixevÜe `y‡h©vM SzuwK n«v‡mi cÖwµqv I Gi g~j welqe¯‘ Kx Zv eyS‡Z I e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
Ÿ bvixevÜe `y‡h©vM SyuwKn«vm Kvh©µg `y‡h©v†Mi Av‡M, c‡i I `y‡h©v‡Mi mg‡q bvixi we‡kl Pvwn`v Ges `y‡h©vMKv‡j bvixi f‚wgKvi cwieZ©b
we‡ePbvq †bqv I bvix `y‡h©vM SuywKn«v‡mi mv‡_ mv‡_ cy‡iv Rb‡Mvôxi SuywKn«v‡m mvnvh¨ K‡i|
mgq: 1 N›Uv|
Ÿ `y‡h©vM SuywK n«v‡m bvixi we‡kl Pvwn`vmg~n -bvixi Rb¨ h_vh_ `y‡h©vM mnvqZv
Ÿ wd¬c-PvU©
Ÿ †dvm©wdì we‡kølY Uzj
Ÿ AskMªnYKvix‡ì‡K ÒbvixevÜe `y‡h©vM SzuwK n«vm Kvh©µg Ó kxl©K Awa‡ek‡b ¯^vMZ Rvbvb;
Ÿ Gici, Zv‡ì‡K `y‡h©vM cÖ¯‘wZ I mvov`v‡b mvaviYZ †hme mnvqZv †`qv nq, †m¸‡jv Ges G‡ì
†KvbUv KZUzKz bvixi DcKv‡i Av‡m ev bvix‡K Kó †`q Zv wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z ejyb|
GiRb¨ cvuP wgwbU mgq w`b|
Ÿ Gevi ‡dvm©wdì we‡kølY Uzj 3.2 e¨vL¨v Kiæb; Ges AskMÖnYKvix‡ì eo`‡j Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g
GB Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ bvixi Rb¨ DcKvix I bvixi cÖwZ Kó`vqK `y‡h©vM mnvqZv¸‡jv †`Lv‡Z ejyb I
GB Kv‡R Zv‡ì‡K mvnvh¨ Kiæb|
- `y‡h©vM SyuwKn«v‡m bvixi we‡kl I mywbw`©ó Pvwn`v¸‡jv Kx
- bvixi Dci cÖPwjZ `y‡h©vM mnvqZvi BwZevPK I †bwZevPK cÖfve¸‡jv Kx
- `y‡h©vM mnvqZv wKfv‡e bvixevÜe Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
mgq
10 wgwbU
25 wgwbU
15 wgwbU
10 wgwbU

34
mnvqK Z_¨
3.2 bvixevÜe `y‡h©vM SyuwKn«vm Kvh©µg
cÖvwZôvwbK AeKvVv‡gvMZ `y‡h©vM cÖkgbg~jK KvR A‡bK‡ÿ‡Î bvixi PjP‡ji MwZ ms¼ywPZ K‡i I Zvi RxweKvq weNœ NUvq| †hgb-
evua wbg©v‡Yi Kvi‡Y bvix Db¥y³ Rjvkq †_‡K m¤ú` Avni‡Yi my‡hvM nvivq| mvgvwRK I cvwievwiK ch©v‡qi cÖ¯‘wZg~jK KvR¸‡jv
bvixi `vwq‡Z¡i †evSv evwo‡q †`q| KviY, msmv‡ii ˆbwgwËK Kv‡Ri cvkvcvwk Gme AwZwi³ `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq| †hgb- KwgwU
wgwUs, cÖwkÿY, SyuwK wbiƒcY ev gnovq Ask †bIqv ev cvwievwiK †¯^”QvkÖ‡gi wfwË‡Z ev¯‘wfUv DuPy Kiv| Avmbœ Avc‡ì mZK©evZ©v
†hfv‡e cÖPvi Kiv nq Zv‡Z Hme evZ©v †ewkifvM mgqB bvixi Kv‡Q †cŠuQvq bv| Avi Zv †cŠuQv‡jI cÖ_vMZ Kvi‡Y bvix mgqg‡Zv H
evZ©vi Dc‡`k Abymv‡i KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| mvaviYZ AvkÖq‡K‡›`Ö bvixi e¨w³MZ cwi”QbœZvi eë¯’v _v‡Kbv| ZvQvov `~e©j eë¯’vi
Kvi‡Y †mLv‡b bvixi †hŠb nqivwbi SyuwK A‡bK †e‡o hvq| ¯’vbvšÍi I D×viKv‡j cÖvqk bvixi gh©v`v iÿv Kiv nqbv eis G mg‡q
bvix‡K nqivwb I fr©mbvi wkKvi n‡Z nq|
ÎvY weZi‡Y bvixi we‡kl Pvwn`v cÖvqB ¯úófv‡e wbiƒcY Kiv nqbv| cwiev‡ii mKj m`‡mï mvaviY Pvwn`v we‡ePbv K‡i ÎvY mvgMÖx
wba©viY Kiv nq| †hgb- Lvevi, Kvco-‡Pvco ev M„nwbg©vY mvgMÖx| d‡j bvixi wKQyUv DcKvi nq; Z‡e †ewkifvM mgqB G‡Z bvixi
we‡kl Pvwn`v¸‡jv c~iY nq bv| ZvQvov, weZiY eë¯’vq bvixi myweav Amyweav Lye GKUv we‡ePbv Kiv nqbv| bvix‡K weZiY †K‡›`ª
G‡m ÎvY mvgMÖx msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| GiRb¨ bvix‡K cyiæ‡li mv‡_ A‡bKÿY A‡cÿv Ki‡Z nq| A‡bK mgq weZiY †K‡›`ª bvixi
gh©v`vnvwbKi NUbv N‡U| KLbI KLbI bvix‡K Kv‡Ri-wewbg‡q-A_© †Ìqv nq| GUv bvixi Rb¨ †ek AmyweavRbK| KviY,
`y‡h©vMKvjxb A¯^vfvweK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z msmv‡ii Ab¨ me Kv‡Ri cvkvcvwk AwZwi³ GB KvR Ki‡Z nq|
Rb‡Mvôxi cÖvq A‡a©K n‡jv bvix Avi `y‡h©vMKv‡j wb‡Ri I cwiev‡ii `y`©kv jvN‡ei `vwqZ¡ bvixi Dci eZ©vq| ZvB `y‡h©vM SyuwKn«vm
bvixevÜe nIqv we‡kl Riæwi| Gi Rb¨ ìKvi bvix I cyiæ‡li SuywK I Pvwn`v¸‡jv c„_K K‡i †`Lv, mKj ch©v‡q bvixi AskMÖnY Ges
m‡e©vcwi, bvixi mÿgZv Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ MZvbyMwZK wPšÍvaviv †_‡K †ewi‡q Avmv|
bvix I cyiæ‡li SuyuwK I Pvwn`v¸‡jv wfbœ ai‡Yi| GUv mwVKfv‡e eyS‡Z n‡j Z_¨ I DcvË Ggbfv‡e msMÖn, msiÿY I we‡kølY Ki‡Z
n‡e hv‡Z bvix I cyiæ‡li SyuwKi weeiY Avjv`vfv‡e cvIqv hvq| Abyiƒcfv‡e `y‡h©vM AvµvšÍ Rb‡Mvôx mvwe©Kfv‡e KZUv ÿwZMÖ¯’’ ïay
GUyKy Rvb‡jB Pj‡e bv, eis bvix I cyiæl‡f‡` ÿqÿwZ I Pvwn`vi c„_K weeiYI _vK‡Z n‡e| †hgb- KZRb bvix wKsev cyiæl gviv
†M‡Q, bvixi Kx m¤ú` ÿwZ n‡q‡Q I cyiæ‡li Kx m¤ú` ÿwZ n‡q‡Q, KZRb bvix M„nnviv n‡q‡Q, KZRb bvix cwievi cÖav‡bi `vwqZ¡
wb‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Q, bvixi Pvwn`v Kx I cyiæ‡li Pvwn`v Kx|
SyuwK we‡kølY ev Pvwn`v wbiƒc‡Yi mgq bvix I cyiæ‡li GB
jÿ¨ we‡ePbvq wb‡q AbymÜv‡bi welq I we‡kølY KvVv‡gv
wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi cÖwµqvi mKj ¯Í‡i mgZvi
wfwË‡Z bvix-cyiæ‡li AsMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb, hv‡Z
bvixi wbR¯^ `„wóf½x I we‡kl mÿgZv Gme we‡køl‡Y
cÖwZdwjZ nq|
mZ©KevZ©v cÖPv‡ii †ÿ‡Î bvix I cyiæ‡li g~j¨‡eva, AvMÖn I
AvPiYMZ cv_©K¨ we‡ePbvq wb‡Z n‡e| Ggbfv‡e evZ©v
iPbv Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z bvix-cyiæl Df‡q Zv mn‡RB eyS‡Z
cv‡i| cÖPvi gva¨g¸‡jv mK‡ji Kv‡Q MÖnYxq n‡Z n‡e|
Avi Ggbfv‡e cÖPvi Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z mZK©evZ©v bvix I
cyiæl Df‡qi Kv‡Q †cŠuQvq|
mvov cÖ`vb ev ÎvY weZi‡Y bvixi we‡kl Pvwn`v we‡ePbvq
wb‡Z n‡e| ÎvY mvgMÖxi ZvwjKvq Ggb mvgMÖx †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e hv H Pvwn`v¸‡jv †gUv‡Z cv‡i Ges bvix‡K mšÍvb cvjb, cvwb Avbv,
Lv`¨ I R¡vjvwb msMÖn, ivbœv Kiv, e¨w³MZ cwi”QbœZv, mwnsmZv I wbh©vZb †iva, mewR evMvb I nvumgyiwM cvjb BZ¨vw`‡Z mnvqZv

35
K‡i| GUv Ggbfv‡e Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z eÂbv I êlg¨ K‡g Av‡m I bvixi c‡ÿ Zvi Drcv`bg~jK, cyb‡ivrcv`bg~jK I mvgvwRK
fywgKv cvjb Kiv mnRZi nq| †mB mv‡_ weZiY cÖwµqvq bvixi myweav-Amyweav we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e I bvixi gh©v`v wbwðZ Ki‡Z
n‡e|
†dvm©-wdì we‡køl‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv cÖvwZôvwbK ch©v‡q `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«vmg~jK †h KvR¸‡jv Kiv nq †m¸‡jv bvixi KZUzKz DcKv‡i Av‡m
ev Zv bvixi Rb¨ wKiƒc †bwZevPK Zv †`Lv‡bv| GB Uz‡ji gva¨‡g `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«v‡mi KvR I mnvqZ¸‡jvi BwZevPK I †bwZevPK
w`K¸‡jv †`Lv‡bv hvq Ges G¸‡jv wKfv‡e bvixevÜe Kiv m¤¢e Zv wPwýZ Kiv hvq|
2. Gevi ‡dvm©wdì we‡kølY-Uzj 3.2 e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
GB Uz‡j gvS eivei `vMUvbv eo GKUv KvMR I K‡qKUv KvW© i‡q‡Q| cÖwZUv Kv‡W© Qwe Gu‡K ev wj‡L GKwU/cÖwZwU KvR ev
mnvqZv‡K (†hgb, Îv‡Y-M„n¯’vjx mvgMÖx, ÎvY- Lv`¨ mvgMÖx, Kv‡Ri wewbg‡q UvKv, åvg¨gvb wK¬wbK, wUDeI‡qj ev wcGmGd,
†evZjRvZ cvwb, cvwb weï×KiY U¨ve‡jU, m¨vwb‡Ukb mvgMÖx, M„n wbg©vY mvgMÖx, bM` UvKv Aby`vb, K…wl DcKiY Aby`vb,
`y‡h©vM SzuwK we‡kølY, cÖwkÿY, iv¯Ív †givgZ, evua †givgZ) †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GKUv KvW© wb‡q H Kv‡W© D‡jøwLZ KvR ev mnvqZv,
Ges GB Kv‡Ri cwigvYMZ, ¸YMZ Ae¯’v ev Gi weZiY eë¯’vi Kvi‡Y, GwU bvixi KZUv Kv‡R jv‡M wKsev bvix‡K KZUv K‡ó
†d‡j Zv cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z n‡e| hw` GUv m¤c~Y©fv‡e bvixi Rb¨ BwZevPK nq Zvn‡j KvW©Uv KvM‡R Aw¼Z `v‡Mi Dc‡ii w`‡Ki
As‡k ivL‡Z n‡e; GUv hw` m¤c~Y©fv‡e †bwZevPK nq Zvn‡j `v‡Mi wb‡Pi w`‡Ki As‡k ivL‡Z n‡e| Avi G‡Z hw` wKQzUv
BwZevPK I wKQzUv †bwZevPK Dcv`vb _v‡K Zvn‡j KvW©Uv `vM eivei Ggbfv‡e ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Kv‡W©i wKQz Ask Dc‡ii
w`‡K I wKQz Ask wb‡Pi w`‡K _v‡K| Gfv‡e me¸‡jv KvW© KvM‡Ri Dci ivLv n‡q †M‡j, †h KvW©¸‡jv `vM eivei ev `v‡Mi
wb‡Pi w`‡K Av‡Q †m¸‡jv GKUv GKUv K‡i Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cÖwZUv †ÿ‡Î †bwZevPK w`K¸‡jv `~i Kivi Dcvq †ei
Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. Gevi eo `‡j Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g AskMÖnYKvix‡ì mvnv‡h¨ UzjUv Abykxjb Ki‡Z ejyb|
4. we‡kølY Abykxjb n‡q †M‡j `yRb‡K WvKzb I Zv‡ì‡K GUv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z ejyb|
5. Gici GB Uzj †_‡K cvIqv Z_¨, AskMÖnYKvix‡ì e¨L¨v I mnvqK Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z, cÖPwjZ `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«vm KvR I
mnvqZv¸‡jv bvixi Rb¨ KZUv BwZevPK I KZUv †bwZevPK Ges G¸‡jv bvixevÜe Ki‡Z n‡j Kx Kiv ìKvi Zv Av‡jvPbv
Kiæb|
B›Uv‡iKwUf Uzjm
Uzj 3.2: †dvm©-wdì we‡kølY
Uz‡ji bgybv:
cÖwkÿY I Dc‡`k SuywK we‡kølY
Kv‡Ri wewbg‡q UvKv cwi”QbœZvi DcKiY
Rvgv Kvco M„n wbg©vY mvgMÖx
cïLv`¨ cvwb
Lv`¨ mvgMÖx Avc` g~j¨vqb
M„n¯’vjx mvgMÖx KwgwU wgwUs
KvW©t `y‡h©vM SuywKn«vmg~jK KvR I mnvqZvmg~n
BwZevPK
†bwZevPK

Awa‡ekb 3.3 `y‡h©vM SyuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi AskMÖnY
cÖwµqv
D‡Ïk¨:
gyj evZ©v:
welqe¯‘:
DcKiY:
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY `y‡h©vM SuywK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi AskMÖnY djcÖm~ Kivi Rb¨ Avewk¨K cÖwµqv I Avewk¨K
welq¸‡jv Kx Zv eyS‡Z I e¨L¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
`y‡h©vMSuywK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi AskMÖnY Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ Riæwi cÖvwZôvwbK ch©v‡q wewae× eë¯’v hv bvixi `„wóf½xi g~j¨ †`q I
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y bvixi cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv wbwðZ K‡i, Avi Ggb GK mvgvwRK cwi‡ek hv cÖ_vMZ kªg wefvRb cÖwZôvi wecix‡Z bvixi
PjvP‡ji MwÛ evovq, Rxeb iÿvKvix `ÿZv AR©‡bi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i, Avqg~jK KvR¸‡jv †MvP‡i Av‡b I `y‡h©vM SuywKn«vm Kv‡R
AskMÖnY mvgvwRKfv‡e MÖnYxq K‡i †Zv‡j Rbwkÿv I cÖ`k©bg~jK cÖK‡íi gva¨‡g MYm‡PZbZv m„wó Kiv hvq; GB Mbm‡PZbZv
mnvqK mvgvwRK cwi‡ek M‡o Zzj‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
mgq: 1 N›Uv|
Ÿ bvixi AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ mnvqK cÖvwZôvwbK eë¯’v
Ÿ bvixi AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ mnvqK mvgvwRK cwi‡ek
Ÿ wd¬cPvU©
Ÿ ¯^cœ gvbwPÎ Uzj
Ÿ †cwÝj
Ÿ AskMªnYKvix‡ì‡K Ò`y‡h©vM SyuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi AskMÖnYÓ kxl©K Awa‡ek‡b ¯^vMZ Rvbvb;
Ÿ Gici Zv‡ì‡K `y‡h©vM SyuwKn«vm Kv‡R Zvi bvix‡K wKiƒc Ae¯’vq ev Kx ai‡Yi Kv‡R †`L‡Z Pvq I
GUv †c‡Z n‡j mgv‡R bvixi Kx iKg my‡hvM myweav _vK‡Z n‡e Zv wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z
ejyb| GiRb¨ cvuP wgwbU mgq w`b|
Ÿ Gevi ¯^cœ gvbwPÎ-Uzj 3.3 e¨vL¨v Kiæb; Ges AskMÖnYKvix‡ì eo`‡j Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g GB
Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ Zv‡ì Kvw•LZ mvgvwRK cwi‡ek I bvixi Ae¯’v †`Lv‡Z ejyb I GB Kv‡R Zv‡ì‡K
mvnvh¨ Kiæb|
Ÿ GB KvRUv n‡q †M‡j `yRb‡K WvKzb I GB Uz‡j ewY©Z Zv‡ì we‡kølY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z ejyb|
- bvix †bZ…Z¡ cÖmv‡i mnvqK cwi‡e‡ki g~j Dcv`vb¸‡jv Kx
- wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y bvixi cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡j Kx Kiv ìKvi
- bvixi `„wóf½x‡K g~j¨ w`‡Z n‡j †Kvb welq¸‡jv Riæwi
- bvixi cÖwZ êlg¨g~jK we`¨gvb aviYv cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ Kx †KŠkj †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i
- Rbwkÿvi gva¨‡g cÖ_vMZ aviYv cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡j †Kvb welq¸‡jv we‡kl Riæwi I GiRb¨ Kx
c×wZ eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i
- cÖ_vMZ aviYv cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb †Kvb wel‡q cÖ`k©bg~jK cÖKí †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i
Ÿ me‡k‡l Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Awa‡ek‡bi g~jevZ©v Abyhvqx welqmg~‡ni mvims‡ÿc Kiæb |
mgq
10 wgwbU
25 wgwbU
15 wgwbU
10 wgwbU
36

37
mnvqK Z_¨
3.3 `y‡h©vMSyuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi AskMÖnY
cÖvwZôvwbK ch©v‡q wewae× eë¯’v
mnvqK mvgvwRK cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv
`y‡h©vM SzuwKn«v‡m bvixi †bZ…Z¡ cÖmv‡i Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb `y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbvq bvixi AskMÖnY| GUv Kvh©Kifv‡e Ki‡Z
n‡j cÖ_gZ, ìKvi n‡e cÖvwZôvwbK ch©v‡q wewae× eë¯’v - G‡Z `yUv welq ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y bvixi cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv I bvixi
`„wóf½x‡K g~j¨ †Ìqv| wØZxqZ, ìKvi n‡e mnvqK mvgvwRK cwi‡ek, mvgvwRK cÖ_v I cÖwµqv hv `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«v‡m bvixi †bZ…Z¡‡K
¯^xK…wZ †`q I Gi cÖwZ AvMÖn m„wó K‡i| MYm‡PZbZv m„wói gva¨‡g GB mnvqK mvgvwRK cwi‡ek wbg©vY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y bvixi cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ hv Riæwi Zvn‡jv-
Ÿ KvVv‡gv- wm×všÍ MÖnY KvVv‡gv hv bvixi Dcw¯’wZ `„k¨gvb K‡i| †hgb, `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv KwgwU| bvix Gi m`m¨ n‡Z cvi‡e I
GB KwgwUi m`m¨ wnmv‡e `y‡h©vM cÖ¯‘wZ cwiKíbv cÖbqY Ki‡Z cvi‡e ev `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq f‚wgKv ivL‡Z cvi‡e |
Ÿ bvixevÜe cÖwµqv- bvixevÜe bv n‡j bvixi c‡ÿ AskMÖnY Kiv m¤¢e nqbv| bvixi Nimsmv‡ii KvR A‡bK; Zv‡K G¸‡jv
wbqwgZ I mgqgZ Ki‡Z nq| KwgwU wgwUs, civgk© mfv ev SyuwK we‡køl‡Yi KvR¸‡jv hw` Zvi myweavgZ mg‡q nq Zvn‡j †m
G‡Z AskMÖnY Kivi my‡hvM cvq| GQvov, ms¯’vi bxwZ I c×wZ¸‡jv hvPvB K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e †m¸‡jv KZUv bvixevÜe|
cÖ‡qvRbgZ Zv‡Z cwieZ©b Avb‡Z n‡e|
Ÿ mvgvwRK ¯^xK…wZ- `y‡h©vM SyuwKn«v‡m AskMÖnY †hb bvix‡K †Kvb Pv‡ci g‡a¨ bv †d‡j| mgv‡Ri mevB †hb g‡b K‡i GUv bvixi
Rb¨ GKUv ¯^vfvweK KvR| ìKvi n‡j MY m‡PZbZv m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Gme Kv‡R AskMÖnY bvixi Rb¨ gh©v`vc~Y© I ìKvwi
welq wnmv‡e ¯^xK…wZ cvq| Avi mgvR I cwiev‡ii mevB †hb G wel‡q bvix‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z _v‡K|
Ÿ bvMv‡ji g‡a¨ Z_¨ I cÖhyw³ - Z_¨ I cÖhyw³ bv †c‡j bvix Zvi Ávb I AwfÁZv evov‡Z cv‡ibv| Avi Gi d‡j, Zvi civgk©
`~e©j n‡q c‡o I Kvh©KvwiZv nvivq| bvixi AskMÖnY myev‡` jvfevb n‡Z n‡j mgKvjxb Z_¨ I cÖhyw³ bvixi bvMv‡j wb‡q
Avm‡Z n‡e| Avi Zv Ggbfv‡e Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z G¸‡jv bvix eyS‡Z cv‡i I eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi gva¨‡g bvixi mgmvgwqK
Ávb‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q Zv‡ì we‡kølY I civgk© cÖ`v‡bi `ÿZv‡K Av‡iv evwo‡q wb‡Z cvi‡e I welq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© fvjfv‡e
ej‡Z cvi‡e
bvixi `„wóf½x‡K g~j¨ w`‡Z n‡j Riæwi n‡jv-
Ÿ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‡q gZvgZ MÖnY- bvixi `„wóf½x cyiæ‡li `„wóf½x †_‡K wfbœ| mgm¨v¸‡jv †m Zvi wbR¯^ `„wóf½x w`‡q wePvi K‡i|
bvixi civgk© †_‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‡q Zvi we‡kølY hvPvB K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e| †hgb- euva ev N~wY©So Avkªq‡K›`ª wbg©vY wel‡q bvixi
AwfÁZv I `„wóf½x we‡kølY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †QvULv‡Uv ev cÖvwšÍK wel‡q GB cÖqvm bvixi cÖwZ Av¯’vnxbZv cÖKvk K‡i|
Ÿ ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i gZvgZ we‡ePbv- bvixi gZvgZ ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e I wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y GB gZvg‡Zi cÖwZdjb
_vK‡Z n‡e| Zv bv n‡j cy‡iv welqUv G‡Kev‡i A_©nxb n‡q co‡e|
Ÿ gZ cÖKv‡k ¯^vaxbZv - wbqwš¿Z gZvgZ cÖKvk ev †jvK †`Lv‡bv AskMÖnY †Kvb mydj Avb‡Z cv‡ibv| GLv‡b g~j welq nj bvixi
`„wó‡KvY †_‡K welqwU †`Lv I bvixi AwR©Z Ávb I AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K Kg©m~Px‡K mg„× Kiv| Av‡M †_‡KB wVK Kiv wm×v‡šÍi
cÖwZ mg_©b Av`v‡qi Rb¨ wbqwš¿Z gZvgZ MÖnY Kg©m~Px‡K Lye GKUv mg„× K‡ibv|
Ÿ Hw”QK AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM- bvix wb‡RB wm×všÍ †b‡e, †m G e¨vcv‡i RwoZ n‡e wK n‡e bv, ev n‡jI KZUv RwoZ n‡e|
Rei`w¯Íg~jK ev Pvwc‡q †Ìqv AskMÖnY bvixi Dci GKUv AwZwi³ †evSv| G‡Z bvixi gZvgZ I civgk© ¸YMZfv‡e `ye©j
n‡q c‡o| GLv‡b †Kvb kZ© _vK‡j bvix †mB kZ© c~i‡Yi †Póv Ki‡e| †m wb‡Ri gZ ev e¨vL¨v cÖKvk Ki‡ebv|
mnvqK mvgvwRK cwi‡ek, mvgvwRK cÖ_v I cÖwµqv hv `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«v‡m bvixi †bZ…Z¡‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`q I Gi cÖwZ AvMÖn m„wó K‡i|
MYm‡PZbZv m„wói gva¨‡g GB mnvqK mvgvwRK cwi‡ek wbg©vY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-
Ÿ mnvqK cwi‡ek wbg©v‡Y MYm‡PZbZv: bvixi wPšÍvkw³ `~e©j I Zvi ev¯Íe Ávb mxwgZ, GB MZvbyMwZK aviYv cwinvi Kiv
Riæwi| KviY cÖK…Z Ae¯’v n‡jv, bvix `y‡h©vM SyuwK m¤c‡K© h‡_ó IqvwKenvj I SyuwK cÖkg‡bi Rb¨ Zvi wbR¯^ wKQz †KŠkj
Av‡Q| we`¨gvb mvgvwRK aviYv¸‡jv G‡Kev‡i Abo I AcwieZ©bxq bq| MYm‡PZbvi gva¨‡g G‡Z cwieZ©b Avbv †h‡Z cv‡i|
`y‡h©vM S~uyKn«v‡m bvixi †bZ…Z¡ cÖmv‡ii Rb¨ †hme wel‡q we`¨gvb aviYvq cwieZ©b Avbv cÖ‡qvRb †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q-

38
- bvixi Pjv‡divi Dci wewawb‡la - bvixi PjvP‡ji MwÛ cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq mgZv wfwËK n‡Z n‡e| Gid‡j †m wb‡Ri `y‡h©vM
wec`vcbœZv Kgv‡Z cvi‡e, †mB mv‡_ msKUKv‡j Ab¨‡ì mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
- m¤c‡ì Dci bvixi gvwjKvbv- `y‡h©vM SyuwKn«vm I msKU †gvKv‡ejvq wbR¯^ †KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ m¤c` eënv‡i bvixi
GLwZqvi we‡kl Riæwi| Gi gva¨‡g †m wb‡Ri I Ab¨‡ì SyuwK Kgv‡Z mÿg n‡e|
- cÖv‡qvwMK wkÿv jv‡f bvixi Dci wewawb‡la- we‡kl K‡i Rxeb iÿvKvix `ÿZv (†hgb, Mv‡Q Pov ev mvuZvi KvUv) bvixi
`y‡h©vM wec`vcbœZv Kgv‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|
- M„n¯’vjx Kv‡R cyiæ‡li AskMÖnY- Gi mvgvwRK MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv I Gme Kv‡R cyiæ‡li `ÿZv GKw`‡K bvixi Kv‡Ri †evSv
Kgv‡e, Ab¨w`‡K msKUKv‡j cyiæl‡K cwiev‡ii cÖwZ Zvi `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b AviI †ewk mÿg K‡i Zzj‡e|
Ÿ Rbwkÿvi gva¨‡g MYm‡PZbZv: Rbwkÿvi gva¨‡g MYm‡PZbZv ˆZwi Ki‡Z wbgœœwjwLZ KvR¸‡jv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
- Rbwkÿvi Rb¨ wmweI ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q †hme c×wZ eënvi Kiv‡Z cv‡i Zvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q- MÖvg êVK, DVvb êVK, mgvRwfwËK
SzuwK we‡kølY, MYbvU¨, c_bvUK| GB ai‡Yi Kv‡R g~jevZ©v n‡Z c‡i-
- bvix I cyiæ‡li Pjv‡divi mgZvwfwËK mvgvwRK cÖ_v bvixmn mK‡ji `y‡h©vM SzuwK Kgvq|
- bvixi m¤ú` `y‡h©vMKv‡j mevi Kv‡RB jv‡M|
- mvuZvi KvUv I Mv‡Q Pov Rvb‡j So-eb¨vq bvix wb‡Ri Avi Ab¨‡ì Rxeb evuPv‡Z c‡i|
- M„n¯’vjx Kv‡R bvix I cyiæ‡li mgZvwfwËK AskMÖnY `y‡h©vMKv‡j cyiæl‡K Av‡iv `vwqZ¡kxj K‡i †Zv‡j|
- bvixi `„wóf½x I †KŠkj eënvi Ki‡j `y‡h©vM SzuwKn«vm KvR AviI Kvh©Ki I †UKmB nq|
Ÿ cÖ`k©Yx cÖK‡íi gva¨‡g MYm‡PZbZv: MYm‡PZbZv m„wói Rb¨ ¯’vbxqfv‡e cÖ`k©Yx cÖKí †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-
- Kv‡Ri wewbg‡q UvKv - cyiæ‡li Rb¨ M„n¯’vwj KvR ev M„n¯’vwj Kv‡Ri cÖwkÿY;
- cÖwkÿY I `ÿZv AR©b - †g‡q wkïi Rb¨ mvuZvi KvUv, Mv‡Q Pov I †bŠKv Pvjv‡bv;
- `y‡h©vM cÖ¯‘wZ gnov - bvixi AskMÖn‡Y `y‡h©vM cÖ¯‘wZ gnov;
- SyuwK cÖkgb KvR - bvixi gva¨‡g SyuwK we‡kølY, Kg©cwiKíbv ˆZwi I Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv|
¯^cœ gvbwP‡Îi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv `y‡h©v‡M bvix †bZ…Z¡ wb‡q cÖwkÿ‡Y AskMÖnYKvix‡ì Kx AvKv•ÿv Zv †`Lv‡bv|
AskMÖnYKvixMY `y‡h©vM SyuwKn«vm Kv‡R bvix‡K wKiƒc Ae¯’vq ev Kx ai‡Yi Kv‡R †`L‡Z Pvq, GUv †c‡Z n‡j mgv‡R bvixi Kx iKg
my‡hvM myweav _vK‡Z n‡e I GiRb¨ Kx ai‡Yi KvR Ki‡Z n‡e Zv †`Lv‡bv hvq|
2. Gevi ¯^cœgvbwPÎ-Uzj 3.3 e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
AskMÖnYKvixMY wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g GKgZ n‡e †h Zviv bvix‡K `y‡h©vM SuywKn«v‡m wKfv‡e m¤c„³ †`L‡Z Pvq-
we‡kl K‡i, bvixi PjvP‡ji MwÛ, m¤ú‡ì Dci gvwjKvbv, wkÿv I Avqg~jK Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î bvixi Ae¯’v I Ae¯’vb Zviv wKiƒc
†`L‡Z Pvq| G wel‡q A`~i fwel¨‡Z Zviv hv Pvq Zv Zviv GKUv eo KvM‡R Gu‡K †`Lv‡e| Av‡jvPbv cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ Zviv
wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ †_‡K GKRb‡K wbe©vwPZ Ki‡e Ges GK ev GKvwaK Rb‡K Qwe AvuKvi Rb¨ wVK Ki‡e| myweavi Rb¨ QweUv
cÖ_‡g gvwU‡Z Gu‡K c‡i †mUv KvM‡R bKj Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3.Gevi AskMÖnYKvixMY‡K Zv‡ì ¯^cœ gvbwPÎUv AuvK‡Z ejyb|
B›Uv‡iKwUf Uzjm
Uzj 3.3: ¯^cœ gvbwPÎ

39
4. ¯^cœ gvbwPÎ AvuKv †kl n‡j `yRb‡K WvKzb I Zv‡ì‡K GUv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z ejyb|
5.Gici GB Uzj †_‡K cvIqv Z_¨, AskMÖnYKvix‡ì e¨vL¨v I mnvqK Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z, `y‡h©vM SuywKn«vm Kvh©µ‡g bvixi †bZ…Z¡
cÖmvi Ki‡Z n‡j Kx Ki‡Z n‡e I wKfv‡e Zv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
Uz‡ji bgybv:
bvix `‡ji ˆZwi ¯^cœ gvbwPÎ cyiæl `‡ji ˆZwi ¯^cœ gvbwPÎ
Drmt wmivRM‡Äi wmweI m`m¨‡ì `jxq KvR

Awa‡ekb 4.1 `y‡h©vM SyuwKn«v‡m bvixi †bZ…Z¡ cÖmv‡ii cwiKíbv
cÖwµqv
D‡Ïk¨:
gyj evZ©v:
welqe¯‘:
DcKiY:
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY Rb‡Mvôx‡Z bvixi †bZ…Z¡ cÖmv‡ii Rb¨ ev¯ÍewfwËK Kg©m~Px wba©viY Ki‡Z I H Kg©m~Px
ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cwiKíbv ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wmweI-i cwiKíbv Rb‡Mvôx‡Z bvixi †bZ…Z¡ cÖmv‡i wmweI-i AvKv•ÿvi cÖwZdjb I Zv ev¯Íevq‡b cÖ_g c`‡ÿc| wmweI Rb‡Mvôx‡Z
`y‡h©vM S~uwKn«v‡m bvix‡K †bZ…‡Z¡i f‚wgKvq wKfv‡e †`L‡Z Pvq Avi Zv‡ì GB PvIqv ev¯Í‡e iƒc wb‡j cwi‡ek I cwiw¯’wZ †Kgb
`vuov‡e Zv GB cwiKíbv‡Z D‡jøL _v‡K| Z‡e, Zv‡ì GB AvKv•ÿv ev¯Í‡e iƒc w`‡Z n‡j ev¯Íem¤§Z †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Kiv Riæwi Avi
GB Kv‡R AMÖMwZ avivevwnKfv‡e cwiexÿY Kiv ìKvi|
mgq: 2 N›Uv|
Ÿ AskMÖnYg~jK cwiKíbvi g~j Dcv`vb
Ÿ gwbUwis m~PK I cÖwµqv
Ÿ wd¬cPvU©
Ÿ wfc KvW©
gwWDj 4: `y‡h©vM SyuwKn«v‡m bvixi †bZ…Z¡ cÖmvi
Ÿ AskMªnYKvix‡ì‡K Ò`y‡h©vM SzuwK e¨ve¯’vcbvq bvixi †bZ…Z¡ cÖmv‡ii cwiKíbvÓ Awa‡ek‡b ¯^vMZ
Rvbvb|
Ÿ c~‡e©i Awa‡ek‡bi mv‡_ mgš^q †i‡L AskMÖnYg~jK cwiKíbvi g~j Dcv`vb¸‡jv Kx, Zv Zv‡ì
Kv‡Q Rvb‡Z Pvb Ges Zv wd¬c-Pv‡U© wjL‡Z ejyb|
Ÿ Gici mnvqK Z_¨ (mnvqK Z_¨ 4.1) Abyhvqx AskMªnYKvix‡ì aviYv cwi®‹vi Kiæb|
Ÿ Gici gwbUwis m~PK I cÖwµqv¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
Ÿ bvixi †bZ…Z¡ cÖmv‡ii Rb¨ c~e©eZ©x Awa‡ekb¸‡jvi welqmg~‡ni Av‡jv‡K AskMªnYKvix‡ì‡K
`jMZ Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g GKwU Kg©cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z ejyb (mnvqK Z_¨ 4.1 Abyhvqx)|
Ÿ `jxq Kv‡Ri Rb¨ mgq I RvqMv wba©viY K‡i w`b|
Ÿ `jxq Dc¯’vcbvi c‡i Zv‡ì cwiKíbvi MVYg~jK mgv‡jvPbv Kiæb Ges GUv‡K Av‡iv ev¯Íeg~Lx I
eënv‡ivc‡hvMx Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ Kiæb|
mgq
10 wgwbU
20 wgwbU
45 wgwbU
30 wgwbU
15 wgwbU
gwWDj4`y‡h©vMSyuwKn«v‡mbvixi†bZ…Z¡cÖmvi
41

42
mnvqK Z_¨
4.1 `y‡h©vM SuywKn«v‡m bvixi †bZ…Z¡ cÖmvi: cwiKíbv I cwiexÿY
`y‡h©vM SuywKn«v‡m bvixi †bZ…Z¡ Rb‡Mvôxi SyuwKn«vm Kvh©µg AviI djcÖm~ Avi †UKmB K‡i †Zv‡j| bvixi †bZ…Z¡ cÖmv‡ii Rb¨ wm×všÍ
MÖn‡Y bvixi AskMÖnY we‡kl Riæwi| mnvqK KvVv‡gv, cÖwµqv I bvixevÜe Z_¨ cÖev‡ni gva¨‡g GUv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Gi Rb¨
cÖPwjZ A‡bK aviYv cv‡ë †dj‡Z n‡e|
wmweIÕi Kg©cwiKíbvq bvixi †bZ…Z¡ cÖmv‡i Rb‡Mvôxi cÖwZkÖæwZi cÖwZdjb N‡U| G‡Z GKUv Kv‡Ri ZvwjKv _v‡K, hv G wel‡q
Rb‡Mvôxi Pvwn`v¸‡jv cÖKvk K‡i| K‡qKUv g~L¨ cÖkœ‡K †K›`ª K‡i GB Kg©cwiKíbvi KvVv‡gv M‡o I‡V|
Avgiv Kx PvB?- mgm¨v¸‡jv Kx I Gi wecix‡Z wba©vwiZ D‡Ïk¨ Ges AviI wbw`©ófv‡e Afxó djvdj¸‡jv Kx Zvi weeiY|
AskMÖnYKvixMY ¯^cœ gvbwP‡Î hv †`wL‡q‡Q mvaviYZ Zvi wfwË‡Z Zv‡ì PvIqv wba©viY n‡e| †hgb- Ôbvixi Pjv‡divi Dci cÖ_vMZ
wewawb‡la `~i KivÕ ev †g‡qwkïmn mKj wkïi mvuZvi KvUv I Mv‡Q Povi `ÿZv AR©bÕ ev ÔM„n¯’vwj Kv‡R cyiæ‡li `ÿZv AR©bÕ PvB‡Z
cv‡i|
Avgiv Kx fv‡e jÿ¨ AR©b Ki‡ev?- A‡bK iK‡gi †KŠkj _vK‡Z cv‡i; Gi g‡a¨ †Kvb †KŠkj eënvi Kiv n‡e Zvi weeiY| †hgb,
KvRUv Rbwkÿvg~jK KvR n‡j †Kvb c×wZ (MÖvg êVK, DVvb êVK, mgvRwfwËK SyuwK we‡kølY, MYbvU¨, c_bvUK) eënvi Kiv n‡e,
KZ¸‡jv Abyôvb n‡e, G¸‡jv wKfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡e Ges KZw`b a‡i Pj‡e|
Avgv‡ì Kx Av‡Q?- m¤¢ve¨ †mB me m¤ú‡ì LwZqvb, hv Afxó djvdj jv‡fi Rb¨ eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i I hv Rb‡Mvôxi bvMv‡ji
g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q| wba©vwiZ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ KZ UvKv jvM‡Z cv‡i, Kx mvgMÖx ìKvi, KZRb †jvK jvM‡e I Zv‡ì Kx ai‡Yi Ávb `ÿZv
_vK‡Z n‡e| G¸‡jvi KZUv GLbB wmweIÕi Kv‡Q Av‡Q, Avi KZUv wmweI †Póv Ki‡j †RvMvo Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
djvdj AwR©Z n‡j Avgiv Kx †`L‡Z cv‡ev?- Kg©m~Pxi mdj ev¯Íevqb NU‡j I Afxó djvdj jvf Ki‡j cwiw¯’wZ ev¯Í‡e †Kgb n‡Z
cv‡i Zvi GKUv weeiY| Kg©m~Px †kl n‡j Rb‡Mvôx‡Z Kx cwieZ©b †`Lv hv‡e| D`vniY ¯îƒc- mKj †g‡qwkï mvuZvi KvU‡Z cvi‡Q,
ev cÖ‡Z¨K cwiev‡i cyiæl M„n¯’vwj Kv‡R `ÿ n‡q DV‡Q|
Avgiv wKfv‡e eyS‡ev †h Afxó djvdj AwR©Z n‡”Q? - GUv cwiexÿY‡K wb‡`©k K‡i|
Awfó djvdj KZUv AwR©Z n‡q‡Q cwiexÿY cÖwµqv Zv cwigvc Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Gi Rb¨ K‡qKUv wb‡`©kK wba©viY Ki‡Z nq|
GB wb‡`©kK¸‡jv K‡qK iK‡gi n‡Z cv‡i, †hgb-
K) cÖwµqvMZ wb‡`©kK- KvR Kivi Rb¨ †h Dcv`vb¸‡jv jvM‡e †m¸‡jv, D`vniY¯îæc- KZRb bvix-cyiæl GB Kg©m~Px‡Z AskMÖnY
Ki‡e| †hgb-
§ KZRb †g‡q wkï mvuZvi KvUv cÖwkÿY †b‡e|
§ KZRb cyiæl M„n¯’vwj Kv‡R cÖwkÿY †b‡e||
§ KZRb bvix MÖvg êV‡K Ask †b‡e|
L) Kv‡Ri wb‡`©kK- jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ †h KvR¸‡jv mgvß Ki‡Z n‡e †m¸‡jv, †hgb-
§ KZ¸‡jv KwgwU bvix cÖwZwbwa wb‡q MwVZ n‡q‡Q|
§ †g‡q wkï‡K KZ N›Uv mvuZvi KvUv cÖwkÿY †Ìqv n‡e|
§ †Kvb †Kvb M„n¯’vwj Kv‡R cyiæl‡K cÖwkÿY †Ìqv n‡e|
§ †Kvb †Kvb wel‡q MÖvg êVK n‡e, KZ¸‡jv MÖvg êVK n‡e|

43
M) djvdj wb‡`©kK- Kg©m~Pxi gva¨‡g Kx dj cvIqv hv‡e, †hgb-
§ KZRb †g‡q wkï mvuZvi KvUvi `ÿZv AR©b K‡i‡Q|
§ KZRb cyiæl M„n¯’vwj Kv‡R `ÿZv AR©b K‡i‡Q|
§ KZRb bvix MÖvg êVK †_‡K wba©vwiZ wel‡q Ávb †c‡q‡Q|
N) cÖfve wb‡`©kK- Kg©m~Px ev¯Íevq‡bi d‡j Ae¯’vi Kx cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q, GUv maviYZ ¸YMZ cwieZ©b wb‡`©k K‡i| †hgb- -
§ Rb‡Mvôxi KZfvM bvix mvuZvi KvU‡Z cv‡i|
§ Rb‡Mvôxi KZfvM cwiev‡i cyiæl M„n¯’vwj KvR K‡i|
§ Rb‡Mvôxi KZfvM bvix MÖvg êVK †_‡K AwR©Z Ávb Kv‡R jvMvq|
GBmv‡_ wVK Ki‡Z n‡e-
K) wbw`©ófv‡e †K ev Kviv Z_¨¸‡jv msMÖn Ki‡e, we‡kølY Ki‡e I Ab¨‡ì Rvbv‡e|
L) wKfv‡e Z_¨¸‡jv msMÖn Kiv n‡e, we‡kølY Kiv n‡e I Ab¨‡ì Rvbv‡bv n‡e|
Uz‡ji bgybv:
Avgiv Kx PvB? Avgiv Kx fv‡e jÿ¨ AR©b Avgv‡ì Kx Av‡Q? djvdj AwR©Z n‡j Avgiv wKfv‡e eyS‡ev †h
Ki‡ev? (†KŠkj) (we`¨gvb I m¤¢ve¨ m¤ú`) Avgiv Kx ‡`L‡Z cv‡ev? Afxó djvdj AwR©Z n‡”Q?

cwifvlv
Revew`wnZv: ÔRevew`wnZvÕ ej‡Z †evSvq wKfv‡e GKwU ms¯’v wm×všÍ MªnY I Kvh©µ‡g wewfbœ †Mvôxi Pvwn`vi cÖwZdjb NUvq|
AwaKvsk GbwRIÕi wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †Mvôx †hgb- `vZv ms¯’v A_ev mswkøó miKv‡ii Kv‡Q Revew`wnZv wbwðZ Kivi GKwU wbw`©ó
cÖwµqv Av‡Q|
mÿgZv: †Kvb `y‡hv©‡M AvµvšÍ e¨w³, cwievi ev Rb‡Mvôxi H `y‡hv©M †gvKv‡ejv Kivi †hvM¨Zv ev mvg_©‡KB mÿgZv e‡j|
`y‡h©vM: `y‡h©vM Ggb GK cªvK…wZK ev gvbem„ó AbvKvw•LZ Ae¯’v hv nVvr wKsev ax‡i ax‡i N‡U Ges GKwU wbw`©ó GjvKvq emevmKvix
Rb‡Mvôxi Rvb, gvj, cwi‡ek, cÖvZ¨wnK RxweKv I g‡bvRM‡Zi Dci gvivZ¥Kfv‡e AvNvZ nv‡b Ges gvbyl‡K Ggb Amnvq K‡i
†Zv‡j hv KvwU‡q DVvi Rb¨ A‡bï mn‡hvwMZv AZ¨vek¨K n‡q c‡o|
`y‡h©vM cÖ¯‘wZ: `y‡h©vM cÖ¯‘wZ n‡jv GKwU `y‡h©v‡Mi NUbv‡K Abygvb K‡i, `y‡h©vM cieZ©x mg‡q Kvh©µg MªnY wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ c~e© †_‡K
eë¯’v MªnY Kiv|
`y‡h©vM SzuwK eë¯’vcbv: `y‡h©vM SyuywK eë¯’vcbv n‡”Q GKwU we‡kl ai‡Yi Riæwi eë¯’vcbv hv‡Z `y‡h©v‡Mi cÖwZ ch©v‡q bxwZ wba©viY,
cÖkvmwbK, wm×všÍ MÖnY I ev¯Íe c`‡ÿc AšÍf©‚³|
`y‡h©vM SyuwK n«vm: GKwU mgv‡Ri wec`vcbœZv I `y‡h©vM SyuwKn«v‡mi KvVv‡gvMZ aviYv n‡jv `y‡h©v‡Mi cÖwZK~j cÖfve mxwgZ (cÖkgb I
cÖ¯‘wZ) ev cwinvi (cÖwZ‡iva) Kiv, hv e„nØv‡_© ¯’vqxZ¡kxj Dbœq‡bi Ask|
†RÛvi: kvixwiK cv_©‡Kï wecix‡Z bvix I cyiæ‡li mvgvwRK cv_©K¨|
†RÛvi cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv: m¤ú`, my‡hvM-myweavw`, †mev, Znwej, jvf Ges wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv‡K †evSvq| Gi gva¨‡g mywbw`©ó
GjvKvi mywbw`©ó mg‡qi cÖ_v I a¨vb-aviYvi Kvi‡Y m¤ú` eënvi Ges wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y bvix-cyiæ‡li êlg¨‡K cÖKvk K‡i|
†RÛvi êlg¨: mgv‡R m„ó †RÛviwfwËK f~wgKv I cÖ_vi mv‡_ mswkøó we‡f`, wew”QbœZv A_ev evavmg~n hv gvbyl‡K gvbweK AwaKvi
†_‡K ewÂZ K‡i|
†RÛviwfwËK kÖgwefvRb: evmvq, Kg©‡ÿ‡Î Ges mgv‡R bvix I cyiæ‡li KvR Ges `vwqZ¡ wba©viY K‡i †`q| Kv‡Ri aiY Abymv‡i
we‡ePbv K‡i mgvR Ggbfv‡e kÖgwefvRb K‡i hv mywbw`©ó ¯’vb Ges mg‡qi mv‡_ mgš^qK…Z|
†RÛvi‡K g~javivq m¤ú„³ Kiv: GwU Ggb GKwU †KŠkj hvi gva¨‡g ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK Ges mvgvwRK mKj ¯Í‡ii bxwZ I
Kvh©µ‡gi cwiKíbv, ev¯Íevqb, cwiexÿY Ges g~j¨vqb cÖwµqvq bvix-cyiæl Df‡qiB gZvgZ I AwfÁZv‡K mgvbfv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv
nq †hb mK‡j mgvb myweav MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †Kvbfv‡eB †KvbiKg AmgZv m„wó bv nq|
†RÛvi f~wgKv: mywbw`©ó GjvKv Ges hy‡Mi bvix I cyiæliv cÖPwjZ cÖ_v I a¨vb-aviYv Abymv‡i wKfv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i, wPšÍv Ges
AvZ¥¯’ K‡i Zv †RÛvi f~wgKv Øviv cÖKvwkZ nq|
Kv‡Ri †RÛviwfwËK g~j¨vqb: Gi gva¨‡g bvix I cyiæ‡li wewfbœ KvR Ges `vwq‡Z¡i mv‡_ mswkøó mvgvwRK Ges A_©‰bwZK a¨vb-
aviYv‡K wb‡`©k Kiv nq|
Avc`: ÔAvc`Õ mvaviYZt Ôm¤¢ve¨Õ A‡_© eënvi Kiv nq| A_©vr, Ggb GKUv m¤¢ve¨ A¯^vfvweK NUbv hv cÖvK…wZK, gvbem„ó ev KvwiMix
ÎæwUi Kvi‡Y NU‡Z cv‡i Ges hv gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK Rxeb-RxweKv I cwi‡e‡ki e¨vcK ÿwZ mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i|
gvbweKZv: gvbweKZvev` nj `qv, g½jKiY Ges mKj gvby‡li Rb¨ me©Rbxbfv‡e mnvbyf~wZi nvZ cÖmvwiZ Kivi Rxeb `k©b| †`k
fvM, wj½MZ, DcRvwZ, RvwZMZ I agx©q we‡”Q‡ì d‡j gvby‡li †h `y‡f©vM nq Zv‡Z †Kvb cv_K©¨ †bB|
cwifvlv
44

†bZ…Z¡: †bZ…Z¡ GgbB GKwU cÖwµqv hv †Kvb GKwU mgvR ev msMVb‡K Kvw•LZ j‡ÿ¨ wb‡q †h‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| †bZv ¯^xq mgvR ev
msMV‡bi wPšÍv †PZbv I Abyf~wZ‡K aviY K‡ib, cÖfvweZ K‡ib I cwiPvwjZ K‡ib| †bZv‡K ¯^xq mgvR ev msMV‡bi cÖwZf~, cÖwZwbwa
I g~LcvÎ bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡ib|
cÖkgb: cÖkgbg~jK Kvh©µg ej‡Z †mB mKj Kvh©µ‡gi mgwó‡K †evSvq hv cÖvK…wZK Avc`, cwi‡ekMZ wech©q Ges cÖhyw³MZ
Avc` †_‡K D™¢~Z cÖwZK~j cÖfve `~i Ki‡Z mnvqK|
mvov cª`vb: Avc‡ì wPwýZ SyuwK eë¯’vcbv Ki‡Z mKj cÖ‡Póv †bIqvi ciI A‡bK mgq `y‡h©vM Gov‡bv m¤¢e nqbv| SyuwK
eë¯’vcbvi mg‡q Zv we‡ePbvq wb‡q Riæwi Ae¯’v †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z _vKv Ges `y‡h©v‡M AvµvšÍ Rb‡Mvôx‡K Riæwi cwiw¯’wZ‡Z
Kvh©Ki mnvqZv †`qvi Rb¨ mswkøó ms¯’v, Rb‡Mvôx Ges eë¯’v‡K mPj ivLvB n‡jv `y‡h©v‡M Riæwi mvov|
SyuwK: †Kvb Avc‡` wec`vcbœ Rb‡Mvôxi m¤ú`, Avq I cwi‡e‡ki Dci †bwZevPK cÖfv‡ei Kvi‡Y ÿwZi Avk¼vB n‡jv SyuwK| ¯’vb,
Kvj I cvÎ †f‡` GKB `y‡h©v‡Mi SyuwK G‡KKR‡bi Rb¨ G‡KKiKg A_©vr, Kg †ewk n‡Z cv‡i|
SyuwK wbiƒcY: Rb‡Mvôxi `y‡h©vM SuyywK wbiƒcY GKwU AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ hvi Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q, wbw`©ó Rb‡Mvôxi
Avc`, SyuwK, wec`vcbœZv, SyuwK gvwb‡q †bevi ÿgZv I Zv mvd‡jï mv‡_ AvqË¡ Kivi †KŠkj Ges SyuwK wbim‡b Kvh©Ki cwiKíbv
cÖYqb Kiv nq|
†RÛviwfwËK †KŠkjMZ Pvwn`v: bvixi ÿgZvq‡bi mv‡_ mswkøó hv ÿgZv Ges wbqš¿q‡Yi †ÿ‡Î mgZvwfwËK †RÛvi eë¯’v cÖwZôvi
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb| †RÛviwfwËK †KŠkjMZ Pvwn`v Rb¥ nq cÖPwjZ †RÛvi f~wgKv Ges m¤úK©‡K P¨v‡jÄ K‡i|
wec`vcbœZv: wec`vcbœZv ej‡Z †Kvb e¨w³, cwievi wKsev Rb‡Mvôxi †Kvb GK ev GKvwaK mywbw`©ó Avc‡` AvµvšÍ nIqvi Avk¼v
Ges H Avc` msNU‡bi d‡j e¨w³, cwievi I mgvR Rxe‡bi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î ÿqÿwZi m¤¢ve¨ gvÎv‡K †evSvq| A_©vr, wec`vcbœZv
ej‡Z †Kvb wbw`©ó wec‡ì gvÎv I Zv †gvKv‡ejvi ÿgZvi AbycvZ‡K †evSvq|
cwifvlv
45

MÖš’cÄx
Crespi, Gender socialization within the family: a study on adolescents and their parents in Great Britain;
Department of Sociology, Catholic University of Milan: 2003.
Hassan, Z., Silong, A. D., Women Leadership and Community Development; European Journal of Scientific
Research; ISSN 1450-216X Vol.23 No.3 (2008), pp.361-372,;
http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.htm
Oxfam GB, Women leadership in disaster risk management handbook, Dhaka: March 2011.
Oxfam GB, Gender and Disaster Risk Reduction Training Pack, Oxford: July 2010.
Oxfam GB Research Report, The Effects of Socialization on Gender Discrimination and Violence, March 2011,
http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/policy/gender/
Rose Chege, A Curriculum for the Training of Trainers in Gender Mainstreaming, African Women’s Development
and Communication Network (FEMNET), Nairobi.
Gender, Culture and Society. http://sc6214.wetpaint.com/
Guide.http://psychology.about.com/od/leadership/a/transformational.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership
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Z_¨m~Î

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