National Income of India is given in this video

Indian Space
Research
Organisation (ISRO)
Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO) is the
primary body for space research.
ISRO was establishedAugust
15, 1969.
Headquarters address:Antariksh
Bhavan, New BEL
Road, Bangalore, India

Introduction
• Modern space research in India is traced to the 1920s,
when scientist S. K. Mitra conducted a series of
experiments leading to the sounding of the ionosphere by
applying ground-based radio methods in Kolkata.
• Later, Indian scientists like C.V. Raman and Meghnad Saha
contributed to scientific principles applicable in space
sciences.
• However, it was the period after 1945 that saw important
developments being made in coordinated space research
in India.
• Organized space research in India was spearheaded by
two scientists: Vikram Sarabhai—founder of the Physical
Research Laboratory at Ahmedabad—and Homi Bhabha,
who established the Tata Institute of Fundamental
Research in 1945.

Making of ISRO
• In this view, the Indian National Committee for Space
Research (INCOSPAR) was established in the tenure of PM
Nehru under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) in
1962.
• INCOSPAR grew and became ISRO in 1969, also under the
DAE. This was done keeping in view the urge of scientist
Vikram Sarabhai recognizing the need in space research.
• In 1972, GoI set up a Space Commission and the
Department of Space (DOS) bringing ISRO under the DOS.
• The establishment of ISRO thus institutionalized space
research activities in India. It is managed by the DOS,
which reports to the PM of India

Vision
The Indian space program is driven by the vision of Vikram
Sarabhai, considered the father of the Indian space program.
Throughout the years, ISRO has upheld its mission of bringing
space to the service of the common man, to the service of
the Nation.
In the process, it has become one of the six largest space
agencies in the world

Applications of India’s space asset
India’s space mission can be broadly categorized
into the following categories:
1. Launch vehicle fleet like PSLV, GSLV etc,
2. Satellite programs ex. INSAT,
3. Satellite Navigation program ex. IRNSSS and
NAVIC
4. Extraterrestrial exploration like Chandrayaan,
Mars Orbiter Mission
5. Human Spaceflight Programme viz. Gaganyaan

Applications
1) Telecommunication
India uses its satellite communication network – one of the
largest in the world – for applications such as land
management, water resources management, natural disaster
forecasting, radio networking, weather forecasting, etc.
Business, administrative services, and schemes such as the
National Informatics Centre (NIC) are direct beneficiaries of
applied satellite technology
2) Military
ntegrated Space Cell, under the Integrated Defence Staff of
the Ministry of Defence, has been set up to utilize more
effectively the country’s space-based assets for military
purposes and to look into threats to these assets.
This command leverages space technology including satellites

Applications
1) Telemedicine
• ISRO has applied its technology for telemedicine, directly
connecting patients in rural areas to medical professionals
in urban locations via satellites.
• Since high-quality healthcare is not universally available in
some of the remote areas of India, the patients in remote
areas are diagnosed and analyzed by doctors in urban
centers in real-time via video conferencing.
2) Biodiversity Information System
• ISRO has also helped implement India’s Biodiversity
Information System, completed in October 2002.
• Based on intensive field sampling and mapping using
satellite remote sensing and geospatial modeling tools,
maps have been made of vegetation cover on a 1: 250,000
scale.

Achievements
Communication Satellites
• Established in 1983 with commissioning of INSAT-1B, the Indian National Satellite
(INSAT) system is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in
Asia-Pacific region with nine operational communication satellites placed in
Geostationary orbit.
• t initiated a major revolution in India’s communications sector and sustained the
same later. The INSAT system provides services to telecommunications, television
broadcasting, satellite newsgathering, societal applications, weather forecasting,
disaster warning and Search and Rescue operations.

Achievements
Earth Observation Satellites
• Starting with IRS-1A in 1988, ISRO has launched many operational remote sensing
satellites. Today, India has one of the largest constellations of remote sensing
satellites in operation.
• Varieties of instruments have been flown onboard these satellites to provide
necessary data in a diversified spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions to cater to
different user requirements in the country and for global usage.
• The data from these satellites are used for several applications covering
agriculture, water resources, urban planning, rural development, mineral
prospecting, environment, forestry, ocean resources and disaster managemen

Achievements
Navigation Satellites
• Satellite is an emerging satellite based system with commercial
and strategic applications. Navigation services are necessary to
meet the emerging demands of the Civil Aviation requirements
and to meet the user requirements of the positioning,
navigation and timing based on the independent satellite
navigation system.
• To meet the Civil Aviation requirements, ISRO is working jointly
with Airport Authority of India (AAI) in establishing the GPS
Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) system.
• To meet the user requirements of the positioning, navigation
and timing services based on the indigenous system, ISRO is
establishing a regional satellite navigation system called Indian
Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS).

104 satellites launch
India created history by successfully launching 104 satellites on a
single mission, overtaking the previous record of 37 satellites
launched by Russia in 2014.
PSLV-C37 successfully carried and deployed a record of 104 satellites
in sun-synchronous orbits.

Space Science & Exploration Satellites
AstroSat, was launched on September 28, 2015, by
PSLV-C30 from Sriharikota. It is the first dedicated
Indian astronomy mission aimed at studying
celestial sources in X-ray, optical and UV spectral
bands simultaneously. One of the unique features
of AstroSat mission is that it enables the
simultaneous multi-wavelength observations of
various astronomical objects with a single satellite.

Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM)
 the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) – launched on November 05, 2013 and
successfully inserted into Mars orbit on September 24, 2014, has
various achievements to its credit.
 It is the first interplanetary mission realized by India and the first Indian
spacecraft to incorporate full-scale onboard autonomy to overcome the
long distances and the communication gaps due to non-visibility
periods.
 Marking India’s first venture into the interplanetary space, MOM will
explore and observe Mars surface features, morphology, mineralogy
and the Martian atmosphere.
 Further, a specific search for methane in the Martian atmosphere will
provide information about the possibility or the past existence of life on
the planet.

Chandrayaan Mission
 Chandrayaan Mission-I in 2008 – discovered the presence of water on
the surface of the Moon and turned a new chapter in the world’s
understanding of Moon.
 Chandrayaan-2 which consisted of an Orbiter, Lander and Rover, was all
equipped with scientific instruments to study the moon.
 However, a part of the mission failed as the Vikram lander crash-landed
on the lunar surface.

Solar Mission
 Aditya-L1 is India’s first dedicated scientific mission to study the sun.
 It is meant to observe only the solar corona- the outer layers of the Sun,
extending to thousands of km above the disc (photosphere).

Gaganyaan Mission
in 2018, the Indian government has announced allocation of 100
billion rupees for first manned space mission, set to be launched by
2022. An unmanned test launch of the project is likely scheduled for
December 2020.
Also termed as Gaganyaan, this project is part of the government's
ambition to make India a global low-cost provider of services in
space.
The launch vehicle for this mission will carry heavy payloads into
space. For this purpose, GSLV Mk-III is being developed with
cryogenic engine.
ISRO has already tested the GSLV Mk-III with experimental crew
module (Re-entry & Recovery technology) and Crew Escape System
(CES).
A manned space mission is very difficult to launch in terms of
complexity and need of advance technology

ISRO’s Launch Vehicles
• PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) and GSLV (Geosynchronous
Satellite Launch Vehicle) are the satellite-launch vehicles
developed by ISRO.
• PSLV delivers the “earth-observation” or “remote-sensing”
satellites in polar orbit.
• Apart from launching the remote sensing satellites to Sun-
synchronous polar orbits, the PSLV is also used to launch the
satellites of lower mass of about 1400 Kg to the elliptical
Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO).
• It is a four-staged launch vehicle with first and third stage using
solid fuel and second and fourth stages using liquid fuel. Strap-on
motors also used with PSLV to augment the thrust.
• PSLV is classified into its various versions like core-alone version
(PSLV-CA) or PSLV-XL variants.

ISRO’s Launch Vehicles
• .
• GSLV delivers the communication-satellites to the
Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) of about 36000 Km
altitude.
• Two versions of the GSLV are developed by ISRO and testing
phase of third version is going on. The first version, GSLV Mk-II,
has the capability to launch satellites of mass up to 2,500 kg to
the GTO.
• GSLV MK-II is a three-staged vehicle with first stage using solid
fuel, second stage using Liquid fuel and the third stage, called
Cryogenic Upper Stage, using cryogenic engine.

Challenges and Opportunities in front of India's Space
Program
• india is still is a developing country with vast developmental and
security concerns. In this context it is very difficult to justify the
allocations for space missions that do not have a direct bearing
on development.
• Successful launched of MOM and a planned rover onto the moon
surely boosted the Indian space program. But India’s reliance on
satellites has created military vulnerabilities.
• An anti-satellite missile (ASAT) tested by China in 2007 has also
elevated the threat of a slow-moving arms race in space.
• DRDO is working on development of missile defense but it is
increasingly looking to partner with the United States and other
countries.

Program
• China has launched satellites for Pakistan and Sri Lanka in 2011
and 2012 respectively. This space cooperation may become
another path for China to make inroads in South Asian countries.
• During the starting of this decade India was highly critical of the
EU effort to develop a code of conduct for outer space but in last
years it has been actively engaged with the United States and the
EU in particular in discussing a code of conduct and other
safeguarding mechanisms.
• India holds the view that reliance on the integration of outer
space and cyber capabilities will only increase in future conflicts.
But now beyond the maritime domain, India has been relying on
foreign partners for many other satellite-based communications
and data services. For instance, it continues to rely on NASA for
deep space communications.
• Privatization may also allow India to increase its launch capacity,
which is currently at four to five per year while China does on
average twenty or so launches. India does not have an explicit
space policy to guide private sector participation.

Program
• ISRO also has internal constraints on its capacity to deliver.
• The announcement by U.S. President Donald Trump in June 2018
about the creation of a “space force” or a sixth branch of the
American armed forces has worried many including India. While
India is officially committed to PAROS, or the prevention of an
arms race in outer space, it is yet to formulate a credible official
response to such plans. India has yet to establish a credible space
command of its own.
• In this context China’s reaction could be much stronger than its
seemingly muted official response and it does possess a
formidable space military programme that far exceeds current
Indian capabilities.
• Globally entrepreneurs like Elon Musk and Richard Branson
began talking of space activities as independent profitable
commercial ventures that can be termed as New Space
revolution

Planned Missions of ISRO in the coming years
- Chandrayan-3:
a. It is expected to launch in 2021 and is a successor to the
Chandrayan-2 mission.
b. The mission will attempt a soft landing on the lunar surface and
will have Lunar lander and rover.
c. According to ISRO, the total cost of the Chandrayan-3 mission will
be more than 600 crores.

LUPEX:
a. ISRO's Lunar Polar Exploration Mission in collaboration with JAXA
(Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) will be launched in the year
2024.
b. The mission aims at obtaining the actual data related to the
quantity and forms of water present on the surface of the Moon to
determine the feasibility of utilizing such resources for sustainable
space exploration activities in the future.
India-Japan Moon Mission: All you need to know about the ISRO and
JAXA's joint lunar mission

RISAT-1A
a. It is expected to launch in the year 2021 by ISRO.
b. It is a radar-imaging satellite and will be similar to RISAT-1 satellite
in terms of configuration.
c. It is a land-based mission for terrain mapping and analysis of land,
ocean and water surface for soil moisture.
ow

NISAR:
a. NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) is expected to be
launched in the year 2022 by ISRO in collaboration with NASA (US
Space Agency).
b. It aims at studying global environmental change and natural
disasters and will be the first dual-band (L & S) radar imaging
satellite.
c. NISAR satellite is likely to be the world's most expensive Earth-
imaging satellite to date with an expected cost of $1.5 billion.
d. The mission is expected to have a life of three years.
NASA and ISRO jointly working on NISAR mission

Mangalyaan-2:
a. Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (MOM 2) also called Mangalyaan 2 is
expected to launch in the year 2024.
b. It is India's second interplanetary mission to Mars by ISRO.
c. It will consist of an orbiter and may include a lander and a rover.
ISRO's Mars Orbiter captures an image of the largest moon of Mars

Shukrayaan-1:
a. The inter-planetary mission is expected to launch in the year 2025
by ISRO in collaboration with CNES (National Centre for Space
Studies; French Space Agency).
b. It is a proposed mission to study the atmosphere of the planet
Venus-- the second planet from Sun and the hottest planet of our
solar system.
c. In the year 2018, India and France issued a 'Joint Vision for Space
Cooperation'.
ISRO to launch its Venus Mission in 2025, French Space Agency to
participate

ISRO'S COMMERCIAL WING NEW SPACE INDIA LIMITED RECEIVES ITS
FIRST ORDER
PSLV-C51, the first dedicated launch for NSIL, successfully launches
Amazonia-1 and 18 Co-passenger satellites from Sriharikota

Indian Missile Systems
Ballistic Missiles
Follows a ballistic trajectory to deliver one or more warheads on a
predetermined target.
• A ballistic trajectory is the path of an object that is launched but
has no active propulsion during its actual
flight (these weapons are only guided during relatively brief periods
of flight).
• Consequently, the trajectory is fully determined by a given initial
velocity, effects of gravity, air resistance,
and motion of the earth (Coriolis Force)
horter range ballistic missiles stay within the Earth's atmosphere.
• Longer-ranged intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), are
launched on a sub-orbital flight trajectory and
spend most of their flight out of the atmosphere

Types of ballistic missiles based on range
• Short-range (tactical) ballistic missile (SRBM): Range between 300
km and 1,000 km.
• Medium-range (theatre) ballistic missile (MRBM): 1,000 km to
3,500 km.
• Intermediate-range (Long-Range) ballistic missile (IRBM or LRBM):
3,500 km and 5,500 km.
• Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM): 5,500 km +
Cruise missile
A cruise missile is a guided missile (target has to be pre-set) used
against terrestrial targets.
• It remains in the atmosphere throughout its flight.
• It flies the major portion of its flight path at approximately
constant speed.
• Cruise missiles are designed to deliver a large warhead over long
distances with high precision.
PMF IAS – Learn Smart 96
• Modern cruise missiles are capable of travelling at supersonic or
high subsonic speeds, are self-navigating,
and are able to fly on a non-ballistic, extremely low-altitude
trajectory

Types of cruise missiles based on speed
Hypersonic (Mach 5): these missiles would travel at least five times
the speed of sound (Mach 5). E.g.
BrahMos-II.
• Supersonic (Mach 2-3): these missiles travel faster than the speed
of sound. E.g. BrahMos.
• Subsonic (Mach 0.8): these missiles travel slower than the speed
of sound. E.g. Nirbhay

Integrated Guided Missile Development
Programme (IGMDP)
GMDP was conceived by Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam to enable India attain self-sufficiency in
missile technology.
• IGMDP was conceived in response to Missile Technology Control Regime that decided
to restrict access to
any technology that would help India in its missile development program.
• To counter the MTCR, the IGMDP team formed a consortium of DRDO laboratories,
industries and academic
institutions to build these sub-systems, components and materials

Programme (IGMDP)
IGMDP was conceived by Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam to enable India attain self-sufficiency in
missile technology.
• IGMDP was conceived in response to Missile Technology Control Regime that decided
to restrict access to any technology that would help India in its missile development
program.
• To counter the MTCR, the IGMDP team formed a consortium of DRDO laboratories,
industries and academic institutions to build these sub-systems, components and
materials

Programme (IGMDP)
IGMDP was started in 1983 and completed in March 2012.
• Keeping in mind the requirements of various types of missiles by the defence forces,
development of five
missile systems was taken up.
1. Prithvi: Short-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile (Prithivi means Earth ➔
Surface to Surface)
2. Agni: Intermediate-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile
3. Trishul: Short-range low-level surface-to-air missile
4. Akash: Medium-range surface-to-air missile (Akash means Sky ➔ Surface to Air)
5. Nag: Third generation anti-tank missile (Nag means Snake ➔ Nag slithers like a Snake
to hit a tank!)
• After its success, Agni missile program was separated from the IGMDP upon realizing
its strategic importance.

Programme (IGMDP)

Anti-satellite weapons (ASAT)
• In March 2019, India successfully tested its ASAT missile.
• The ASAT missile destroyed a live satellite in Low Earth orbit (283-
kilometre).
• As per DRDO, missile was capable of shooting down targets
moving at a speed of 10 km per second at an
altitude as high as 1200 km.

Brahmos Missiles
Brahmos is a multiplatform i.e. it can be launched from land, air, & sea & multi
capability missile with
pinpoint accuracy that works in both day & night irrespective of the weather conditions.
• It has an indigenous booster & air frame sector, along with other sub-systems made
within the country.
• The supersonic missile is one of the prime precision-strike missiles used by all three
forces, the Army, Navy
& the Air Force.
• BRAHMOS is a joint venture between the Defence Research & Development
Organisation of India
(DRDO) & the NPOM of Russia.
• Brahmos is named on the rivers Brahmaputra & Moskva. • It operates on the "Fire &
Forgets" principle i.e it does not require further guidance after launch.
• It is supersonic cruise missile. • Brahmos is one of the fastest cruise missile currently
operationally deployed with speed of Mach
2.8, which is 3 times more than the speed of sound.
• Brahmos is the heaviest weapon to be deployed on Su-30 MKI fighter aircraft, with a
weight of 2.5
tonnes.

Shaurya Missile
The K Family of Missiles
The K family of missiles are primarily Submarine Launched Ballistic
Missiles (SLBMs), which have been
developed by DRDO & are named after Dr Kalam. • The
development of these naval platform launched missiles began as a
step towards completing India’s
nuclear triad — the capability of launching nuclear weapons from
land, sea & air-based assets.
• Because these missiles are to be launched from submarines, they
are lighter than their land-based counter_x0002_parts, the Agni
missiles which are medium & intercontinental range nuclear capable
ballistic missiles. • While K family are primarily submarine-fired
missiles to be fired from India’s Arihant class nuclear powered
platforms, the land & air variants of some of its members have also
been developed by the DRDO.
• .

The K Family of Missiles
Shaurya, whose user trial was conducted, is a land variant of short
range SLBM K-15 Sagarika, which has
a range of at least 750 kilometers.
• India has also developed & successfully tested multiple times the
K-4 missiles from the family which has a
range of 3500 km.
• It is reported that more members of K-family — reportedly to have
been codenamed K-5 & K-6 — with
ranges of 5000 & 6000 km are also under development

https://www.isro.gov.in/frequently-asked-questions
Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), SHAR is situated at…….
(a) Bangaluru
(b) Mahendragiri
(c) Ahmedabad
(d) Sriharikota
10. What was the Chandrayan I……..
(a) An earth observation satellite
(b) Lunar Probe
(c) Navigation satellite
(d) Geo stationary satellite

Which of the following is NOT true about Indian space research?
(a) The first satellite launched in India was Aryabhatta.
(b) Great scientist Dr. Vikram Sarabhai is known as the father of Indian
space research.
(c) ISRO was set up in 1962.
(d) IRSO reports to Department of Space, India
7. IRNSS is a ……………..
(a) Navigation satellite
(b) Space mission
(c) MARS mission
(d) Geo stationary satellite
8. Who was the india’s first man/women in the space?
(a) Rajesh Sharma
(b) Rakesh sharma
(c) Kalpana chawla
(d) Sunita william

When The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was set up?
(a) 1962
(b) 1969
(c) 1972
(d) 1952
5. Where is the Headquarter of ISRO?
(a) Chandipur
(b) Bengaluru
(c) Mahendragiri
(d) Chennai

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) launched India's first lunar
probe Chandrayaan-1 in..........
A. March 2008
B. October 2008
C. August 2009
D. October 2009
Ans. B
Explanation: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) launched India's
first lunar probe Chandrayaan-1 in October 2008 and operated until
August 2009. It included a lunar orbiter and an impactor.
When ISRO was established?
A. 15 August 1959
B. 15 October 1969
C. 15 August 1969
D. 15 October 1959
Ans. C
Explanation: ISRO was established on 15 August, 1969. It is the space
agency of Government of India. It’s headquarter is in Bengaluru.

Name the place from where Chandrayaan-1 was launched?
A. Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota
B. ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangaluru
C. Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram
D. Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre, Thiruvananthapuram
Ans. C
Explanation: Chandrayaan-1 was launched from Vikram Sarabhai Space
Centre, Thiruvananthapuram.
The Indigenous mission Chandrayaan-2 comprises:
A. Orbiter
B. Lander
C. Rover
D. All of the above
Ans. D
Explanation: Chandrayaan-2 is totally indigenous mission which
comprises an Orbiter, Lander and Rover. When it will reach 100 km to
the lunar orbit, the Lander housing the Rover will separate from the
Orbit

Who is known as the missile man of India?
a) Indira Gandhi
b) R. Venkataraman
c) V.S. Arunachalam
d) Dr. Abdul Kalam
When did the ‘Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme’
(IGMDP) started?
a) 1985
b) 1970
c) 1982
d) 1952
Short range surface-to-surface missile is ______?
a) Prithvi
b) Akash
c) Trishul
d) Nag
Prithivi. Prithvi Missiles are tactical surface-to-surface short-range
ballistic missiles (SRBM)

Short range low-level surface-to-air missile is _______?
a) Prithvi
b) Akash
c) Trishul
d) Nag
Click here to View Answer
Answer c) Trishul.
Which missile was upgraded to a ballistic missile with different ranges?
a) Prithvi
b) Agni
c) Akash
d) Trishul
b) agni. The Agni-I, Agni-II and Agni-III missiles were developed under
the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. (The Defence
Research and Development Organisation formally announced the
successful completion of the IGMDP after the third test of Agni-III on 7
May 2008.

"Twentyyearsfromnow, when spacetravel islikely to
becomemundanelike airline travel today, we don't want to
bebuying travel tickets on other people'sspacevehicles."
- Dr. G. Madhavan Nair, Chairman, ISRO
(Source: BBCArticle: “India’s growing strides in space”, 2 May 2008

“MAKE YOU A REFINED PERSON,
MAKE INDIA A DEVELOPED NATION.”

“LET US FLY TO THE
SKY, WITH THE GLORIOUS
NAME IN OUR HEARTS, AN
INDIAN. “

National Income of India is given in this video

National Income of India is given in this video

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