Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition 4 Emotions CHAPTER TOPICSWhat Are Emotions?Influences on Emotional ExpressionGuidelines for Expressing EmotionsManaging Difficult Emotions * EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING What Are Emotions?Physiological FactorsWhen person has strong emotions, bodily changes occurIncreased heart rateRise in blood pressureIncrease in adrenalinElevated blood sugarSlowing of digestionDilation of pupilsFlooding impedes problem solving * EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING What Are Emotions?Nonverbal ReactionsFeelings often apparent by observable changesAppearance changesBehavioral changes * EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING What Are Emotions?Nonverbal ReactionsEasy to tell when someone is feeling strong emotion, more difficult to be certain what emotion might beSometimes nonverbal behavior may cause emotional stateVerbal and nonverbal expressions often interconnected * EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING What Are Emotions? Cognitive InterpretationsThe mind plays an important role in determining emotional statesExperience comes primarily from label we give to physical symptomsReappraisalRethinking meaning of emotional charged events that alter emotional impact * EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING What Are Emotions?Verbal ExpressionSometimes words are necessary to express feelingsThere isn’t much agreement about what emotions are, or about what makes them basicIt is important to use language that represents degree of intensityProblems arise for people who aren’t able to talk about emotions constructively * EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING Influences on Emotional ExpressionPersonalityThere is a clear relationship between personality and the way we experience and express emotionsExtroverts tend to report more positive emotions Neurotic individuals tend to report more negative emotionsPersonality doesn’t have to govern your communication satisfaction * EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING Influences on Emotional ExpressionCultureA significant factor that influences emotional expression in different cultures is whether that culture is:Individualistic (United States and Canada)These cultures feel comfortable revealing their emotions to people with whom they are closeCollectivistic (Japan and India)These cultures prize harmony and discourage expressions of negative emotions which may upset relationships * EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING Influences on Emotional ExpressionGenderBiological sex is the best predictor of the ability to detect/interpret emotional expressionResearch suggests that there is some truth to the unexpressive maleWhile men and women experience the same emotions, there are differences in the ways they express them * EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING Influences on Emotional ExpressionSocial ConventionsThe unwritten rules of communication discourage the direct expression ...

1. Looking Out/Looking In
Fourteenth Edition
4
Emotions
CHAPTER TOPICSWhat Are Emotions?Influences on
Emotional ExpressionGuidelines for Expressing
EmotionsManaging Difficult Emotions
*
EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
What Are Emotions?Physiological FactorsWhen person has
strong emotions, bodily changes occurIncreased heart rateRise
in blood pressureIncrease in adrenalinElevated blood
sugarSlowing of digestionDilation of pupilsFlooding impedes
problem solving
*
EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
What Are Emotions?Nonverbal ReactionsFeelings often
apparent by observable changesAppearance changesBehavioral
changes
*
EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING

2. What
Are Emotions?Nonverbal ReactionsEasy to tell when someone is
feeling strong emotion, more difficult to be certain what
emotion might beSometimes nonverbal behavior may cause
emotional stateVerbal and nonverbal expressions often
interconnected
*
EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
What Are Emotions? Cognitive InterpretationsThe mind plays
an important role in determining emotional statesExperience
comes primarily from label we give to physical
symptomsReappraisalRethinking meaning of emotional charged
events that alter emotional impact
*
EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
What Are Emotions?Verbal ExpressionSometimes words are
necessary to express feelingsThere isn’t much agreement about
what emotions are, or about what makes them basicIt is
important to use language that represents degree of
intensityProblems arise for people who aren’t able to talk about
emotions constructively
*
EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Influences on Emotional ExpressionPersonalityThere is a clear
relationship between personality and the way we experience and
express emotionsExtroverts tend to report more positive

3. emotions Neurotic individuals tend to report more negative
emotionsPersonality doesn’t have to govern your
communication satisfaction
*
EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Influences on Emotional ExpressionCultureA significant factor
that influences emotional expression in different cultures is
whether that culture is:Individualistic (United States and
Canada)These cultures feel comfortable revealing their
emotions to people with whom they are closeCollectivistic
(Japan and India)These cultures prize harmony and discourage
expressions of negative emotions which may upset relationships
*
EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Influences on Emotional ExpressionGenderBiological sex is the
best predictor of the ability to detect/interpret emotional
expressionResearch suggests that there is some truth to the
unexpressive maleWhile men and women experience the same
emotions, there are differences in the ways they express them
*
EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Influences on Emotional ExpressionSocial ConventionsThe
unwritten rules of communication discourage the direct
expression of emotionEmotion laborManaging or even
suppressing emotions is both appropriate and necessary

4. *
EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Influences on Emotional ExpressionFear of Self-DisclosureIn a
society that discourages the expression of emotions, revealing
them can seem riskySomeone who shares feelings risks
unpleasant consequences
*
EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Influences on Emotional ExpressionEmotional ContagionThe
process by which emotions are transferred from one person to
anotherIs it possible to catch someone’s mood?Emotions
become more infectious with prolonged contact
*
EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Guidelines for Expressing EmotionThere is not a universal rule
for expression of emotionThere will be times when you can
benefit from communicating your feelings clearly and
directlyResearch supports value of expressing emotions
appropriatelyChance to improve relationshipsIsn’t a simple
matter
*
EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Guidelines for Expressing EmotionRecognize your
feelingsRecognize the difference between feeling, talking, and
actingExpand your emotional vocabularyShare multiple feelings

5. *
EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Guidelines for Expressing EmotionConsider when and where to
express your feelings Accept responsibility for your
feelingsBe mindful of the communication channel
*
EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Managing Difficult EmotionsFacilitative and Debilitative
EmotionsFacilitative EmotionsEmotions which contribute to
effective functioningDebilitative EmotionsEmotions which
detract from effective functioningIntensityDurationRumination
*
EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Managing Difficult EmotionsSources of Debilitative
EmotionsPhysiologyOur genetic makeupEmotional memory
*
EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Managing Difficult EmotionsSelf-TalkInterpretations people
make of an event, during the process of self-talk that determine
their feelings
Event Thought Feeling
Being called names “I’ve done something wrong.” hurt, upset
Being called names “My friend must be sick.” concern,
sympathy

6. *
EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Managing Difficult EmotionsIrrational Thinking and
Debilitative EmotionsThe FallaciesThe Fallacy of PerfectionThe
belief that a worthwhile communication should be able to
handle every situationThe Fallacy of ApprovalThat it is vital to
gain the approval of virtually every person
*
EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Managing Difficult EmotionsIrrational Thinking and
Debilitative EmotionsThe Fallacy of ShouldsThe inability to
distinguish between what is and what should beThe Fallacy of
OvergeneralizationBasing a decision on limited
informationWhen we exaggerate shortcomingsThe Fallacy of
CausationThe irrational belief that emotions are caused by
others rather than by one’s own self-talk
*
EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Managing Difficult EmotionsIrrational ThinkingThe Fallacy of
HelplessnessSatisfaction in life is determined by forces beyond
your controlThe Fallacy of Catastrophic ExpectationsThe
assumption that if something bad can happen, then it is going to
happen
*
EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING

7. Managing Difficult EmotionsMinimizing Debilitative
EmotionsMonitor your emotional reactionsNote the activating
eventRecord your self-talkReappraise your irrational beliefs
*
EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Chapter ReviewWhat Are Emotions?Influences on Emotional
ExpressionGuidelines for Expressing EmotionsManaging
Difficult Emotions