Environmental topics; Water contamination Dubai faces environmental problems Global warming effect on water scarcity and agricultural land in the gulf region Industrial development and its effect on the environment Ecological foot print in the gulf area Energy consumption in the gulf region and its effect on the environment Climate change, Threat and opportunity and GCC countries Environmental impact of sea water desalination in the Arabian gulf Water issues in the gulf Sustainable development challenge in the Arab states Water crises at GCC Environmental conservation at gulf countries Oil spell effect in the region Social issues in the region Environmental impact of tourism in the gulf region Role of environmental education and awareness Desertification in the gulf area Air quality and air pollution Oil pollution and its environmental impact in the Arabian gulf Environmental assessment of 1991 gulf ware Environmental effect of oil drilling Environmental risk to public health Energy policies in the gulf region And any other environmental issue Blue Skies, White Clouds and Rainbows When you were young, did you ever look at the sky and wonder why it’s blue and not your favorite color like pink? And if you were able to fly that you would just sit on a cloud and wondered what it would feel like? It turns out, it wasn’t just randomly chosen but is blue for a reason. When the sun shines, there is light reflected in different direction, which come in contact with dust and other particles kind of like scattered sunlight. As a gas molecule is hit, most of the blue light bounces off in all directions while red orange, and yellow light might just pass through. A lot of the sky is composed of violet but our eyes are not that sensitive to that color, so it appears blue. If the sky were examined with a spectrometer, you would notice the broadband of colors. There is blue light everywhere overhead and when that light then reaches your eyes; you see it everywhere above, making the sky appear blue. The sky might reveal two different colors of blue. The blue color gets lighter towards the horizon than the blue that you see when looking straight up to the sky. This is because we have many different particles in our atmosphere and when these particles are the same or even larger than the wavelength of the light that is already being reflected, a different scattering happens. These particles can be washed out by rain so the sky might be a darker blue following a rainstorm. If there weren’t an atmosphere, the sky would appear black. Even at night the sky has a slight color. This can be from light sources in areas that get in the way of being able to see some of the starts and even planets. When someone is on the moon looking at earth, the sky is black because there is no atmosphere. When it is sunlight, the particles in the atmosphere are larger making it a short distance to get to your eyes but when it comes to sunset, the rays have much further to ...

1. Environmental topics;
Water contamination
Dubai faces environmental problems
Global warming effect on water scarcity and agricultural land in
the gulf region
Industrial development and its effect on the environment
Ecological foot print in the gulf area
Energy consumption in the gulf region and its effect on the
environment
Climate change, Threat and opportunity and GCC countries
Environmental impact of sea water desalination in the Arabian
gulf
Water issues in the gulf
Sustainable development challenge in the Arab states
Water crises at GCC
Environmental conservation at gulf countries
Oil spell effect in the region
Social issues in the region
Environmental impact of tourism in the gulf region
Role of environmental education and awareness
Desertification in the gulf area
Air quality and air pollution
Oil pollution and its environmental impact in the Arabian gulf
Environmental assessment of 1991 gulf ware
Environmental effect of oil drilling
Environmental risk to public health
Energy policies in the gulf region
And any other environmental issue

2. Blue Skies, White Clouds and Rainbows
When you were young, did you ever look at the sky and
wonder why it’s blue and not your favorite color like pink? And
if you were able to fly that you would just sit on a cloud and
wondered what it would feel like? It turns out, it wasn’t just
randomly chosen but is blue for a reason. When the sun shines,
there is light reflected in different direction, which come in
contact with dust and other particles kind of like scattered
sunlight. As a gas molecule is hit, most of the blue light
bounces off in all directions while red orange, and yellow light
might just pass through.
A lot of the sky is composed of violet but our eyes are not that
sensitive to that color, so it appears blue. If the sky were
examined with a spectrometer, you would notice the broadband
of colors. There is blue light everywhere overhead and when
that light then reaches your eyes; you see it everywhere above,
making the sky appear blue. The sky might reveal two different
colors of blue. The blue color gets lighter towards the horizon
than the blue that you see when looking straight up to the sky.
This is because we have many different particles in our
atmosphere and when these particles are the same or even larger
than the wavelength of the light that is already being reflected,
a different scattering happens. These particles can be washed
out by rain so the sky might be a darker blue following a
rainstorm.
If there weren’t an atmosphere, the sky would appear black.
Even at night the sky has a slight color. This can be from light
sources in areas that get in the way of being able to see some of
the starts and even planets. When someone is on the moon
looking at earth, the sky is black because there is no
atmosphere. When it is sunlight, the particles in the atmosphere
are larger making it a short distance to get to your eyes but
when it comes to sunset, the rays have much further to travel to
get to your eye; possibility at more than 30 times. The light that
is being received is missing the blues and violets that makes the

3. sky blue during the day, and therefore you are left with the
other shades like red, yellow and even purple.
With the dust particles and molecules that are in the air
already, drops of water mend to these and that is the start to
how clouds are formed. The air only has to be a little bit dirty
for clouds to start forming. Even the cleanest air has some type
of particles so clouds are able to form. They are condensing
water vapor that clumps. Any moist air that is on the Earth’s
surface is raised by heat into the atmosphere. Air pressure and
temperature drop when this air is lifted. When it reaches the
dew point, it condenses and clouds form. The clouds are white
because the water drops that form them are bigger than the
particles throughout the sky.
Clouds reflect visible colors and the one that reflect from the
sun appear to be white, making the clouds white from the sun. It
takes between a few minutes and one hour for a cloud to be
formed. If a cloud is very cold it means that it is made up out of
ice crystals. There are many types of cloud appearances.
According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration typical types of low clouds consist of cumulus
that is individual globs that have a flat base and are usually the
ones that form on sunny days along with stratus, stratocumulus
and cumulonimbus. These are the ones that are changing outline
and that make the fun shapes that can look like anything that
you want them to be and also the ones that produce
thunderstorms. Cloud bases for low clouds are up to 6,500 ft.
Middle clouds consist of altostratus, altocumulus and
nimbostratus. These cloud bases are at 6,500-23,000 ft. High
clouds have bases of 16,000-50,000 that include cirrus,
cirrostratus and cirrocumulus.
Clouds are grouped according to their altitude. They can also be
written with symbols to identify exactly what cloud they are.
When these clouds look very think and dark, they can produce
rain and even snow. When a cloud is filled with a lot of
molecules and seems super dark and thick, which means that the
sunlight is not able to pass through making this seem like the

4. clouds are very dark. To get deeper in identifying a cloud, there
is the cloud level that is based on the altitude of the clouds
base, which was talk about above. There is also visual opacity
that is the thickness of the cloud and the amount of light that
can be shown through the cloud whether opaque, translucent or
transparent. Cloud cover is when you are estimating the
percentage of the sky that the clouds are covering like if the sky
is clear (0%-5%), partly cloudy (5%-50%), mostly cloudy (50%-
95%), or overcast (95%-100%).
Clouds move with the wind, some travel at more than 100 miles
per hour. When there might be a thunderstorm the clouds can
travel usually at 30-40 miles an hour. As cloud drops merge,
this is how rain gets produced; even though it takes many cloud
drops to make a single drop. The large drops fall faster,
interacting with the smaller drops and this can make the
raindrops grow in size very fast.
Forms of water usually cause rainbows. Including but not
limited to rain but also spray or mist. Often they are seen next
to waterfalls or fountains even on a sunny day and can be best
seen with polarized sunglasses. The size of the raindrops does
not usually affect that rainbow, but if they are very tiny it could
possibly reduce the brightness and result. They are usually
caused by variety of light when the sun shines on droplets of
water. The raindrops act like a prism, splitting the sun and the
white light.
Each raindrop contributes one color to the rainbow. These
rainbows are seen opposite the direction that the sun is in and
the rain in the direction that the rainbow is in. However, it is
not in an exact location in the sky, but depends on where
whoever is viewing the rainbow is standing. The rainbow is
only as far away as the rain is. There is also a possibility for a
rainbow at night. It is very rare and people have seen it. The
moon needs to be bright enough to be able to produce it and
since it is not as bright as the sun, the rainbow itself would be
much weaker than one that is normally produced by the sun.
When things are dim, our eyes see them, as white and black, so

5. a “moonbow” would look gray not a rainbow with color.
We know what forms a primary rainbow: rays of light are
reflected inside the raindrop. This does not mean that all of the
energy that is reflected for this one rainbow is now gone. It can
be reflected again and will travel in a different path in the drop
at a different angle. This is the secondary rainbow and when the
rays are reflecting this time, the colors are also being reversed.
There is also a possibility for three or more times, but they
might be too close to the sun to actually see the full effect.
It also depends on the antisolar point. This is the point where an
imaginary ray that connects yourself and the sun and then meets
the sky. You are then able to tell where you can expect a
rainbow to form. Many rays emerge smaller than the rainbow
ray, but no light from internal reflections greater than it. There
is a lot of light within the rainbow because all the colors are
mixed together which makes it white. Newton created this
understanding that this white light is a mixture of colored light
and that each of them is refracted to a certain extent. That is
why the inside of a rainbow is lighter than the sky around it.
Not everyone sees the rainbow the same; the appearance is
always changing because the raindrops that are making the
rainbow are constantly in motion human color receptors vary
from person to person making individuals see slightly different
colors.
The rainbow consists of usually 7 colors; the outer layer red and
the inside layer violet, not purple. There are also continuum
colors that the naked eye cannot see. We are not able to see the
full rainbow because the horizon gets in the way of a lot of the
rain so we only see the arc. From an airplane full rainbows can
be seen on cloud layers. When the sun is higher in the sky,
rainbow has a smaller arch and contributes mostly red and
yellow light. When the sun is lower, there is a larger arch and
contributes blue and green light.
All the colors are created by different wavelengths of light.
They are presented red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and
violet. Red is usually at the top making this the longest

6. wavelength. Then every color after loses some wavelength. This
is also why colors appear different in our eyes. The colors are in
a certain pattern, they never change and this is not just because
of Mother Nature. The sunlight gets trapped in the drops and
turns into different colors. They are colors from the entire
spectrum and they are always the same order making the
rainbows these colors too. Each color is next to another that is
similar and by mixing two colors gives you one way of showing
how the colors change. Colors have their place in the rainbow
for a reason. When you see your rainbow with really sharp
colors, hurry to the left side at the end and you are sure to find
a pot of gold and a leprechaun.
http://www.sciencemadesimple.com/sky_blue.htmlhttp://ellerbr
uch.nmu.edu/classes/cs255f02/cs255students/abarker/p4/clouds.
html
http://www.rainbowcolors.org/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow
http://www.wxdude.com/page9.html
http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/index.html
http://optics.kulgun.net/Rainbow/rainbow-faq.shtml#a4

7. I MUST NEED 100% POINTS.
Research paper 5 pages for the MSE class.
Students will complete a Research Paper on a topic of their
choice from the material covered in this course. It should be a
double spaced, five page paper with one inch margins, 12pt font
and name on the top. The report is worth 50 pts. (-5 for
shortness of paper/page)
References (with whatever format you are comfortable using)
should be included at the end of your paper. (-5 for no
references)
Please attach using one of the following formats (.doc .pdf or
.txt). Include your last name and topic in the file name:
Ex. mayerinfraredtechnology.doc
Due dates for all submissions is on or before midnight 9 April.
(- 5 points deducted per week for late submissions!!! )
Grading Criteria:
Research Paper Must be at least five pages. (-5 per page for
shortness of submission). (Add images after writing the 5
pages).
Additional page with References (at least 5) (not from course
material) (use reference format you are familiar using) (-5 for
no references).
Turn in your Research Paper on time. (- 5 points deducted per
week for late submissions!!! )
Your paper should be original work. Copying and pasting
information from references or other material is not allowed and
deductions could occur to your score.
Deductions may occur depending on the "SafeAssign" report.