Anything

2.  Introduction of mineral resources.
 Types of minerals.
 Uses and exploitation.
 Intro to mining and its types.
 Impact of mining on environment.
 CASE STUDY.

3.  Mineral resources refer to naturally occurring substances
found in the Earth's crust that have economic value and can
be extracted for various purposes.
 They include a wide range of minerals and ores, such as
metals, gemstones, fossil fuels, and industrial minerals.
 Mineral resources play a crucial role in global economies,
providing raw materials for construction, manufacturing,
energy production, and technological advancements.

4.  Based on their properties, minerals are basically of three types :
 Metallic Minerals : They are naturally occurring substances that
contain metallic elements, such as iron, copper, gold, silver, and
aluminum.
 Non Metallic Minerals : They are naturally occurring substances
that do not contain metallic elements. They include minerals like
limestone, gypsum, salt, silica, clay, and quartz.
 Fuels : They are combustible substances that release energy through
chemical reactions, typically used for powering engines, generating
heat, or producing electricity.
Iron
Quartz Coal

5. 1. Construction: Minerals like limestone, granite, and sand are used
extensively in construction activities. Limestone is used in the
production of cement and concrete, while granite is utilized for
building materials and decorative purposes.
2. Energy production: Various minerals play a crucial role in energy
production. Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas are minerals
that are burned to generate electricity and power vehicles.
3. Manufacturing and industry: Minerals are widely used in
manufacturing processes across different industries.
4. Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics: Minerals are used in the
production of pharmaceutical drugs and cosmetics.
5. Medical system: particularly in Ayurvedic system.
6. Jewellery example: Gold, silver, platinum, diamond.
Many more…….

7.  Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological
materials from the Earth's crust, typically through underground or
surface excavation. It involves the removal of ore deposits or fossil fuels
to obtain raw materials used in industries such as construction,
manufacturing, energy production, and more.
Types of Mining
Surface mining Underground mining

9. 1. Deforestation: Mining often involves clearing large areas of land, leading
to deforestation and habitat destruction. This loss of forests can have
detrimental effects on biodiversity, disrupting ecosystems and
endangering various plant and animal species.
2. Soil Erosion: Mining activities can disturb the soil structure and remove
vegetation cover, increasing the risk of soil erosion. Soil erosion can lead to
sedimentation in nearby water bodies, degrading water quality and harming
aquatic life.
3. Water Pollution: Mining operations can release contaminants such as
heavy metals, sulfur compounds, and toxic chemicals into water
sources. These pollutants can enter rivers, lakes, and groundwater,
causing water pollution and posing risks to human health and aquatic
ecosystems.
4. Air Pollution: The extraction and processing of minerals can release
pollutants into the air, including particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
oxides, and volatile organic compounds. These emissions contribute to air
pollution, which can have adverse effects on human health and contribute
to climate change.

10. 5. Land Subsidence: Certain mining techniques, such as underground
mining, can cause land subsidence, where the land surface sinks or
collapses due to the removal of underlying minerals. This can lead to
structural damage to buildings, infrastructure, and even natural features
like sinkholes.
6. Community Displacement and Social Issues: Mining projects may
necessitate the relocation of local communities, leading to social and
cultural disruptions. Displaced communities may experience challenges in
finding new livelihoods, access to resources, and the loss of their
traditional lands.

11. Jai Shree Ram……